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Номер 9, страница 33 - гдз по химии 10 класс учебник Еремин, Кузьменко
Авторы: Еремин В. В., Кузьменко Н. Е., Теренин В. И., Дроздов А. А., Лунин В. В.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2023 - 2026
Уровень обучения: углублённый
Цвет обложки: белый, зелёный с радугой
Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации
Популярные ГДЗ в 10 классе
Глава 1. Повторение и углубление знаний. Параграф 4. Химическая связь. Агрегатные состояния - номер 9, страница 33.
App\Models\Task {#1003 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662818 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "33" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/04-9" "field_display_title" => "9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1009 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1008 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1007 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1006 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:23 [ "id" => 662698 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повторение и углубление знаний" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1011 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1010 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1012 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1013 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1014 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1016 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1018 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1020 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1027 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1029 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1031 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1033 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1014 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1016 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1018 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1020 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1027 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1029 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1031 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1033 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:23 [ "id" => 662698 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повторение и углубление знаний" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1011} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1012} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:23 [ "id" => 662698 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повторение и углубление знаний" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1050 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:23 [ "id" => 662698 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повторение и углубление знаний" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1090 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:23 [ "id" => 662702 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Химическая связь. Агрегатные состояния" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1092 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "26" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1094 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1130 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:23 [ "id" => 662698 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повторение и углубление знаний" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 …2} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 …2} ] #original: array:23 [ "id" => 662698 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повторение и углубление знаний" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 …2} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:23 [ "id" => 662702 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Химическая связь. Агрегатные состояния" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091} "field_page_start" => "26" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1147 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 818233 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1148 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662818" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>9.</strong> В молекуле азота $N_2$ реализуется тройная ковалентная связь между атомами. Изобразите схему образования такой связи аналогично представленной в тексте параграфа для молекулы $Cl_2$.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "847" "height" => 127 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/0-04/9-1.webp?ts=1738779436" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 818233 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662818" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>9.</strong> В молекуле азота $N_2$ реализуется тройная ковалентная связь между атомами. Изобразите схему образования такой связи аналогично представленной в тексте параграфа для молекулы $Cl_2$.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "847" "height" => 127 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/0-04/9-1.webp?ts=1738779436" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1154 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 818344 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1155 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1830 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1830 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662818" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1214" "height" => 217 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-04/9-1.webp?ts=1738779482" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1244" "height" => 190 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-04/9-2.webp?ts=1738779482" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 818344 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662818" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1214" "height" => 217 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-04/9-1.webp?ts=1738779482" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1244" "height" => 190 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-04/9-2.webp?ts=1738779482" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1162 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1515226 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1163 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5553 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5553 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662818" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><span>Чтобы изобразить схему образования тройной ковалентной связи в молекуле азота ($N_2$), необходимо последовательно рассмотреть электронное строение атома азота и механизм образования связи.