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Номер 7, страница 272 - гдз по химии 10 класс учебник Еремин, Кузьменко
Авторы: Еремин В. В., Кузьменко Н. Е., Теренин В. И., Дроздов А. А., Лунин В. В.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2023 - 2026
Уровень обучения: углублённый
Цвет обложки: белый, зелёный с радугой
Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации
Популярные ГДЗ в 10 классе
Глава 4. Кислородсодержащие органические соединения. Параграф 48. Химические свойства и методы получения карбонильных соединений - номер 7, страница 272.
App\Models\Task {#1024 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 663260 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "272" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/48-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#331 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1029 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#342 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662743 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Кислородсодержащие органические соединения" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1033 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "227" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1032 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662743 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Кислородсодержащие органические соединения" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333} "field_page_start" => "227" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1070 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662749 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Химические свойства и методы получения карбонильных соединений" "field_branch_order" => "48" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1072 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "266" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1074 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1076 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1078 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1080 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1082 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4330 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Еремин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Вадим" "field_patronymic" => "Владимирович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4330 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Еремин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Вадим" "field_patronymic" => "Владимирович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1083 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кузьменко" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Николай" "field_patronymic" => "Егорович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кузьменко" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Николай" "field_patronymic" => "Егорович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1084 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5912 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Теренин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Владимир" "field_patronymic" => "Ильич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5912 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Теренин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Владимир" "field_patronymic" => "Ильич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1085 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4290 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дроздов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Андрей" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4290 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дроздов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Андрей" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Term {#1086 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5031 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Лунин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Валерий" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Лунина" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5031 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Лунин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Валерий" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Лунина" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1089 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1091 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1093 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1097 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 39 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "углублённый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "uglublennyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 39 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "углублённый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "uglublennyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1099 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1101 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1086} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1107 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1108 