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Номер 7, страница 325 - гдз по физике 10 класс учебник часть 1 Генденштейн, Дик
Авторы: Генденштейн Л. Э., Дик Ю. И.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Мнемозина
Год издания: 2009 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Часть: 1, 2
ISBN: 978-5-346-03674-6
Популярные ГДЗ в 10 классе
Электростатика. Глава 8. Свойства электрического поля. Параграф 39. Проводники и диэлектрики в электростатическом поле - номер 7, страница 325.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1405170 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404549 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Электростатика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "290" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1040 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1937 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_publication_number" => "7" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2009" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "740" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-346-03674-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1937 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_publication_number" => "7" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2009" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "740" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-346-03674-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404549 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Электростатика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "290" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1153 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404549 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Электростатика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "290" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1155 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1937 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1156 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1159 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1161 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5155 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Мнемозина" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "mnemozina" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5155 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Мнемозина" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "mnemozina" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1163 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1164 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4263 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Иванович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4263 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Иванович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1167 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1169 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1171 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1175 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "7" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1178 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2009" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "740" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-346-03674-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1757890317" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1757890317" "alt" => "" "width" => "1637" "height" => "2568" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 494 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1937 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176} "field_publication_number" => "7" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2009" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "740" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-346-03674-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1757890317" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1757890317" "alt" => "" "width" => "1637" "height" => "2568" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182} "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 494 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404549 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Электростатика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154} "field_page_start" => "290" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1185 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404554 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Свойства электрического поля" "field_branch_order" => "8" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1187 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "309" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1155} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404554 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Свойства электрического поля" "field_branch_order" => "8" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190} "field_page_start" => "309" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1191 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404556 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Проводники и диэлектрики в электростатическом поле" "field_branch_order" => "39" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1192 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "318" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1155} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1193 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1404554 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Свойства электрического поля" "field_branch_order" => "8" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 …2} "field_page_start" => "309" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404554 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Свойства электрического поля" "field_branch_order" => "8" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 …2} "field_page_start" => "309" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1404556 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Проводники и диэлектрики в электростатическом поле" "field_branch_order" => "39" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195} "field_page_start" => "318" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1133 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1649745 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1132 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5864 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5864 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405170" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7.</strong> Расскажите об известных вам видах диэлектриков. Чем они отличаются?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1379" "height" => 170 "path" => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/0-39/7-1.webp?ts=1758101302" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1649745 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405170" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7.</strong> Расскажите об известных вам видах диэлектриков. Чем они отличаются?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1379" "height" => 170 "path" => "/media/fizika_10/gendenshtejn-u-09/0-39/7-1.webp?ts=1758101302" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1698096 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1125 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6171 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6171 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405170" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Виды диэлектриков</strong></p><p>Диэлектрики — это вещества, которые очень плохо проводят электрический ток. По особенностям строения их структурных единиц (молекул, ионов) и механизму поляризации во внешнем электрическом поле их принято делить на три основных вида.</p><p><strong>Полярные диэлектрики.</strong> Состоят из молекул, которые изначально, даже в отсутствие внешнего электрического поля, представляют собой электрические диполи. Это происходит из-за асимметрии в строении молекулы, в результате чего центры распределения положительных и отрицательных зарядов не совпадают. Такие молекулы имеют постоянный собственный дипольный момент ($ \vec{p} \neq 0 $). Примерами полярных диэлектриков являются вода ($H_2O$), аммиак ($NH_3$), ацетон.</p><p><strong>Неполярные диэлектрики.