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Номер 2, страница 206 - гдз по физике 10 класс учебник часть 1 Генденштейн, Дик
Авторы: Генденштейн Л. Э., Дик Ю. И.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Мнемозина
Год издания: 2009 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Часть: 1, 2
ISBN: 978-5-346-03674-6
Популярные ГДЗ в 10 классе
Молекулярная физика и термодинамика. Глава 5. Молекулярная физика. Параграф 25. Количество вещества. Постоянная Авогадро - номер 2, страница 206.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404955 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "206" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/25-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404532 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика и термодинамика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "193" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1937 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5155 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Мнемозина" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "mnemozina" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5155 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Мнемозина" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "mnemozina" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1056 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4263 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Иванович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4263 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Иванович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1062 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "7" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1071 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2009" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "740" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-346-03674-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1757890317" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1757890317" "alt" => "" "width" => "1637" "height" => "2568" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 494 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1937 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_publication_number" => "7" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2009" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "740" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-346-03674-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1757890317" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1757890317" "alt" => "" "width" => "1637" "height" => "2568" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 494 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404532 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика и термодинамика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_page_start" => "193" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1116 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404532 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика и термодинамика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "193" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404532 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика и термодинамика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117} "field_page_start" => "193" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1120 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404533 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1121 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "193" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404533 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} "field_page_start" => "193" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1125 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404535 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Количество вещества. Постоянная Авогадро" "field_branch_order" => "25" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "202" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1136 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404533 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_page_start" => "193" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404533 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_page_start" => "193" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404535 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Количество вещества. Постоянная Авогадро" "field_branch_order" => "25" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129} "field_page_start" => "202" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1097 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1649555 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1098 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5864 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5864 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1404955" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>2.</strong> Расскажите об относительной молекулярной (атомной) массе.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1319" "height" => 124 "path" => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/0-25/2-1.webp?ts=1758101234" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1649555 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1404955" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>2.</strong> Расскажите об относительной молекулярной (атомной) массе.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1319" "height" => 124 "path" => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/0-25/2-1.webp?ts=1758101234" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1090 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1697876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1091 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6171 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6171 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1404955" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>2.</strong> Массы атомов и молекул чрезвычайно малы, поэтому использовать для их измерения стандартные единицы массы, такие как килограмм, неудобно. Для удобства в химии и физике были введены относительные величины: относительная атомная и относительная молекулярная масса. Эти величины показывают, во сколько раз масса частицы (атома или молекулы) больше некоторого эталона массы.</p><p>В качестве такого эталона принята <strong>атомная единица массы (а.е.м.)</strong>. Она определяется как 1/12 часть массы атома изотопа углерода-12 ($^{12}C$).</p><p>$1 \text{ а.е.м.} \approx 1,66054 \times 10^{-27} \text{ кг}$</p><p><strong>Относительная атомная масса ($A_r$)</strong> – это безразмерная физическая величина, которая показывает, во сколько раз средняя масса атомов данного химического элемента (с учётом природной распространённости его изотопов) больше, чем 1/12 массы атома углерода-12.