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 47 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "зелёный" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "zelyonyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 47 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "зелёный" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "zelyonyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 500 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 500 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1110 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662743 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Кислородсодержащие органические соединения" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 …2} "field_page_start" => "227" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662743 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Кислородсодержащие органические соединения" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 …2} "field_page_start" => "227" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662749 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Химические свойства и методы получения карбонильных соединений" "field_branch_order" => "48" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_page_start" => "266" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1151 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 819018 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1153 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663260" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7.</strong> Напишите уравнения реакций, отвечающие следующим схемам превращений:</p><p><strong>а)</strong> $C_3H_8 \rightarrow C_3H_6 \rightarrow \text{пропанол-2} \rightarrow \text{ацетон} \rightarrow \text{бромацетон} \rightarrow \text{1-гидроксипропанон-2};$</p><p><strong>б)</strong> $\text{C}_6\text{H}_6 + \text{H}_3\text{C}-\text{C}(=\text{O})\text{Cl} \xrightarrow{\text{AlCl}_3} \text{A} \xrightarrow{\text{H}_2\text{/Ni}} \text{B} \xrightarrow{\text{PCl}_5} \text{C} \xrightarrow{\text{Na}} \text{D}$</p><p><strong>в)</strong> $\text{C}_6\text{H}_6 \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_3 \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CHCl}_2 \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CHO} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_2\text{OH}$</p><p><strong>г)</strong> $\text{этан} \rightarrow \text{бромэтан} \xrightarrow{\text{KOH, спирт, } t} \text{X}_1 \rightarrow \text{этаналь} \rightarrow \text{X}_2 \rightarrow \text{дивинил}.$</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "869" "height" => 522 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/0-48/7-1.webp?ts=1738779640" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 819018 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663260" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7.</strong> Напишите уравнения реакций, отвечающие следующим схемам превращений:</p><p><strong>а)</strong> $C_3H_8 \rightarrow C_3H_6 \rightarrow \text{пропанол-2} \rightarrow \text{ацетон} \rightarrow \text{бромацетон} \rightarrow \text{1-гидроксипропанон-2};$</p><p><strong>б)</strong> $\text{C}_6\text{H}_6 + \text{H}_3\text{C}-\text{C}(=\text{O})\text{Cl} \xrightarrow{\text{AlCl}_3} \text{A} \xrightarrow{\text{H}_2\text{/Ni}} \text{B} \xrightarrow{\text{PCl}_5} \text{C} \xrightarrow{\text{Na}} \text{D}$</p><p><strong>в)</strong> $\text{C}_6\text{H}_6 \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_3 \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CHCl}_2 \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CHO} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_2\text{OH}$</p><p><strong>г)</strong> $\text{этан} \rightarrow \text{бромэтан} \xrightarrow{\text{KOH, спирт, } t} \text{X}_1 \rightarrow \text{этаналь} \rightarrow \text{X}_2 \rightarrow \text{дивинил}.$</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "869" "height" => 522 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/0-48/7-1.webp?ts=1738779640" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1159 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 819270 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1161 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1830 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1830 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663260" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2049" "height" => 1301 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-48/7-1.webp?ts=1738779719" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2061" "height" => 1398 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-48/7-2.webp?ts=1738779719" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 819270 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663260" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2049" "height" => 1301 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-48/7-1.webp?ts=1738779719" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2061" "height" => 1398 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-48/7-2.webp?ts=1738779719" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1167 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1515660 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1169 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5553 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5553 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663260" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>a)</strong><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Первая стадия – дегидрирование пропана при высокой температуре в присутствии катализатора (например, $Ni, Pt$ или $Cr_2O_3$) для получения пропена.