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Номер 7, страница 340 - гдз по химии 10 класс учебник Еремин, Кузьменко
Авторы: Еремин В. В., Кузьменко Н. Е., Теренин В. И., Дроздов А. А., Лунин В. В.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2023 - 2026
Уровень обучения: углублённый
Цвет обложки: белый, зелёный с радугой
Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации
Популярные ГДЗ в 10 классе
Глава 6. Биологически активные вещества. Параграф 59. Строение моносахаридов. Линейные и циклические структуры - номер 7, страница 340.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 663358 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "340" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/59-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662762 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Биологически активные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1038 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "332" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662762 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Биологически активные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "332" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1077 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662762 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Биологически активные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1078 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "332" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1082 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662762 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Биологически активные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "field_page_start" => "332" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1118 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662764 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Строение моносахаридов. Линейные и циклические структуры" "field_branch_order" => "59" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1120 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "334" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1122 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 …2} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153 …2} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1158 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662762 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Биологически активные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 …2} "field_page_start" => "332" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662762 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Биологически активные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 …2} "field_page_start" => "332" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662764 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Строение моносахаридов. Линейные и циклические структуры" "field_branch_order" => "59" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119} "field_page_start" => "334" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1175 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 819205 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1176 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663358" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7. Рибоза</strong> — это моносахарид, альдопентоза. Линейная структура <em>$D$-рибозы</em> в проекции Фишера имеет вид</p><p>$$ \begin{array}{c} \text{H} \\ \vert \\ \text{C=O} \\ \vert \\ \text{H}-\text{C}-\text{OH} \\ \vert \\ \text{H}-\text{C}-\text{OH} \\ \vert \\ \text{H}-\text{C}-\text{OH} \\ \vert \\ \text{CH}_2\text{OH} \end{array} $$</p><p>Опишите процесс образования фуранозного цикла <em>$D$-рибозы</em> и изобразите структуры <em>$\alpha$-</em> и <em>$\beta$-рибозы</em> в проекции Хеуорса.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "844" "height" => 333 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/0-59/7-1.webp?ts=1738779687" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 819205 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663358" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7. Рибоза</strong> — это моносахарид, альдопентоза. Линейная структура <em>$D$-рибозы</em> в проекции Фишера имеет вид</p><p>$$ \begin{array}{c} \text{H} \\ \vert \\ \text{C=O} \\ \vert \\ \text{H}-\text{C}-\text{OH} \\ \vert \\ \text{H}-\text{C}-\text{OH} \\ \vert \\ \text{H}-\text{C}-\text{OH} \\ \vert \\ \text{CH}_2\text{OH} \end{array} $$</p><p>Опишите процесс образования фуранозного цикла <em>$D$-рибозы</em> и изобразите структуры <em>$\alpha$-</em> и <em>$\beta$-рибозы</em> в проекции Хеуорса.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "844" "height" => 333 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/0-59/7-1.webp?ts=1738779687" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1182 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 819459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1183 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1830 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1830 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663358" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1865" "height" => 987 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-59/7-1.webp?ts=1738779780" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 819459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663358" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1865" "height" => 987 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-59/7-1.webp?ts=1738779780" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1190 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1515755 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1191 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5553 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5553 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663358" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>В водных растворах моносахариды, такие как D-рибоза, существуют в равновесии между ациклической (линейной) формой и циклическими формами. Образование циклической формы происходит в результате внутримолекулярной реакции между альдегидной группой и одной из гидроксильных групп.</p><p>Для образования пятичленного <strong>фуранозного</strong> цикла D-рибозы гидроксильная группа при четвертом атоме углерода (C-4) выступает в роли нуклеофила. Неподеленная электронная пара атома кислорода этой группы атакует электрофильный атом углерода альдегидной группы (C-1). Эта реакция является внутримолекулярным присоединением с образованием циклического полуацеталя.