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Номер B, страница 108 - гдз по английскому языку 11 класс учебник Комарова, Ларионова
Авторы: Комарова Ю. А., Ларионова И. В., Араванис Р., Кокрейн С.
Тип: Student's book (Учебник)
Серия: инновационная школа
Издательство: Русское слово
Год издания: 2020 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Цвет обложки: фиолетовый
ISBN: 978-5-533-01418-2
Популярные ГДЗ в 11 классе
Culture today ... - номер B, страница 108.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 376248 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "108" "field_page_end" => "109" "field_url" => "/11-klass/english/komarova-uchebnik/13-04-2" "field_display_title" => "B" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 375744 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Culture today ..." "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "108" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 907 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6472 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Английский язык" "field_abbreviated_name" => "англ. яз." "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "английский язык" "field_creative_case" => "английским языком" "field_dative_case" => "английскому языку" "field_genitive_case" => "английского языка" "field_nominative_case" => "английский язык" "field_prepositional_case" => "английском языке" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => "english" "field_short_name" => "английский" "field_subject_type" => "humanitarian_subject" "field_translit" => "english" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6472 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Английский язык" "field_abbreviated_name" => "англ. яз." "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "английский язык" "field_creative_case" => "английским языком" "field_dative_case" => "английскому языку" "field_genitive_case" => "английского языка" "field_nominative_case" => "английский язык" "field_prepositional_case" => "английском языке" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => "english" "field_short_name" => "английский" "field_subject_type" => "humanitarian_subject" "field_translit" => "english" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "одиннадцатый" "field_creative_case" => "одиннадцатым" "field_dative_case" => "одиннадцатому" "field_genitive_case" => "одинадцатого" "field_nominative_case" => "одинадцатый" "field_prepositional_case" => "одиннадцатом" ] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "одиннадцатый" "field_creative_case" => "одиннадцатым" "field_dative_case" => "одиннадцатому" "field_genitive_case" => "одинадцатого" "field_nominative_case" => "одинадцатый" "field_prepositional_case" => "одиннадцатом" ] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5176 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Русское слово" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "russkoe slovo" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5176 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Русское слово" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "russkoe slovo" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1056 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4643 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Комарова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юлия" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4643 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Комарова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юлия" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4951 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ларионова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Ирина" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4951 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ларионова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Ирина" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1058 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 3736 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Араванис" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Розмари" "field_patronymic" => null "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 3736 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Араванис" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Розмари" "field_patronymic" => null "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 6829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кокрейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Стюарт" "field_patronymic" => null "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 6829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кокрейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Стюарт" "field_patronymic" => null "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1062 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6725 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => "Student's book" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6725 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => "Student's book" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1066 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4715 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "инновационная школа" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "innovacionnaya shkola" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4715 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "инновационная школа" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "innovacionnaya shkola" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1071 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1073 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2020" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для 11 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "707" "field_priority" => "14" "field_default_folder" => "/english_11/komarova-u20/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01418-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1735568696" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1735568696" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1595" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => 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"*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1088 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 431078 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1089 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: 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+timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1111 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" 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#escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376248" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>B</strong> Now read the text. What fact about the history of printing do you find the most significant?</p><p>Printing can be traced back to Mesopotamian times in 3000 BC, in which presses were used to form symbols in clay tablets. Nowadays the most common form of printing is pressing ink on paper, a tradition that began at the start of the last millennium. The first mass produced book was the Gutenberg Bible, made by German printer Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s. Since then, the mass production of books has spread to every corner of the globe.