<br>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 \xrightarrow{t, \text{кат.}} CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Вторая стадия – гидратация пропена в присутствии кислоты (например, $H_2SO_4$). Реакция идет по правилу Марковникова, в результате чего образуется пропанол-2.<br>$CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2O \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Третья стадия – окисление вторичного спирта, пропанола-2, до кетона (ацетона). Это можно сделать, например, с помощью оксида меди(II) при нагревании.<br>$CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3 + CuO \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-C(O)-CH_3 + Cu + H_2O$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Четвертая стадия – бромирование ацетона в $\alpha$-положение (замещение атома водорода у соседнего с карбонильной группой атома углерода). Реакция катализируется кислотой.<br>$CH_3-C(O)-CH_3 + Br_2 \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-C(O)-CH_2Br + HBr$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Пятая стадия – нуклеофильное замещение атома брома в бромацетоне на гидроксильную группу при реакции с водным раствором щелочи, что приводит к образованию 1-гидроксипропанона-2.<br>$CH_3-C(O)-CH_2Br + NaOH_{\text{(водн.)}} \rightarrow CH_3-C(O)-CH_2OH + NaBr$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.</p><p><strong>б)</strong><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Реакция бензола с ацетилхлоридом в присутствии катализатора $AlCl_3$ – это ацилирование по Фриделю-Крафтсу. Продуктом реакции (A) является ацетофенон.<br>$C_6H_6 + CH_3COCl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5-C(O)-CH_3 + HCl$<br>Вещество A – ацетофенон ($C_6H_5-C(O)-CH_3$).</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Гидрирование ацетофенона (A) на никелевом катализаторе. В этих условиях карбонильная группа восстанавливается до спиртовой, образуя 1-фенилэтанол (B).<br>$C_6H_5-C(O)-CH_3 + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni} C_6H_5-CH(OH)-CH_3$<br>Вещество B – 1-фенилэтанол ($C_6H_5-CH(OH)-CH_3$).</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Реакция 1-фенилэтанола (B) с пентахлоридом фосфора ($PCl_5$) приводит к замещению гидроксильной группы на атом хлора. Образуется (1-хлорэтил)бензол (C).<br>$C_6H_5-CH(OH)-CH_3 + PCl_5 \rightarrow C_6H_5-CH(Cl)-CH_3 + POCl_3 + HCl$<br>Вещество C – (1-хлорэтил)бензол ($C_6H_5-CH(Cl)-CH_3$).</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Реакция (1-хлорэтил)бензола (C) с металлическим натрием – это реакция Вюрца, приводящая к удвоению радикала. Образуется 2,3-дифенилбутан (D).<br>$2C_6H_5-CH(Cl)-CH_3 + 2Na \rightarrow C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)-CH(CH_3)-C_6H_5 + 2NaCl$<br>Вещество D – 2,3-дифенилбутан ($C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)-CH(CH_3)-C_6H_5$).</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.</p><p><strong>в)</strong><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Получение толуола из бензола – реакция алкилирования по Фриделю-Крафтсу с использованием метилхлорида и катализатора $AlCl_3$.<br>$C_6H_6 + CH_3Cl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5CH_3 + HCl$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Хлорирование толуола в боковую цепь происходит по свободно-радикальному механизму под действием УФ-излучения ($h\nu$). Для получения (дихлорметил)бензола требуется два эквивалента хлора.<br>$C_6H_5CH_3 + 2Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} C_6H_5CHCl_2 + 2HCl$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Гидролиз (дихлорметил)бензола водным раствором щелочи приводит к образованию бензальдегида. Промежуточно образуется неустойчивый геминальный диол, который отщепляет воду.<br>$C_6H_5CHCl_2 + 2NaOH_{\text{(водн.)}} \rightarrow C_6H_5CHO + 2NaCl + H_2O$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Восстановление бензальдегида до бензилового спирта. Это можно осуществить каталитическим гидрированием ($H_2$ на катализаторе $Ni, Pt, Pd$).<br>$C_6H_5CHO + H_2 \xrightarrow{\text{кат.}} C_6H_5CH_2OH$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.</p><p><strong>г)</strong><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Получение бромэтана из этана путем свободно-радикального бромирования под действием света.<br>$CH_3-CH_3 + Br_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} CH_3-CH_2Br + HBr$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Дегидрогалогенирование бромэтана под действием спиртового раствора щелочи при нагревании. Продуктом ($X_1$) является этен.<br>$CH_3-CH_2Br + KOH_{\text{(спирт)}} \xrightarrow{t} CH_2=CH_2 + KBr + H_2O$<br>Вещество $X_1$ – этен ($CH_2=CH_2$).