</strong> Состоят из молекул, симметричных по своему строению. В таких молекулах центры распределения положительных и отрицательных зарядов совпадают, поэтому в отсутствие внешнего поля их собственный дипольный момент равен нулю ($ \vec{p} = 0 $). Дипольный момент у таких молекул возникает (индуцируется) только под действием внешнего электрического поля за счет деформации электронных орбит и смещения зарядов. Примеры: инертные газы (He, Ne, Ar), газы, состоящие из одинаковых атомов ($H_2$, $O_2$, $N_2$), а также вещества с симметричными молекулами, как метан ($CH_4$) и бензол ($C_6H_6$).</p><p><strong>Ионные диэлектрики.</strong> Представляют собой кристаллы с ионной решеткой, в узлах которой находятся положительно и отрицательно заряженные ионы (например, $Na^+$ и $Cl^-$ в поваренной соли). В отсутствие внешнего поля элементарная ячейка кристалла электронейтральна и не имеет дипольного момента из-за симметричного расположения ионов. Поляризация происходит за счет смещения подрешеток положительных и отрицательных ионов в противоположные стороны под действием поля.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>Существуют три основных вида диэлектриков: полярные (состоят из молекул, имеющих собственный дипольный момент), неполярные (состоят из молекул без собственного дипольного момента) и ионные (представляют собой кристаллы с ионной решеткой).</p><p><strong>Чем они различаются?</strong></p><p>Основное различие между перечисленными видами диэлектриков заключается в их микроскопическом строении и, как следствие, в механизме их поляризации (возникновения суммарного дипольного момента под действием внешнего электрического поля).</p><p><strong>1.</strong> <strong>По строению и наличию собственного дипольного момента.</strong> Молекулы полярных диэлектриков изначально являются диполями. Молекулы неполярных диэлектриков и элементарные ячейки ионных диэлектриков в отсутствие поля дипольного момента не имеют.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> <strong>По механизму поляризации.</strong> У полярных диэлектриков преобладает <em>ориентационная поляризация</em> — поворот уже существующих диполей вдоль силовых линий поля. У неполярных диэлектриков происходит <em>электронная поляризация</em> — создание индуцированного дипольного момента за счет смещения электронных оболочек относительно ядер. У ионных диэлектриков основной вклад вносит <em>ионная поляризация</em> — смещение друг относительно друга подрешеток положительных и отрицательных ионов, к которой добавляется и электронная поляризация самих ионов.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>Диэлектрики различаются, во-первых, наличием или отсутствием у их молекул (или элементарных ячеек) постоянного дипольного момента, и, во-вторых, преобладающим механизмом поляризации во внешнем электрическом поле (ориентационная, электронная или ионная).</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1698096 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405170" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Виды диэлектриков</strong></p><p>Диэлектрики — это вещества, которые очень плохо проводят электрический ток. По особенностям строения их структурных единиц (молекул, ионов) и механизму поляризации во внешнем электрическом поле их принято делить на три основных вида.</p><p><strong>Полярные диэлектрики.</strong> Состоят из молекул, которые изначально, даже в отсутствие внешнего электрического поля, представляют собой электрические диполи. Это происходит из-за асимметрии в строении молекулы, в результате чего центры распределения положительных и отрицательных зарядов не совпадают. Такие молекулы имеют постоянный собственный дипольный момент ($ \vec{p} \neq 0 $). Примерами полярных диэлектриков являются вода ($H_2O$), аммиак ($NH_3$), ацетон.</p><p><strong>Неполярные диэлектрики.</strong> Состоят из молекул, симметричных по своему строению. В таких молекулах центры распределения положительных и отрицательных зарядов совпадают, поэтому в отсутствие внешнего поля их собственный дипольный момент равен нулю ($ \vec{p} = 0 $). Дипольный момент у таких молекул возникает (индуцируется) только под действием внешнего электрического поля за счет деформации электронных орбит и смещения зарядов. Примеры: инертные газы (He, Ne, Ar), газы, состоящие из одинаковых атомов ($H_2$, $O_2$, $N_2$), а также вещества с симметричными молекулами, как метан ($CH_4$) и бензол ($C_6H_6$).</p><p><strong>Ионные диэлектрики.</strong> Представляют собой кристаллы с ионной решеткой, в узлах которой находятся положительно и отрицательно заряженные ионы (например, $Na^+$ и $Cl^-$ в поваренной соли). В отсутствие внешнего поля элементарная ячейка кристалла электронейтральна и не имеет дипольного момента из-за симметричного расположения ионов. Поляризация происходит за счет смещения подрешеток положительных и отрицательных ионов в противоположные стороны под действием поля.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>Существуют три основных вида диэлектриков: полярные (состоят из молекул, имеющих собственный дипольный момент), неполярные (состоят из молекул без собственного дипольного момента) и ионные (представляют собой кристаллы с ионной решеткой).</p><p><strong>Чем они различаются?</strong></p><p>Основное различие между перечисленными видами диэлектриков заключается в их микроскопическом строении и, как следствие, в механизме их поляризации (возникновения суммарного дипольного момента под действием внешнего электрического поля).</p><p><strong>1.</strong> <strong>По строению и наличию собственного дипольного момента.</strong> Молекулы полярных диэлектриков изначально являются диполями. Молекулы неполярных диэлектриков и элементарные ячейки ионных диэлектриков в отсутствие поля дипольного момента не имеют.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> <strong>По механизму поляризации.</strong> У полярных диэлектриков преобладает <em>ориентационная поляризация</em> — поворот уже существующих диполей вдоль силовых линий поля. У неполярных диэлектриков происходит <em>электронная поляризация</em> — создание индуцированного дипольного момента за счет смещения электронных оболочек относительно ядер. У ионных диэлектриков основной вклад вносит <em>ионная поляризация</em> — смещение друг относительно друга подрешеток положительных и отрицательных ионов, к которой добавляется и электронная поляризация самих ионов.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>Диэлектрики различаются, во-первых, наличием или отсутствием у их молекул (или элементарных ячеек) постоянного дипольного момента, и, во-вторых, преобладающим механизмом поляризации во внешнем электрическом поле (ориентационная, электронная или ионная).</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405171" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405169" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1155} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1108 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1405641 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/page-325" "field_display_title" => "325" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "325" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1155} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1105 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1650207 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1650207 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405642" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405640" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1326 #items: array:11 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1344 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1405166 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1345 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1346 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1347 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1348 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1350 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1356 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1405166 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1345 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1346 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1347 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1348 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1350 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1356 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1351 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1405167 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1349 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1358 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1354 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1352 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1353 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1368 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1405167 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1349 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1358 