</p><p>Формула для определения относительной атомной массы:</p><p>$A_r(\text{Э}) = \frac{m_a(\text{Э})}{\frac{1}{12} \cdot m_a(^{12}C)}$</p><p>где $m_a(\text{Э})$ – средняя абсолютная масса атома элемента, а $m_a(^{12}C)$ – абсолютная масса атома изотопа углерода-12.</p><p>Значения относительных атомных масс для всех химических элементов указаны в Периодической системе Д.И. Менделеева. Например, $A_r(\text{O}) \approx 15,999$. Для большинства учебных расчётов эти значения округляют до целых чисел, например, $A_r(\text{H}) \approx 1$, $A_r(\text{O}) \approx 16$, $A_r(\text{Na}) \approx 23$. Исключением часто является хлор: $A_r(\text{Cl}) \approx 35,5$.</p><p><strong>Относительная молекулярная масса ($M_r$)</strong> – это также безразмерная величина, которая показывает, во сколько раз масса молекулы данного вещества больше, чем 1/12 массы атома углерода-12.</p><p>Относительная молекулярная масса вещества равна сумме относительных атомных масс всех атомов, из которых состоит его молекула, с учётом их количества.</p><p>Для вещества с химической формулой $A_x B_y C_z$ относительная молекулярная масса рассчитывается следующим образом:</p><p>$M_r(A_x B_y C_z) = x \cdot A_r(A) + y \cdot A_r(B) + z \cdot A_r(C)$</p><p><u>Пример:</u> Рассчитаем относительную молекулярную массу серной кислоты ($H_2SO_4$).</p><p>Молекула состоит из двух атомов водорода (H), одного атома серы (S) и четырёх атомов кислорода (O).</p><p>Из Периодической таблицы берём округлённые значения атомных масс: $A_r(\text{H}) \approx 1$, $A_r(\text{S}) \approx 32$, $A_r(\text{O}) \approx 16$.</p><p>$M_r(H_2SO_4) = 2 \cdot A_r(\text{H}) + 1 \cdot A_r(\text{S}) + 4 \cdot A_r(\text{O}) = 2 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 32 + 4 \cdot 16 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98$.</p><p>Для веществ немолекулярного строения (например, ионных кристаллов, как $NaCl$) корректнее использовать термин <strong>относительная формульная масса</strong>, но рассчитывается она по тому же принципу, что и молекулярная.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Относительная атомная масса ($A_r$) — это безразмерная величина, показывающая отношение средней массы атома элемента к 1/12 массы атома углерода-12. Относительная молекулярная масса ($M_r$) — это безразмерная величина, показывающая отношение массы молекулы к 1/12 массы атома углерода-12, и рассчитывается как сумма относительных атомных масс всех атомов, входящих в состав молекулы.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1697876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1404955" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>2.</strong> Массы атомов и молекул чрезвычайно малы, поэтому использовать для их измерения стандартные единицы массы, такие как килограмм, неудобно. Для удобства в химии и физике были введены относительные величины: относительная атомная и относительная молекулярная масса. Эти величины показывают, во сколько раз масса частицы (атома или молекулы) больше некоторого эталона массы.</p><p>В качестве такого эталона принята <strong>атомная единица массы (а.е.м.)</strong>. Она определяется как 1/12 часть массы атома изотопа углерода-12 ($^{12}C$).</p><p>$1 \text{ а.е.м.} \approx 1,66054 \times 10^{-27} \text{ кг}$</p><p><strong>Относительная атомная масса ($A_r$)</strong> – это безразмерная физическая величина, которая показывает, во сколько раз средняя масса атомов данного химического элемента (с учётом природной распространённости его изотопов) больше, чем 1/12 массы атома углерода-12.</p><p>Формула для определения относительной атомной массы:</p><p>$A_r(\text{Э}) = \frac{m_a(\text{Э})}{\frac{1}{12} \cdot m_a(^{12}C)}$</p><p>где $m_a(\text{Э})$ – средняя абсолютная масса атома элемента, а $m_a(^{12}C)$ – абсолютная масса атома изотопа углерода-12.</p><p>Значения относительных атомных масс для всех химических элементов указаны в Периодической системе Д.И. Менделеева. Например, $A_r(\text{O}) \approx 15,999$. Для большинства учебных расчётов эти значения округляют до целых чисел, например, $A_r(\text{H}) \approx 1$, $A_r(\text{O}) \approx 16$, $A_r(\text{Na}) \approx 23$. Исключением часто является хлор: $A_r(\text{Cl}) \approx 35,5$.</p><p><strong>Относительная молекулярная масса ($M_r$)</strong> – это также безразмерная величина, которая показывает, во сколько раз масса молекулы данного вещества больше, чем 1/12 массы атома углерода-12.</p><p>Относительная молекулярная масса вещества равна сумме относительных атомных масс всех атомов, из которых состоит его молекула, с учётом их количества.</p><p>Для вещества с химической формулой $A_x B_y C_z$ относительная молекулярная масса рассчитывается следующим образом:</p><p>$M_r(A_x B_y C_z) = x \cdot A_r(A) + y \cdot A_r(B) + z \cdot A_r(C)$</p><p><u>Пример:</u> Рассчитаем относительную молекулярную массу серной кислоты ($H_2SO_4$).</p><p>Молекула состоит из двух атомов водорода (H), одного атома серы (S) и четырёх атомов кислорода (O).</p><p>Из Периодической таблицы берём округлённые значения атомных масс: $A_r(\text{H}) \approx 1$, $A_r(\text{S}) \approx 32$, $A_r(\text{O}) \approx 16$.</p><p>$M_r(H_2SO_4) = 2 \cdot A_r(\text{H}) + 1 \cdot A_r(\text{S}) + 4 \cdot A_r(\text{O}) = 2 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 32 + 4 \cdot 16 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98$.</p><p>Для веществ немолекулярного строения (например, ионных кристаллов, как $NaCl$) корректнее использовать термин <strong>относительная формульная масса</strong>, но рассчитывается она по тому же принципу, что и молекулярная.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Относительная атомная масса ($A_r$) — это безразмерная величина, показывающая отношение средней массы атома элемента к 1/12 массы атома углерода-12. Относительная молекулярная масса ($M_r$) — это безразмерная величина, показывающая отношение массы молекулы к 1/12 массы атома углерода-12, и рассчитывается как сумма относительных атомных масс всех атомов, входящих в состав молекулы.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1404956" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1404954" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1102 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: 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#visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405523" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405521" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 #items: array:16 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1225 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404954 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "206" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/25-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => 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№2 (с. 206)
Условие. №2 (с. 206)
скриншот условия
2. Расскажите об относительной молекулярной (атомной) массе.