</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Окисление этена ($X_1$) до этаналя (уксусного альдегида) в присутствии палладиевого катализатора (Вакер-процесс).<br>$2CH_2=CH_2 + O_2 \xrightarrow{PdCl_2/CuCl_2} 2CH_3CHO$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Восстановление этаналя до этанола ($X_2$) путем каталитического гидрирования.<br>$CH_3CHO + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni, t} CH_3CH_2OH$<br>Вещество $X_2$ – этанол ($CH_3CH_2OH$).</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Получение дивинила (бута-1,3-диена) из этанола ($X_2$) по методу Лебедева. Реакция включает одновременно дегидратацию и дегидрирование на смешанном катализаторе при высокой температуре.<br>$2CH_3CH_2OH \xrightarrow{425^\circ C, Al_2O_3/ZnO} CH_2=CH-CH=CH_2 + 2H_2O + H_2$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1515660 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663260" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>a)</strong><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Первая стадия – дегидрирование пропана при высокой температуре в присутствии катализатора (например, $Ni, Pt$ или $Cr_2O_3$) для получения пропена.<br>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 \xrightarrow{t, \text{кат.}} CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Вторая стадия – гидратация пропена в присутствии кислоты (например, $H_2SO_4$). Реакция идет по правилу Марковникова, в результате чего образуется пропанол-2.<br>$CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2O \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Третья стадия – окисление вторичного спирта, пропанола-2, до кетона (ацетона). Это можно сделать, например, с помощью оксида меди(II) при нагревании.<br>$CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3 + CuO \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-C(O)-CH_3 + Cu + H_2O$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Четвертая стадия – бромирование ацетона в $\alpha$-положение (замещение атома водорода у соседнего с карбонильной группой атома углерода). Реакция катализируется кислотой.<br>$CH_3-C(O)-CH_3 + Br_2 \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-C(O)-CH_2Br + HBr$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Пятая стадия – нуклеофильное замещение атома брома в бромацетоне на гидроксильную группу при реакции с водным раствором щелочи, что приводит к образованию 1-гидроксипропанона-2.<br>$CH_3-C(O)-CH_2Br + NaOH_{\text{(водн.)}} \rightarrow CH_3-C(O)-CH_2OH + NaBr$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.</p><p><strong>б)</strong><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Реакция бензола с ацетилхлоридом в присутствии катализатора $AlCl_3$ – это ацилирование по Фриделю-Крафтсу. Продуктом реакции (A) является ацетофенон.<br>$C_6H_6 + CH_3COCl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5-C(O)-CH_3 + HCl$<br>Вещество A – ацетофенон ($C_6H_5-C(O)-CH_3$).</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Гидрирование ацетофенона (A) на никелевом катализаторе. В этих условиях карбонильная группа восстанавливается до спиртовой, образуя 1-фенилэтанол (B).<br>$C_6H_5-C(O)-CH_3 + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni} C_6H_5-CH(OH)-CH_3$<br>Вещество B – 1-фенилэтанол ($C_6H_5-CH(OH)-CH_3$).</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Реакция 1-фенилэтанола (B) с пентахлоридом фосфора ($PCl_5$) приводит к замещению гидроксильной группы на атом хлора. Образуется (1-хлорэтил)бензол (C).<br>$C_6H_5-CH(OH)-CH_3 + PCl_5 \rightarrow C_6H_5-CH(Cl)-CH_3 + POCl_3 + HCl$<br>Вещество C – (1-хлорэтил)бензол ($C_6H_5-CH(Cl)-CH_3$).</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Реакция (1-хлорэтил)бензола (C) с металлическим натрием – это реакция Вюрца, приводящая к удвоению радикала. Образуется 2,3-дифенилбутан (D).<br>$2C_6H_5-CH(Cl)-CH_3 + 2Na \rightarrow C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)-CH(CH_3)-C_6H_5 + 2NaCl$<br>Вещество D – 2,3-дифенилбутан ($C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)-CH(CH_3)-C_6H_5$).</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.</p><p><strong>в)</strong><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Получение толуола из бензола – реакция алкилирования по Фриделю-Крафтсу с использованием метилхлорида и катализатора $AlCl_3$.<br>$C_6H_6 + CH_3Cl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5CH_3 + HCl$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Хлорирование толуола в боковую цепь происходит по свободно-радикальному механизму под действием УФ-излучения ($h\nu$). Для получения (дихлорметил)бензола требуется два эквивалента хлора.<br>$C_6H_5CH_3 + 2Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} C_6H_5CHCl_2 + 2HCl$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Гидролиз (дихлорметил)бензола водным раствором щелочи приводит к образованию бензальдегида. Промежуточно образуется неустойчивый геминальный диол, который отщепляет воду.<br>$C_6H_5CHCl_2 + 2NaOH_{\text{(водн.)}} \rightarrow C_6H_5CHO + 2NaCl + H_2O$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Восстановление бензальдегида до бензилового спирта. Это можно осуществить каталитическим гидрированием ($H_2$ на катализаторе $Ni, Pt, Pd$).<br>$C_6H_5CHO + H_2 \xrightarrow{\text{кат.