</p><p>Not long after Gutenberg's accomplishment, printing spread to England. The first English printer, William Caxton, published the very first book in the English language, a translation of a work originally written in Flemish, in 1472. He produced the work while in Belgium using a colleague's press after having learned the art of printing during a stay in Germany. Shortly after, he returned to Britain to set up the first British printing press in Westminster in 1476.</p><p>Centuries later, printing in England benefited from rapid improvements that occurred during the Victorian Era. Presses moved from being made of wood and stone to employing the use of metal, which was more durable. A variety of colours began to appear in books, which allowed for more elaborate and attractive illustrations.</p><p>Russia's first printing press was established in 1553 by the Russian tsar Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible. Known as the Moscow Print Yard, the press first published books without dates, as was common at the time, but this changed once Ivan Fyodorov and Pyotr Timofeyev printed the first ever dated book, <em>Apostolos</em>, in 1564. The press suffered from fires in its early years but was always rebuilt and even expanded. By the early 1600s, the Moscow Print Yard had published a total of 30 books at 1,000 copies each. Although no longer in operation, its premises have been made an historical monument which houses the Russian State University for the Humanities.</p><p>Printing changed dramatically during the 19th and 20th centuries. With development of colour printing in the 1830s, more and more books included mass produced colour illustrations. Critics of the process, however, opposed its use because of its lack of authenticity, as prior to the invention, colour illustrations in books were hand painted. Other improvements included rotary printing presses, which used a cylinder for printing and greatly sped up the printing process. These new methods also lowered the costs associated with printing, which resulted in reducing book prices, thus making them more available to the masses.</p><p>Modern forms of printing, such as ink-jet and laser printing, were developed in the 1950s and 1960s. These formed the basis of the first printers used in the home that accompanied personal computers, which eventually featured laser and digital printing methods.</p><p>The most recent development involves 3-D printing, a process that can create a three-dimensional object out of a block of wood, plastic or other solid material. Although vastly different from the conventional printing process, as neither ink nor paper is involved, 3-D printing allows users to create shapes they have designed on a computer. Objects such as jewellery, face models and even food can be created using this printing method.</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1148" "height" => 2745 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-13-04/2-1.webp?ts=1735758023" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1113" "height" => 1894 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-13-04/2-2.webp?ts=1735758023" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 431078 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376248" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>B</strong> Now read the text. What fact about the history of printing do you find the most significant?</p><p>Printing can be traced back to Mesopotamian times in 3000 BC, in which presses were used to form symbols in clay tablets. Nowadays the most common form of printing is pressing ink on paper, a tradition that began at the start of the last millennium. The first mass produced book was the Gutenberg Bible, made by German printer Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s. Since then, the mass production of books has spread to every corner of the globe.</p><p>Not long after Gutenberg's accomplishment, printing spread to England. The first English printer, William Caxton, published the very first book in the English language, a translation of a work originally written in Flemish, in 1472. He produced the work while in Belgium using a colleague's press after having learned the art of printing during a stay in Germany. Shortly after, he returned to Britain to set up the first British printing press in Westminster in 1476.</p><p>Centuries later, printing in England benefited from rapid improvements that occurred during the Victorian Era. Presses moved from being made of wood and stone to employing the use of metal, which was more durable. A variety of colours began to appear in books, which allowed for more elaborate and attractive illustrations.</p><p>Russia's first printing press was established in 1553 by the Russian tsar Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible. Known as the Moscow Print Yard, the press first published books without dates, as was common at the time, but this changed once Ivan Fyodorov and Pyotr Timofeyev printed the first ever dated book, <em>Apostolos</em>, in 1564. The press suffered from fires in its early years but was always rebuilt and even expanded. By the early 1600s, the Moscow Print Yard had published a total of 30 books at 1,000 copies each. Although no longer in operation, its premises have been made an historical monument which houses the Russian State University for the Humanities.</p><p>Printing changed dramatically during the 19th and 20th centuries. With development of colour printing in the 1830s, more and more books included mass produced colour illustrations. Critics of the process, however, opposed its use because of its lack of authenticity, as prior to the invention, colour illustrations in books were hand painted. Other improvements included rotary printing presses, which used a cylinder for printing and greatly sped up the printing process. These new methods also lowered the costs associated with printing, which resulted in reducing book prices, thus making them more available to the masses.</p><p>Modern forms of printing, such as ink-jet and laser printing, were developed in the 1950s and 1960s. These formed the basis of the first printers used in the home that accompanied personal computers, which eventually featured laser and digital printing methods.</p><p>The most recent development involves 3-D printing, a process that can create a three-dimensional object out of a block of wood, plastic or other solid material. Although vastly different from the conventional printing process, as neither ink nor paper is involved, 3-D printing allows users to create shapes they have designed on a computer. Objects such as jewellery, face models and even food can be created using this printing method.