Решение. №2 (с. 206)
2. Массы атомов и молекул чрезвычайно малы, поэтому использовать для их измерения стандартные единицы массы, такие как килограмм, неудобно. Для удобства в химии и физике были введены относительные величины: относительная атомная и относительная молекулярная масса. Эти величины показывают, во сколько раз масса частицы (атома или молекулы) больше некоторого эталона массы.
В качестве такого эталона принята атомная единица массы (а.е.м.). Она определяется как 1/12 часть массы атома изотопа углерода-12 ($^{12}C$).
$1 \text{ а.е.м.} \approx 1,66054 \times 10^{-27} \text{ кг}$
Относительная атомная масса ($A_r$) – это безразмерная физическая величина, которая показывает, во сколько раз средняя масса атомов данного химического элемента (с учётом природной распространённости его изотопов) больше, чем 1/12 массы атома углерода-12.
Формула для определения относительной атомной массы:
$A_r(\text{Э}) = \frac{m_a(\text{Э})}{\frac{1}{12} \cdot m_a(^{12}C)}$
где $m_a(\text{Э})$ – средняя абсолютная масса атома элемента, а $m_a(^{12}C)$ – абсолютная масса атома изотопа углерода-12.
Значения относительных атомных масс для всех химических элементов указаны в Периодической системе Д.И. Менделеева. Например, $A_r(\text{O}) \approx 15,999$. Для большинства учебных расчётов эти значения округляют до целых чисел, например, $A_r(\text{H}) \approx 1$, $A_r(\text{O}) \approx 16$, $A_r(\text{Na}) \approx 23$. Исключением часто является хлор: $A_r(\text{Cl}) \approx 35,5$.
Относительная молекулярная масса ($M_r$) – это также безразмерная величина, которая показывает, во сколько раз масса молекулы данного вещества больше, чем 1/12 массы атома углерода-12.
Относительная молекулярная масса вещества равна сумме относительных атомных масс всех атомов, из которых состоит его молекула, с учётом их количества.
Для вещества с химической формулой $A_x B_y C_z$ относительная молекулярная масса рассчитывается следующим образом:
$M_r(A_x B_y C_z) = x \cdot A_r(A) + y \cdot A_r(B) + z \cdot A_r(C)$
Пример: Рассчитаем относительную молекулярную массу серной кислоты ($H_2SO_4$).
Молекула состоит из двух атомов водорода (H), одного атома серы (S) и четырёх атомов кислорода (O).
Из Периодической таблицы берём округлённые значения атомных масс: $A_r(\text{H}) \approx 1$, $A_r(\text{S}) \approx 32$, $A_r(\text{O}) \approx 16$.
$M_r(H_2SO_4) = 2 \cdot A_r(\text{H}) + 1 \cdot A_r(\text{S}) + 4 \cdot A_r(\text{O}) = 2 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 32 + 4 \cdot 16 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98$.
Для веществ немолекулярного строения (например, ионных кристаллов, как $NaCl$) корректнее использовать термин относительная формульная масса, но рассчитывается она по тому же принципу, что и молекулярная.
Ответ: Относительная атомная масса ($A_r$) — это безразмерная величина, показывающая отношение средней массы атома элемента к 1/12 массы атома углерода-12. Относительная молекулярная масса ($M_r$) — это безразмерная величина, показывающая отношение массы молекулы к 1/12 массы атома углерода-12, и рассчитывается как сумма относительных атомных масс всех атомов, входящих в состав молекулы.
Другие задания:
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