}} C_6H_5CH_2OH$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.</p><p><strong>г)</strong><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Получение бромэтана из этана путем свободно-радикального бромирования под действием света.<br>$CH_3-CH_3 + Br_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} CH_3-CH_2Br + HBr$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Дегидрогалогенирование бромэтана под действием спиртового раствора щелочи при нагревании. Продуктом ($X_1$) является этен.<br>$CH_3-CH_2Br + KOH_{\text{(спирт)}} \xrightarrow{t} CH_2=CH_2 + KBr + H_2O$<br>Вещество $X_1$ – этен ($CH_2=CH_2$).</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Окисление этена ($X_1$) до этаналя (уксусного альдегида) в присутствии палладиевого катализатора (Вакер-процесс).<br>$2CH_2=CH_2 + O_2 \xrightarrow{PdCl_2/CuCl_2} 2CH_3CHO$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Восстановление этаналя до этанола ($X_2$) путем каталитического гидрирования.<br>$CH_3CHO + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni, t} CH_3CH_2OH$<br>Вещество $X_2$ – этанол ($CH_3CH_2OH$).</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Получение дивинила (бута-1,3-диена) из этанола ($X_2$) по методу Лебедева. Реакция включает одновременно дегидратацию и дегидрирование на смешанном катализаторе при высокой температуре.<br>$2CH_3CH_2OH \xrightarrow{425^\circ C, Al_2O_3/ZnO} CH_2=CH-CH=CH_2 + 2H_2O + H_2$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663261" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663259" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1074} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1189 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Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1213 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" 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[] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1237 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1100711 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" 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…24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#2204 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#2235 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#2266 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#2297 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#2328 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] 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№7 (с. 272)
Условие. №7 (с. 272)
скриншот условия
7. Напишите уравнения реакций, отвечающие следующим схемам превращений:
а) $C_3H_8 \rightarrow C_3H_6 \rightarrow \text{пропанол-2} \rightarrow \text{ацетон} \rightarrow \text{бромацетон} \rightarrow \text{1-гидроксипропанон-2};$
б) $\text{C}_6\text{H}_6 + \text{H}_3\text{C}-\text{C}(=\text{O})\text{Cl} \xrightarrow{\text{AlCl}_3} \text{A} \xrightarrow{\text{H}_2\text{/Ni}} \text{B} \xrightarrow{\text{PCl}_5} \text{C} \xrightarrow{\text{Na}} \text{D}$
в) $\text{C}_6\text{H}_6 \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_3 \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CHCl}_2 \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CHO} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CH}_2\text{OH}$
г) $\text{этан} \rightarrow \text{бромэтан} \xrightarrow{\text{KOH, спирт, } t} \text{X}_1 \rightarrow \text{этаналь} \rightarrow \text{X}_2 \rightarrow \text{дивинил}.$
Решение. №7 (с. 272)
Решение 2. №7 (с. 272)
a)Решение
1. Первая стадия – дегидрирование пропана при высокой температуре в присутствии катализатора (например, $Ni, Pt$ или $Cr_2O_3$) для получения пропена.
$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 \xrightarrow{t, \text{кат.}} CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2$
2. Вторая стадия – гидратация пропена в присутствии кислоты (например, $H_2SO_4$). Реакция идет по правилу Марковникова, в результате чего образуется пропанол-2.
$CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2O \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3$
3. Третья стадия – окисление вторичного спирта, пропанола-2, до кетона (ацетона). Это можно сделать, например, с помощью оксида меди(II) при нагревании.
$CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3 + CuO \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-C(O)-CH_3 + Cu + H_2O$
4. Четвертая стадия – бромирование ацетона в $\alpha$-положение (замещение атома водорода у соседнего с карбонильной группой атома углерода). Реакция катализируется кислотой.
$CH_3-C(O)-CH_3 + Br_2 \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-C(O)-CH_2Br + HBr$
5. Пятая стадия – нуклеофильное замещение атома брома в бромацетоне на гидроксильную группу при реакции с водным раствором щелочи, что приводит к образованию 1-гидроксипропанона-2.
$CH_3-C(O)-CH_2Br + NaOH_{\text{(водн.)}} \rightarrow CH_3-C(O)-CH_2OH + NaBr$
Ответ: Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.
б)Решение
1. Реакция бензола с ацетилхлоридом в присутствии катализатора $AlCl_3$ – это ацилирование по Фриделю-Крафтсу. Продуктом реакции (A) является ацетофенон.
$C_6H_6 + CH_3COCl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5-C(O)-CH_3 + HCl$
Вещество A – ацетофенон ($C_6H_5-C(O)-CH_3$).
