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Номер 413, страница 58, часть 1 - гдз по физике 10-11 класс сборник задач Парфентьева
Авторы: Парфентьева Н. А.
Тип: Сборник задач
Серия: классический курс
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2007 - 2026
Часть: 1
Цвет обложки: фиолетовый
ISBN: 978-5-09-092936-3
Популярные ГДЗ в 10 классе
Часть 1. 10 класс. Молекулярная физика. Тепловые явления. Уравнение состояния идеального газа. Газовые законы. Газовые законы - номер 413, страница 58.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1320416 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "58" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/parfenteva-sbornik-zadach/1-413" "field_display_title" => "413" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1319883 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1038 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 3751 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_publication_number" => "13" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2007" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1110" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-092936-3" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/parfenteva-sbornik-zadach" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 3751 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_publication_number" => "13" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2007" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1110" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-092936-3" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/parfenteva-sbornik-zadach" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1319883 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1305 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1317 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1319883 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1321 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1318 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1353 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1320 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 3751 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1322 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1319 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1323 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1324 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1325 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1326 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1327 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1328 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1329 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5418 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Парфентьева" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Наталия" "field_patronymic" => "Андреевна" "field_surname_rp" => "Парфентьевой" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5418 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Парфентьева" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Наталия" "field_patronymic" => "Андреевна" "field_surname_rp" => "Парфентьевой" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1330 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1331 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1332 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6598 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Сборник задач" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "sbornik zadach" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6598 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Сборник задач" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "sbornik zadach" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1333 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1334 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] …1 ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1335 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1336 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1337 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1338 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ …8] #original: array:8 [ …8] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1339 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1340 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1341 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1342 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "13" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1343 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1344 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1345 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2007" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1110" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-092936-3" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1756251235" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1756251235" "alt" => "" "width" => "1588" "height" => "2426" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1346 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1347 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1348 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/parfenteva-sbornik-zadach" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1349 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1350 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 494 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 3751 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1322} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1323} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1326} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1328} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1330} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1331} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1333} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1335} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1337} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1339} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1340} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1341} "field_publication_number" => "13" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1343} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1345} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2007" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1110" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-092936-3" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1756251235" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1756251235" "alt" => "" "width" => "1588" "height" => "2426" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1346} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1347} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1348} "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/parfenteva-sbornik-zadach" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1349} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 494 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1351 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1319883 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1321} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1353} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1351} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1352 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1319884 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "10 класс" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1354 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1355 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1320} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1356 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1319884 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "10 класс" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1354} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1355} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1356} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1357 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1319925 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика. Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1358 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "51" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1359 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1320} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1402 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1360 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1319884 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "10 класс" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1362 …2} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1361 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1394 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1319884 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "10 класс" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1362 …2} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1361 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1394 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1319925 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика. Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1358} "field_page_start" => "51" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1359} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1402} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Branch {#1400 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1319930 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Уравнение состояния идеального газа. Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1401 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "55" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1403 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1320} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1481 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1404 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1319925 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика. Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1406 …2} "field_page_start" => "51" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1405 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1438 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1319925 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика. Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1406 …2} "field_page_start" => "51" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1405 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1438 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1319930 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Уравнение состояния идеального газа. Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1401} "field_page_start" => "55" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1403} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1481} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Branch {#1479 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1319932 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1480 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "58" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1482 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1320} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1564 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1483 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1319930 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Уравнение состояния идеального газа. Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1485 …2} "field_page_start" => "55" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1484 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1517 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1319930 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Уравнение состояния идеального газа. Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1485 …2} "field_page_start" => "55" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1484 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1517 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1319932 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1480} "field_page_start" => "58" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1482} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1564} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1272 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1496574 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1293 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1301 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1300 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1299 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1298 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1297 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1300 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1299 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1298 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1297 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1320416" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>413.</strong> [342] Газ перевели из состояния 1 в состояние 2 (рис. 86). Как изменилась температура газа?</p><p>Рис. 86</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "413-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "878" "height" => 222 "path" => "/media/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/0-1/413-1.webp?ts=1756373318" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "413-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "526" "height" => 598 "path" => "/media/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/0-1/413-2.webp?ts=1756373318" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1496574 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1293} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1320416" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>413.</strong> [342] Газ перевели из состояния 1 в состояние 2 (рис. 86). Как изменилась температура газа?</p><p>Рис. 86</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "413-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "878" "height" => 222 "path" => "/media/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/0-1/413-1.webp?ts=1756373318" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "413-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "526" "height" => 598 "path" => "/media/fizika_10/parfenteva-sz/0-1/413-2.webp?ts=1756373318" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1295 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1724501 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1285 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1296 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6302 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1292 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1291 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1289 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1290 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6302 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1292 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1291 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1289 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1290 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1320416" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>Для анализа изменения температуры газа воспользуемся уравнением состояния идеального газа (уравнением Менделеева-Клапейрона):$pV = \nu RT$где $\text{p}$ — давление газа, $\text{V}$ — его объём, $\nu$ — количество вещества (которое в данном процессе постоянно), $\text{R}$ — универсальная газовая постоянная, $\text{T}$ — абсолютная температура газа.</p><p>Из этого уравнения можно выразить температуру:$T = \frac{pV}{\nu R}$Поскольку количество вещества $\nu$ и газовая постоянная $\text{R}$ являются константами, температура газа $\text{T}$ прямо пропорциональна произведению его давления $\text{p}$ на объём $\text{V}$:$T \propt°pV$</p><p>Сначала сравним начальную и конечную температуры газа.В начальном состоянии 1 температура $T_1$ пропорциональна произведению $p_1V_1$.В конечном состоянии 2 температура $T_2$ пропорциональна произведению $p_2V_2$.Из графика видно, что давление и объём в конечном состоянии больше, чем в начальном: $p_2 > p_1$ и $V_2 > V_1$. Следовательно, их произведение также больше: $p_2V_2 > p_1V_1$.Это означает, что конечная температура газа выше начальной: $T_2 > T_1$.</p><p>Теперь проанализируем, как именно менялась температура в ходе всего процесса. На p-V диаграмме линии постоянной температуры (изотермы) представляют собой гиперболы, описываемые уравнением $pV = \text{const}$. Чем дальше от начала координат расположена изотерма, тем более высокой температуре она соответствует.</p><p>Процесс начинается в точке 1, которая лежит на изотерме, соответствующей температуре $T_1$. Судя по форме кривой, в начале процесса (при переходе от точки 1) график "ныряет" в сторону начала координат. Это означает, что он пересекает изотермы, соответствующие более низким температурам. Таким образом, температура газа вначале уменьшается.