</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1148" "height" => 2745 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-13-04/2-1.webp?ts=1735758023" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1113" "height" => 1894 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-13-04/2-2.webp?ts=1735758023" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1095 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 431204 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1096 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1112 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1098 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 6696 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Skysmart" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "skysmart" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 6696 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Skysmart" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "skysmart" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Неизвестный" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1112 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Неизвестный" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376248" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "700" "height" => 4142 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/1-13-04/2-1.webp?ts=1735758036" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 431204 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376248" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "700" "height" => 4142 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/1-13-04/2-1.webp?ts=1735758036" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1103 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1917443 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1104 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 8525 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1106 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 7013 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Gemini 2.5 Flash" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "gemini 2.5 flash" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 7013 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Gemini 2.5 Flash" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "gemini 2.5 flash" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 8525 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376248" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Прочитайте текст. Какой факт об истории печати вы считаете наиболее значимым?</strong></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>I find the invention of the movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s to be the most significant fact about the history of printing. This led to the mass production of books, making knowledge much more accessible and spreading it across the globe.</p><p>Я считаю изобретение печатного станка с подвижными литерами Йоханнесом Гутенбергом в 1450-х годах наиболее значимым фактом в истории печати. Это привело к массовому производству книг, сделав знания гораздо более доступными и распространив их по всему миру.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1917443 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376248" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Прочитайте текст. Какой факт об истории печати вы считаете наиболее значимым?</strong></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>I find the invention of the movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s to be the most significant fact about the history of printing. This led to the mass production of books, making knowledge much more accessible and spreading it across the globe.</p><p>Я считаю изобретение печатного станка с подвижными литерами Йоханнесом Гутенбергом в 1450-х годах наиболее значимым фактом в истории печати. Это привело к массовому производству книг, сделав знания гораздо более доступными и распространив их по всему миру.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376249" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376247" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1040 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 883432 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "108" "field_url" => "/11-klass/english/komarova-uchebnik/page-108" "field_display_title" => "108" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "108" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1122 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1057219 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1089} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883432" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "108-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2390" "height" => 3481 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-1/108-1.webp?ts=1744306062" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1057219 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883432" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "108-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2390" "height" => 3481 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-1/108-1.webp?ts=1744306062" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883433" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883431" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1197 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 376247 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "108" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/11-klass/english/komarova-uchebnik/13-04-1" "field_display_title" => "A" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1201 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1213 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 431077 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1089} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376247" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>A</strong> Read the introduction below. Which type of media do you prefer – print or digital? Why?</p><p>Printing may very well be on the decline. These days, fewer and fewer people are buying newspapers and magazines and are instead reading these periodicals online. As a result, publishers of these traditional forms of media are struggling to cover the costs of printing them. But would the world be a better place without print media? True, the trees on our planet might breathe a sigh of relief, but would our eyes feel the same way after staring at a computer for hours on end? Will bookshops become a thing of the past also? If these trends continue, we may find ourselves forever strapped to an electronic device just to stay informed of current events.</p><p><strong>ТИПОГРАФІИ СВЯЩЕННАГО ПИСАНІЯ</strong></p><p>Истинная сила священнаго писания, по толкованію богодухновенныхъ пророковъ, и святыхъ апостоловъ и отцовъ.</p><p><strong>Глава 1. ШУМЕРЫ</strong></p><p>Первые земледельцы</p><p>Приблизительно 9 тыс. лет назад человечество столкнулось с большими переменами.</p><p>В течение многих тысяч лет люди добывали пищу там, где могли ее найти. Они охотились на диких животных, собирали плоды и ягоды, искали съедобные корешки и орехи. Если им везло, то удавалось выжить.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1108" "height" => 2512 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-13-04/1-1.webp?ts=1735758023" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 431077 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376247" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>A</strong> Read the introduction below. Which type of media do you prefer – print or digital? Why?</p><p>Printing may very well be on the decline. These days, fewer and fewer people are buying newspapers and magazines and are instead reading these periodicals online. As a result, publishers of these traditional forms of media are struggling to cover the costs of printing them. But would the world be a better place without print media? True, the trees on our planet might breathe a sigh of relief, but would our eyes feel the same way after staring at a computer for hours on end? Will bookshops become a thing of the past also? If these trends continue, we may find ourselves forever strapped to an electronic device just to stay informed of current events.</p><p><strong>ТИПОГРАФІИ СВЯЩЕННАГО ПИСАНІЯ</strong></p><p>Истинная сила священнаго писания, по толкованію богодухновенныхъ пророковъ, и святыхъ апостоловъ и отцовъ.