</span></p><p><span>1. <strong>Электронное строение атома азота (N).</strong> Азот находится в 15-й группе (VА группе) второго периода Периодической системы химических элементов Д. И. Менделеева. Его порядковый номер 7, следовательно, атом содержит 7 протонов и 7 электронов. Электронная конфигурация атома азота: $1s^22s^22p^3$.</span></p><p><span>2. <strong>Валентные электроны.</strong> На внешнем электронном уровне (n=2) у атома азота находится 5 валентных электронов. Два из них ($2s^2$) являются спаренными и образуют неподеленную электронную пару, а три электрона ($2p^3$) — неспаренные. Для достижения стабильной восьмиэлектронной конфигурации (октета), атому азота не хватает $8 - 5 = 3$ электрона.</span></p><p><span>3. <strong>Образование связи.</strong> При сближении двух атомов азота для образования молекулы $N_2$ каждый атом предоставляет свои три неспаренных p-электрона для формирования общих электронных пар. В результате между двумя атомами азота образуются три общие электронные пары. Это и есть тройная ковалентная связь. Так как связь образована между атомами одного и того же химического элемента, она является неполярной.</span></p><p><span>Схематически этот процесс можно представить с помощью электронно-точечных формул Льюиса. Изобразим 5 валентных электронов каждого атома азота точками (две точки вместе — неподеленная пара, отдельные точки — неспаренные электроны):</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:\ddot{N}\cdot \quad + \quad \cdot\ddot{N}:$</span></p><p><span>Атомы объединяют свои неспаренные электроны, образуя три общие пары:</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:\ddot{N}:::\ddot{N}:$</span></p><p><span>В результате в молекуле $N_2$ каждый атом азота имеет одну неподеленную электронную пару и три общие электронные пары (тройную связь), что обеспечивает каждому атому завершенную восьмиэлектронную оболочку. Структурная формула, где тройная связь обозначается тремя черточками, выглядит так:</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:N\equiv N:$</span></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p><span>Схема образования тройной ковалентной связи в молекуле азота $N_2$ заключается в объединении тремя общими электронными парами двух атомов азота. Каждый атом азота имеет 5 валентных электронов и для достижения стабильного октета предоставляет 3 неспаренных электрона для образования связи.</span></p><p><span>Электронная схема образования связи:</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:\ddot{N}\cdot \quad + \quad \cdot\ddot{N}: \quad \longrightarrow \quad :\ddot{N}:::\ddot{N}:$</span></p><p><span>Структурная формула молекулы азота с тройной связью:</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:N\equiv N:$</span></p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1515226 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662818" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><span>Чтобы изобразить схему образования тройной ковалентной связи в молекуле азота ($N_2$), необходимо последовательно рассмотреть электронное строение атома азота и механизм образования связи.</span></p><p><span>1. <strong>Электронное строение атома азота (N).</strong> Азот находится в 15-й группе (VА группе) второго периода Периодической системы химических элементов Д. И. Менделеева. Его порядковый номер 7, следовательно, атом содержит 7 протонов и 7 электронов. Электронная конфигурация атома азота: $1s^22s^22p^3$.</span></p><p><span>2. <strong>Валентные электроны.</strong> На внешнем электронном уровне (n=2) у атома азота находится 5 валентных электронов. Два из них ($2s^2$) являются спаренными и образуют неподеленную электронную пару, а три электрона ($2p^3$) — неспаренные. Для достижения стабильной восьмиэлектронной конфигурации (октета), атому азота не хватает $8 - 5 = 3$ электрона.</span></p><p><span>3. <strong>Образование связи.</strong> При сближении двух атомов азота для образования молекулы $N_2$ каждый атом предоставляет свои три неспаренных p-электрона для формирования общих электронных пар. В результате между двумя атомами азота образуются три общие электронные пары. Это и есть тройная ковалентная связь. Так как связь образована между атомами одного и того же химического элемента, она является неполярной.</span></p><p><span>Схематически этот процесс можно представить с помощью электронно-точечных формул Льюиса. Изобразим 5 валентных электронов каждого атома азота точками (две точки вместе — неподеленная пара, отдельные точки — неспаренные электроны):</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:\ddot{N}\cdot \quad + \quad \cdot\ddot{N}:$</span></p><p><span>Атомы объединяют свои неспаренные электроны, образуя три общие пары:</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:\ddot{N}:::\ddot{N}:$</span></p><p><span>В результате в молекуле $N_2$ каждый атом азота имеет одну неподеленную электронную пару и три общие электронные пары (тройную связь), что обеспечивает каждому атому завершенную восьмиэлектронную оболочку. Структурная формула, где тройная связь обозначается тремя черточками, выглядит так:</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:N\equiv N:$</span></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p><span>Схема образования тройной ковалентной связи в молекуле азота $N_2$ заключается в объединении тремя общими электронными парами двух атомов азота. Каждый атом азота имеет 5 валентных электронов и для достижения стабильного октета предоставляет 3 неспаренных электрона для образования связи.