2. Гидрирование ацетофенона (A) на никелевом катализаторе. В этих условиях карбонильная группа восстанавливается до спиртовой, образуя 1-фенилэтанол (B).
$C_6H_5-C(O)-CH_3 + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni} C_6H_5-CH(OH)-CH_3$
Вещество B – 1-фенилэтанол ($C_6H_5-CH(OH)-CH_3$).
3. Реакция 1-фенилэтанола (B) с пентахлоридом фосфора ($PCl_5$) приводит к замещению гидроксильной группы на атом хлора. Образуется (1-хлорэтил)бензол (C).
$C_6H_5-CH(OH)-CH_3 + PCl_5 \rightarrow C_6H_5-CH(Cl)-CH_3 + POCl_3 + HCl$
Вещество C – (1-хлорэтил)бензол ($C_6H_5-CH(Cl)-CH_3$).
4. Реакция (1-хлорэтил)бензола (C) с металлическим натрием – это реакция Вюрца, приводящая к удвоению радикала. Образуется 2,3-дифенилбутан (D).
$2C_6H_5-CH(Cl)-CH_3 + 2Na \rightarrow C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)-CH(CH_3)-C_6H_5 + 2NaCl$
Вещество D – 2,3-дифенилбутан ($C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)-CH(CH_3)-C_6H_5$).
Ответ: Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.
в)Решение
1. Получение толуола из бензола – реакция алкилирования по Фриделю-Крафтсу с использованием метилхлорида и катализатора $AlCl_3$.
$C_6H_6 + CH_3Cl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5CH_3 + HCl$
2. Хлорирование толуола в боковую цепь происходит по свободно-радикальному механизму под действием УФ-излучения ($h\nu$). Для получения (дихлорметил)бензола требуется два эквивалента хлора.
$C_6H_5CH_3 + 2Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} C_6H_5CHCl_2 + 2HCl$
3. Гидролиз (дихлорметил)бензола водным раствором щелочи приводит к образованию бензальдегида. Промежуточно образуется неустойчивый геминальный диол, который отщепляет воду.
$C_6H_5CHCl_2 + 2NaOH_{\text{(водн.)}} \rightarrow C_6H_5CHO + 2NaCl + H_2O$
4. Восстановление бензальдегида до бензилового спирта. Это можно осуществить каталитическим гидрированием ($H_2$ на катализаторе $Ni, Pt, Pd$).
$C_6H_5CHO + H_2 \xrightarrow{\text{кат.}} C_6H_5CH_2OH$
Ответ: Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.
г)Решение
1. Получение бромэтана из этана путем свободно-радикального бромирования под действием света.
$CH_3-CH_3 + Br_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} CH_3-CH_2Br + HBr$
2. Дегидрогалогенирование бромэтана под действием спиртового раствора щелочи при нагревании. Продуктом ($X_1$) является этен.
$CH_3-CH_2Br + KOH_{\text{(спирт)}} \xrightarrow{t} CH_2=CH_2 + KBr + H_2O$
Вещество $X_1$ – этен ($CH_2=CH_2$).
3. Окисление этена ($X_1$) до этаналя (уксусного альдегида) в присутствии палладиевого катализатора (Вакер-процесс).
$2CH_2=CH_2 + O_2 \xrightarrow{PdCl_2/CuCl_2} 2CH_3CHO$
4. Восстановление этаналя до этанола ($X_2$) путем каталитического гидрирования.
$CH_3CHO + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni, t} CH_3CH_2OH$
Вещество $X_2$ – этанол ($CH_3CH_2OH$).
5. Получение дивинила (бута-1,3-диена) из этанола ($X_2$) по методу Лебедева. Реакция включает одновременно дегидратацию и дегидрирование на смешанном катализаторе при высокой температуре.
$2CH_3CH_2OH \xrightarrow{425^\circ C, Al_2O_3/ZnO} CH_2=CH-CH=CH_2 + 2H_2O + H_2$
Ответ: Уравнения реакций, соответствующие схеме превращений, представлены выше.
Другие задания:
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