</p><p><strong>Глава 1. ШУМЕРЫ</strong></p><p>Первые земледельцы</p><p>Приблизительно 9 тыс. лет назад человечество столкнулось с большими переменами.</p><p>В течение многих тысяч лет люди добывали пищу там, где могли ее найти. Они охотились на диких животных, собирали плоды и ягоды, искали съедобные корешки и орехи. Если им везло, то удавалось выжить.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1108" "height" => 2512 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-13-04/1-1.webp?ts=1735758023" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1215 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 431202 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1096} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376247" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "700" "height" => 1965 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/1-13-04/1-1.webp?ts=1735758036" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 431202 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376247" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "700" "height" => 1965 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/1-13-04/1-1.webp?ts=1735758036" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1217 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1917442 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1104} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376247" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Какой тип медиа вы предпочитаете – печатный или цифровой? Почему?</strong></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> I prefer digital media. It's very convenient because I can carry many books and articles on one device, which makes it easy to read anywhere. It can also be more affordable and helps save trees, which is good for the environment, even though spending too much time looking at screens can make my eyes tired. / Я предпочитаю цифровые медиа. Это очень удобно, потому что я могу носить много книг и статей на одном устройстве, что позволяет легко читать где угодно. Это также может быть доступнее и помогает беречь деревья, что хорошо для окружающей среды, хотя слишком долгое смотрение в экраны может утомить глаза.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1917442 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376247" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Какой тип медиа вы предпочитаете – печатный или цифровой? Почему?</strong></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> I prefer digital media. It's very convenient because I can carry many books and articles on one device, which makes it easy to read anywhere. It can also be more affordable and helps save trees, which is good for the environment, even though spending too much time looking at screens can make my eyes tired. / Я предпочитаю цифровые медиа. Это очень удобно, потому что я могу носить много книг и статей на одном устройстве, что позволяет легко читать где угодно. Это также может быть доступнее и помогает беречь деревья, что хорошо для окружающей среды, хотя слишком долгое смотрение в экраны может утомить глаза.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376248" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376246" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883432" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 376247 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "108" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => 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№B (с. 108)
Условие. №B (с. 108)
скриншот условия
B Now read the text. What fact about the history of printing do you find the most significant?
Printing can be traced back to Mesopotamian times in 3000 BC, in which presses were used to form symbols in clay tablets. Nowadays the most common form of printing is pressing ink on paper, a tradition that began at the start of the last millennium. The first mass produced book was the Gutenberg Bible, made by German printer Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s. Since then, the mass production of books has spread to every corner of the globe.
Not long after Gutenberg's accomplishment, printing spread to England. The first English printer, William Caxton, published the very first book in the English language, a translation of a work originally written in Flemish, in 1472. He produced the work while in Belgium using a colleague's press after having learned the art of printing during a stay in Germany. Shortly after, he returned to Britain to set up the first British printing press in Westminster in 1476.
Centuries later, printing in England benefited from rapid improvements that occurred during the Victorian Era. Presses moved from being made of wood and stone to employing the use of metal, which was more durable. A variety of colours began to appear in books, which allowed for more elaborate and attractive illustrations.
Russia's first printing press was established in 1553 by the Russian tsar Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible. Known as the Moscow Print Yard, the press first published books without dates, as was common at the time, but this changed once Ivan Fyodorov and Pyotr Timofeyev printed the first ever dated book, Apostolos, in 1564. The press suffered from fires in its early years but was always rebuilt and even expanded. By the early 1600s, the Moscow Print Yard had published a total of 30 books at 1,000 copies each. Although no longer in operation, its premises have been made an historical monument which houses the Russian State University for the Humanities.
Printing changed dramatically during the 19th and 20th centuries. With development of colour printing in the 1830s, more and more books included mass produced colour illustrations. Critics of the process, however, opposed its use because of its lack of authenticity, as prior to the invention, colour illustrations in books were hand painted. Other improvements included rotary printing presses, which used a cylinder for printing and greatly sped up the printing process. These new methods also lowered the costs associated with printing, which resulted in reducing book prices, thus making them more available to the masses.
Modern forms of printing, such as ink-jet and laser printing, were developed in the 1950s and 1960s. These formed the basis of the first printers used in the home that accompanied personal computers, which eventually featured laser and digital printing methods.
The most recent development involves 3-D printing, a process that can create a three-dimensional object out of a block of wood, plastic or other solid material. Although vastly different from the conventional printing process, as neither ink nor paper is involved, 3-D printing allows users to create shapes they have designed on a computer. Objects such as jewellery, face models and even food can be created using this printing method.
Решение. №B (с. 108)
Решение 2. №B (с. 108)
Прочитайте текст. Какой факт об истории печати вы считаете наиболее значимым?
Ответ:
I find the invention of the movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s to be the most significant fact about the history of printing. This led to the mass production of books, making knowledge much more accessible and spreading it across the globe.
Я считаю изобретение печатного станка с подвижными литерами Йоханнесом Гутенбергом в 1450-х годах наиболее значимым фактом в истории печати. Это привело к массовому производству книг, сделав знания гораздо более доступными и распространив их по всему миру.
Другие задания:
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