</p><p>В результате этой реакции бывший карбонильный атом углерода C-1 становится асимметрическим и называется <strong>аномерным</strong>. Образуется новая гидроксильная группа, называемая полуацетальной или гликозидной. В зависимости от пространственного расположения этой новой гидроксильной группы относительно плоскости кольца образуются два диастереомера, называемые <strong>аномерами</strong>: α-аномер и β-аномер.</p><p>Для изображения циклических структур рибозы используются проекции Хеуорса. Переход от проекции Фишера к проекции Хеуорса осуществляется по следующим правилам.</p><p><i>Правило 1:</i> Гидроксильные группы, находящиеся в проекции Фишера справа от углеродной цепи, в проекции Хеуорса располагаются под плоскостью кольца (внизу).</p><p><i>Правило 2:</i> Для сахаров D-ряда концевая группа $CH_2OH$ (в данном случае у C-4) располагается над плоскостью кольца (вверху).</p><p><i>Правило 3:</i> В <strong>α-аномере</strong> аномерная гидроксильная группа (у C-1) находится в <i>транс</i>-положении к группе $CH_2OH$ (то есть направлена вниз).</p><p><i>Правило 4:</i> В <strong>β-аномере</strong> аномерная гидроксильная группа (у C-1) находится в <i>цис</i>-положении к группе $CH_2OH$ (то есть направлена вверх).</p><p>Схематично процесс циклизации D-рибозы выглядит следующим образом:</p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/WpPj79a.png" alt="Процесс циклизации D-рибозы в фуранозную форму" style="width:100%; max-width:600px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><p>В результате образуются две циклические формы D-рибозы в фуранозной форме (рибофуранозы), которые являются аномерами.</p><p><strong>α-D-рибофураноза:</strong></p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/gK6nF5h.png" alt="Структура α-D-рибофуранозы в проекции Хеуорса" style="width:100%; max-width:300px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><p><strong>β-D-рибофураноза:</strong></p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/kS5x84p.png" alt="Структура β-D-рибофуранозы в проекции Хеуорса" style="width:100%; max-width:300px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>Образование фуранозного цикла D-рибозы происходит путем внутримолекулярной нуклеофильной атаки гидроксильной группы при C-4 на карбонильный углерод C-1, что приводит к формированию пятичленного циклического полуацеталя. При этом атом C-1 становится аномерным, что обуславливает существование двух аномеров: α- и β-рибофуранозы. Их структуры в проекции Хеуорса представлены ниже.</p><p><strong>Структура α-D-рибофуранозы:</strong></p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/gK6nF5h.png" alt="Структура α-D-рибофуранозы в проекции Хеуорса" style="width:100%; max-width:300px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><p><strong>Структура β-D-рибофуранозы:</strong></p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/kS5x84p.png" alt="Структура β-D-рибофуранозы в проекции Хеуорса" style="width:100%; max-width:300px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1515755 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663358" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>В водных растворах моносахариды, такие как D-рибоза, существуют в равновесии между ациклической (линейной) формой и циклическими формами. Образование циклической формы происходит в результате внутримолекулярной реакции между альдегидной группой и одной из гидроксильных групп.</p><p>Для образования пятичленного <strong>фуранозного</strong> цикла D-рибозы гидроксильная группа при четвертом атоме углерода (C-4) выступает в роли нуклеофила. Неподеленная электронная пара атома кислорода этой группы атакует электрофильный атом углерода альдегидной группы (C-1). Эта реакция является внутримолекулярным присоединением с образованием циклического полуацеталя.</p><p>В результате этой реакции бывший карбонильный атом углерода C-1 становится асимметрическим и называется <strong>аномерным</strong>. Образуется новая гидроксильная группа, называемая полуацетальной или гликозидной. В зависимости от пространственного расположения этой новой гидроксильной группы относительно плоскости кольца образуются два диастереомера, называемые <strong>аномерами</strong>: α-аномер и β-аномер.</p><p>Для изображения циклических структур рибозы используются проекции Хеуорса. Переход от проекции Фишера к проекции Хеуорса осуществляется по следующим правилам.</p><p><i>Правило 1:</i> Гидроксильные группы, находящиеся в проекции Фишера справа от углеродной цепи, в проекции Хеуорса располагаются под плоскостью кольца (внизу).</p><p><i>Правило 2:</i> Для сахаров D-ряда концевая группа $CH_2OH$ (в данном случае у C-4) располагается над плоскостью кольца (вверху).</p><p><i>Правило 3:</i> В <strong>α-аномере</strong> аномерная гидроксильная группа (у C-1) находится в <i>транс</i>-положении к группе $CH_2OH$ (то есть направлена вниз).</p><p><i>Правило 4:</i> В <strong>β-аномере</strong> аномерная гидроксильная группа (у C-1) находится в <i>цис</i>-положении к группе $CH_2OH$ (то есть направлена вверх).</p><p>Схематично процесс циклизации D-рибозы выглядит следующим образом:</p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/WpPj79a.png" alt="Процесс циклизации D-рибозы в фуранозную форму" style="width:100%; max-width:600px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><p>В результате образуются две циклические формы D-рибозы в фуранозной форме (рибофуранозы), которые являются аномерами.</p><p><strong>α-D-рибофураноза:</strong></p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/gK6nF5h.png" alt="Структура α-D-рибофуранозы в проекции Хеуорса" style="width:100%; max-width:300px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><p><strong>β-D-рибофураноза:</strong></p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/kS5x84p.png" alt="Структура β-D-рибофуранозы в проекции Хеуорса" style="width:100%; max-width:300px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>Образование фуранозного цикла D-рибозы происходит путем внутримолекулярной нуклеофильной атаки гидроксильной группы при C-4 на карбонильный углерод C-1, что приводит к формированию пятичленного циклического полуацеталя. При этом атом C-1 становится аномерным, что обуславливает существование двух аномеров: α- и β-рибофуранозы. Их структуры в проекции Хеуорса представлены ниже.