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1354 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1352 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1353 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1368 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1363 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1405168 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-5" "field_display_title" => "5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1355 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1370 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1366 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1364 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1365 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1380 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1405168 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-5" "field_display_title" => "5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1355 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1370 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1366 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1364 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1365 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1380 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1375 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1405169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1367 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1382 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1378 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1376 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1377 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1392 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1405169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1367 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1382 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1378 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1376 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1377 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1392 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1387 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1405170 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1379 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1394 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1390 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1388 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1391 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1389 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1405170 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1379 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1394 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1390 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1388 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1391 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1389 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1399 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1405171 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1400 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1401 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1402 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1403 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1405 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1411 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1405171 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1400 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1401 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1402 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1403 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1405 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1411 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1406 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1405172 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-9" "field_display_title" => "9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1404 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1413 …2} …7 ] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1418 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 8 => App\Models\Task {#1430 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 9 => App\Models\Task {#1442 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 10 => App\Models\Task {#1454 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1405641 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/page-325" "field_display_title" => "325" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "325" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405642" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405640" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1326} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1405170 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "325" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik-2009/39-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405171" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405169" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1405641" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№7 (с. 325)
Условие. №7 (с. 325)
скриншот условия
7. Расскажите об известных вам видах диэлектриков. Чем они отличаются?
Решение. №7 (с. 325)
Виды диэлектриков
Диэлектрики — это вещества, которые очень плохо проводят электрический ток. По особенностям строения их структурных единиц (молекул, ионов) и механизму поляризации во внешнем электрическом поле их принято делить на три основных вида.
Полярные диэлектрики. Состоят из молекул, которые изначально, даже в отсутствие внешнего электрического поля, представляют собой электрические диполи. Это происходит из-за асимметрии в строении молекулы, в результате чего центры распределения положительных и отрицательных зарядов не совпадают. Такие молекулы имеют постоянный собственный дипольный момент ($ \vec{p} \neq 0 $). Примерами полярных диэлектриков являются вода ($H_2O$), аммиак ($NH_3$), ацетон.
Неполярные диэлектрики. Состоят из молекул, симметричных по своему строению. В таких молекулах центры распределения положительных и отрицательных зарядов совпадают, поэтому в отсутствие внешнего поля их собственный дипольный момент равен нулю ($ \vec{p} = 0 $). Дипольный момент у таких молекул возникает (индуцируется) только под действием внешнего электрического поля за счет деформации электронных орбит и смещения зарядов. Примеры: инертные газы (He, Ne, Ar), газы, состоящие из одинаковых атомов ($H_2$, $O_2$, $N_2$), а также вещества с симметричными молекулами, как метан ($CH_4$) и бензол ($C_6H_6$).
Ионные диэлектрики. Представляют собой кристаллы с ионной решеткой, в узлах которой находятся положительно и отрицательно заряженные ионы (например, $Na^+$ и $Cl^-$ в поваренной соли). В отсутствие внешнего поля элементарная ячейка кристалла электронейтральна и не имеет дипольного момента из-за симметричного расположения ионов. Поляризация происходит за счет смещения подрешеток положительных и отрицательных ионов в противоположные стороны под действием поля.
Ответ:
Существуют три основных вида диэлектриков: полярные (состоят из молекул, имеющих собственный дипольный момент), неполярные (состоят из молекул без собственного дипольного момента) и ионные (представляют собой кристаллы с ионной решеткой).
Чем они различаются?
Основное различие между перечисленными видами диэлектриков заключается в их микроскопическом строении и, как следствие, в механизме их поляризации (возникновения суммарного дипольного момента под действием внешнего электрического поля).
1. По строению и наличию собственного дипольного момента. Молекулы полярных диэлектриков изначально являются диполями. Молекулы неполярных диэлектриков и элементарные ячейки ионных диэлектриков в отсутствие поля дипольного момента не имеют.
2. По механизму поляризации. У полярных диэлектриков преобладает ориентационная поляризация — поворот уже существующих диполей вдоль силовых линий поля. У неполярных диэлектриков происходит электронная поляризация — создание индуцированного дипольного момента за счет смещения электронных оболочек относительно ядер. У ионных диэлектриков основной вклад вносит ионная поляризация — смещение друг относительно друга подрешеток положительных и отрицательных ионов, к которой добавляется и электронная поляризация самих ионов.
Ответ:
Диэлектрики различаются, во-первых, наличием или отсутствием у их молекул (или элементарных ячеек) постоянного дипольного момента, и, во-вторых, преобладающим механизмом поляризации во внешнем электрическом поле (ориентационная, электронная или ионная).
Другие задания:
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