</p><p>Затем график процесса достигает точки, в которой он оказывается ближе всего к началу координат (в смысле значения произведения $pV$). В этой точке кривая процесса касается некоторой изотермы, и в этот момент температура газа достигает своего минимального значения.</p><p>После прохождения точки минимума график начинает удаляться от начала координат, пересекая изотермы со всё более высокой температурой, пока не достигнет точки 2. Это означает, что после достижения минимума температура газа возрастала.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Температура газа сначала уменьшалась, достигала минимального значения, а затем возрастала. Конечная температура газа оказалась выше начальной.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1724501 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1285} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1320416" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>Для анализа изменения температуры газа воспользуемся уравнением состояния идеального газа (уравнением Менделеева-Клапейрона):$pV = \nu RT$где $\text{p}$ — давление газа, $\text{V}$ — его объём, $\nu$ — количество вещества (которое в данном процессе постоянно), $\text{R}$ — универсальная газовая постоянная, $\text{T}$ — абсолютная температура газа.</p><p>Из этого уравнения можно выразить температуру:$T = \frac{pV}{\nu R}$Поскольку количество вещества $\nu$ и газовая постоянная $\text{R}$ являются константами, температура газа $\text{T}$ прямо пропорциональна произведению его давления $\text{p}$ на объём $\text{V}$:$T \propt°pV$</p><p>Сначала сравним начальную и конечную температуры газа.В начальном состоянии 1 температура $T_1$ пропорциональна произведению $p_1V_1$.В конечном состоянии 2 температура $T_2$ пропорциональна произведению $p_2V_2$.Из графика видно, что давление и объём в конечном состоянии больше, чем в начальном: $p_2 > p_1$ и $V_2 > V_1$. Следовательно, их произведение также больше: $p_2V_2 > p_1V_1$.Это означает, что конечная температура газа выше начальной: $T_2 > T_1$.</p><p>Теперь проанализируем, как именно менялась температура в ходе всего процесса. На p-V диаграмме линии постоянной температуры (изотермы) представляют собой гиперболы, описываемые уравнением $pV = \text{const}$. Чем дальше от начала координат расположена изотерма, тем более высокой температуре она соответствует.</p><p>Процесс начинается в точке 1, которая лежит на изотерме, соответствующей температуре $T_1$. Судя по форме кривой, в начале процесса (при переходе от точки 1) график "ныряет" в сторону начала координат. Это означает, что он пересекает изотермы, соответствующие более низким температурам. Таким образом, температура газа вначале уменьшается.</p><p>Затем график процесса достигает точки, в которой он оказывается ближе всего к началу координат (в смысле значения произведения $pV$). В этой точке кривая процесса касается некоторой изотермы, и в этот момент температура газа достигает своего минимального значения.</p><p>После прохождения точки минимума график начинает удаляться от начала координат, пересекая изотермы со всё более высокой температурой, пока не достигнет точки 2. Это означает, что после достижения минимума температура газа возрастала.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Температура газа сначала уменьшалась, достигала минимального значения, а затем возрастала. Конечная температура газа оказалась выше начальной.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1320417" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1320415" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1320} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1263 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1267 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1341308 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "58" "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/parfenteva-sbornik-zadach/page-58" "field_display_title" => "58" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "58" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1287 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1288 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1320} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1286 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1276 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1277 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1341309" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1341307" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1663 #items: array:10 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1679 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#2061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#2073 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#2085 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#2097 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#2109 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#2116 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#2128 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 8 => App\Models\Task {#2140 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] 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Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1287} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1288} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1286} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1276} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1341309" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1341307" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1663} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1320416 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "58" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/fizika/parfenteva-sbornik-zadach/1-413" "field_display_title" => "413" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1305} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1320417" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1320415" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1341308" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№413 (с. 58)
Условие. №413 (с. 58)
скриншот условия
413. [342] Газ перевели из состояния 1 в состояние 2 (рис. 86). Как изменилась температура газа?
Рис. 86
Решение. №413 (с. 58)
Решение
Для анализа изменения температуры газа воспользуемся уравнением состояния идеального газа (уравнением Менделеева-Клапейрона):$pV = \nu RT$где $\text{p}$ — давление газа, $\text{V}$ — его объём, $\nu$ — количество вещества (которое в данном процессе постоянно), $\text{R}$ — универсальная газовая постоянная, $\text{T}$ — абсолютная температура газа.
Из этого уравнения можно выразить температуру:$T = \frac{pV}{\nu R}$Поскольку количество вещества $\nu$ и газовая постоянная $\text{R}$ являются константами, температура газа $\text{T}$ прямо пропорциональна произведению его давления $\text{p}$ на объём $\text{V}$:$T \propt°pV$
Сначала сравним начальную и конечную температуры газа.В начальном состоянии 1 температура $T_1$ пропорциональна произведению $p_1V_1$.В конечном состоянии 2 температура $T_2$ пропорциональна произведению $p_2V_2$.Из графика видно, что давление и объём в конечном состоянии больше, чем в начальном: $p_2 > p_1$ и $V_2 > V_1$. Следовательно, их произведение также больше: $p_2V_2 > p_1V_1$.Это означает, что конечная температура газа выше начальной: $T_2 > T_1$.
Теперь проанализируем, как именно менялась температура в ходе всего процесса. На p-V диаграмме линии постоянной температуры (изотермы) представляют собой гиперболы, описываемые уравнением $pV = \text{const}$. Чем дальше от начала координат расположена изотерма, тем более высокой температуре она соответствует.
Процесс начинается в точке 1, которая лежит на изотерме, соответствующей температуре $T_1$. Судя по форме кривой, в начале процесса (при переходе от точки 1) график "ныряет" в сторону начала координат. Это означает, что он пересекает изотермы, соответствующие более низким температурам. Таким образом, температура газа вначале уменьшается.
Затем график процесса достигает точки, в которой он оказывается ближе всего к началу координат (в смысле значения произведения $pV$). В этой точке кривая процесса касается некоторой изотермы, и в этот момент температура газа достигает своего минимального значения.
После прохождения точки минимума график начинает удаляться от начала координат, пересекая изотермы со всё более высокой температурой, пока не достигнет точки 2. Это означает, что после достижения минимума температура газа возрастала.
Ответ: Температура газа сначала уменьшалась, достигала минимального значения, а затем возрастала. Конечная температура газа оказалась выше начальной.
Другие задания:
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