</p><p><strong>Структура α-D-рибофуранозы:</strong></p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/gK6nF5h.png" alt="Структура α-D-рибофуранозы в проекции Хеуорса" style="width:100%; max-width:300px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><p><strong>Структура β-D-рибофуранозы:</strong></p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/kS5x84p.png" alt="Структура β-D-рибофуранозы в проекции Хеуорса" style="width:100%; max-width:300px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663359" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663357" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1172 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1164 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null …7 ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1173 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1167 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1168 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1198 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1199 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1201 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Term {#1202 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1205 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1207 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1209 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1213 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1215 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1217 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1202} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1223 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1224 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 500 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 500 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1231 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 926236 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "340" "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/page-340" "field_display_title" => "340" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "340" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1172} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1244 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926237" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926235" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1514 #items: array:9 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1530 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1536 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1541 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1555 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1569 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1583 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1597 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1609 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 8 => App\Models\Task {#1627 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 926236 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "340" "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/page-340" "field_display_title" => "340" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "340" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926237" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926235" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1514} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 663358 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "340" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/59-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663359" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663357" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926236" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№7 (с. 340)
Условие. №7 (с. 340)
скриншот условия
7. Рибоза — это моносахарид, альдопентоза. Линейная структура $D$-рибозы в проекции Фишера имеет вид
$$ \begin{array}{c} \text{H} \\ \vert \\ \text{C=O} \\ \vert \\ \text{H}-\text{C}-\text{OH} \\ \vert \\ \text{H}-\text{C}-\text{OH} \\ \vert \\ \text{H}-\text{C}-\text{OH} \\ \vert \\ \text{CH}_2\text{OH} \end{array} $$
Опишите процесс образования фуранозного цикла $D$-рибозы и изобразите структуры $\alpha$- и $\beta$-рибозы в проекции Хеуорса.
Решение. №7 (с. 340)
Решение 2. №7 (с. 340)
Решение
В водных растворах моносахариды, такие как D-рибоза, существуют в равновесии между ациклической (линейной) формой и циклическими формами. Образование циклической формы происходит в результате внутримолекулярной реакции между альдегидной группой и одной из гидроксильных групп.
Для образования пятичленного фуранозного цикла D-рибозы гидроксильная группа при четвертом атоме углерода (C-4) выступает в роли нуклеофила. Неподеленная электронная пара атома кислорода этой группы атакует электрофильный атом углерода альдегидной группы (C-1). Эта реакция является внутримолекулярным присоединением с образованием циклического полуацеталя.
В результате этой реакции бывший карбонильный атом углерода C-1 становится асимметрическим и называется аномерным. Образуется новая гидроксильная группа, называемая полуацетальной или гликозидной. В зависимости от пространственного расположения этой новой гидроксильной группы относительно плоскости кольца образуются два диастереомера, называемые аномерами: α-аномер и β-аномер.
Для изображения циклических структур рибозы используются проекции Хеуорса. Переход от проекции Фишера к проекции Хеуорса осуществляется по следующим правилам.
Правило 1: Гидроксильные группы, находящиеся в проекции Фишера справа от углеродной цепи, в проекции Хеуорса располагаются под плоскостью кольца (внизу).
Правило 2: Для сахаров D-ряда концевая группа $CH_2OH$ (в данном случае у C-4) располагается над плоскостью кольца (вверху).
Правило 3: В α-аномере аномерная гидроксильная группа (у C-1) находится в транс-положении к группе $CH_2OH$ (то есть направлена вниз).
Правило 4: В β-аномере аномерная гидроксильная группа (у C-1) находится в цис-положении к группе $CH_2OH$ (то есть направлена вверх).
Схематично процесс циклизации D-рибозы выглядит следующим образом:
В результате образуются две циклические формы D-рибозы в фуранозной форме (рибофуранозы), которые являются аномерами.
α-D-рибофураноза:
β-D-рибофураноза:
Ответ:
Образование фуранозного цикла D-рибозы происходит путем внутримолекулярной нуклеофильной атаки гидроксильной группы при C-4 на карбонильный углерод C-1, что приводит к формированию пятичленного циклического полуацеталя. При этом атом C-1 становится аномерным, что обуславливает существование двух аномеров: α- и β-рибофуранозы. Их структуры в проекции Хеуорса представлены ниже.
Структура α-D-рибофуранозы:
Структура β-D-рибофуранозы:
Другие задания:
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