</span></p><p><span>Электронная схема образования связи:</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:\ddot{N}\cdot \quad + \quad \cdot\ddot{N}: \quad \longrightarrow \quad :\ddot{N}:::\ddot{N}:$</span></p><p><span>Структурная формула молекулы азота с тройной связью:</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:1.4em;"><span>$:N\equiv N:$</span></p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662819" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662817" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1144 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1136 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1145 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1139 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1140 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1170 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1171 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1173 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Term {#1174 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1177 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1179 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1181 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1185 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1187 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1189 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1174} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1195 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1196 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 500 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 500 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1203 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 925929 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "33" "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/page-33" "field_display_title" => "33" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "33" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1144} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1216 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "925930" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "925928" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1406 #items: array:8 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1420 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1426 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1431 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1445 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1459 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1471 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1489 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1494 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 925929 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "33" "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/page-33" "field_display_title" => "33" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "33" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "925930" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "925928" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1406} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662818 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 00:54:11" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "33" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/04-9" "field_display_title" => "9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1009} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1007} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662819" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "662817" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "925929" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№9 (с. 33)
Условие. №9 (с. 33)
скриншот условия
9. В молекуле азота $N_2$ реализуется тройная ковалентная связь между атомами. Изобразите схему образования такой связи аналогично представленной в тексте параграфа для молекулы $Cl_2$.
Решение. №9 (с. 33)
Решение 2. №9 (с. 33)
Решение
Чтобы изобразить схему образования тройной ковалентной связи в молекуле азота ($N_2$), необходимо последовательно рассмотреть электронное строение атома азота и механизм образования связи.
1. Электронное строение атома азота (N). Азот находится в 15-й группе (VА группе) второго периода Периодической системы химических элементов Д. И. Менделеева. Его порядковый номер 7, следовательно, атом содержит 7 протонов и 7 электронов. Электронная конфигурация атома азота: $1s^22s^22p^3$.
2. Валентные электроны. На внешнем электронном уровне (n=2) у атома азота находится 5 валентных электронов. Два из них ($2s^2$) являются спаренными и образуют неподеленную электронную пару, а три электрона ($2p^3$) — неспаренные. Для достижения стабильной восьмиэлектронной конфигурации (октета), атому азота не хватает $8 - 5 = 3$ электрона.
3. Образование связи. При сближении двух атомов азота для образования молекулы $N_2$ каждый атом предоставляет свои три неспаренных p-электрона для формирования общих электронных пар. В результате между двумя атомами азота образуются три общие электронные пары. Это и есть тройная ковалентная связь. Так как связь образована между атомами одного и того же химического элемента, она является неполярной.
Схематически этот процесс можно представить с помощью электронно-точечных формул Льюиса. Изобразим 5 валентных электронов каждого атома азота точками (две точки вместе — неподеленная пара, отдельные точки — неспаренные электроны):
$:\ddot{N}\cdot \quad + \quad \cdot\ddot{N}:$
Атомы объединяют свои неспаренные электроны, образуя три общие пары:
$:\ddot{N}:::\ddot{N}:$
В результате в молекуле $N_2$ каждый атом азота имеет одну неподеленную электронную пару и три общие электронные пары (тройную связь), что обеспечивает каждому атому завершенную восьмиэлектронную оболочку. Структурная формула, где тройная связь обозначается тремя черточками, выглядит так:
$:N\equiv N:$
Ответ:
Схема образования тройной ковалентной связи в молекуле азота $N_2$ заключается в объединении тремя общими электронными парами двух атомов азота. Каждый атом азота имеет 5 валентных электронов и для достижения стабильного октета предоставляет 3 неспаренных электрона для образования связи.
Электронная схема образования связи:
$:\ddot{N}\cdot \quad + \quad \cdot\ddot{N}: \quad \longrightarrow \quad :\ddot{N}:::\ddot{N}:$
Структурная формула молекулы азота с тройной связью:
$:N\equiv N:$
Другие задания:
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