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Номер B, страница 54 - гдз по английскому языку 11 класс учебник Комарова, Ларионова
Авторы: Комарова Ю. А., Ларионова И. В., Араванис Р., Кокрейн С.
Тип: Student's book (Учебник)
Серия: инновационная школа
Издательство: Русское слово
Год издания: 2020 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Цвет обложки: фиолетовый
ISBN: 978-5-533-01418-2
Популярные ГДЗ в 11 классе
Learn about chemistry. Units 3 and 4 - номер B, страница 54.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 376007 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "54" "field_page_end" => "55" "field_url" => "/11-klass/english/komarova-uchebnik/15-01-2" "field_display_title" => "B" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 375701 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Learn about chemistry. Units 3 and 4" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "54" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 907 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6472 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Английский язык" "field_abbreviated_name" => "англ. яз." "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "английский язык" "field_creative_case" => "английским языком" "field_dative_case" => "английскому языку" "field_genitive_case" => "английского языка" "field_nominative_case" => "английский язык" "field_prepositional_case" => "английском языке" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => "english" "field_short_name" => "английский" "field_subject_type" => "humanitarian_subject" "field_translit" => "english" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6472 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Английский язык" "field_abbreviated_name" => "англ. яз." "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "английский язык" "field_creative_case" => "английским языком" "field_dative_case" => "английскому языку" "field_genitive_case" => "английского языка" "field_nominative_case" => "английский язык" "field_prepositional_case" => "английском языке" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => "english" "field_short_name" => "английский" "field_subject_type" => "humanitarian_subject" "field_translit" => "english" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "одиннадцатый" "field_creative_case" => "одиннадцатым" "field_dative_case" => "одиннадцатому" "field_genitive_case" => "одинадцатого" "field_nominative_case" => "одинадцатый" "field_prepositional_case" => "одиннадцатом" ] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "одиннадцатый" "field_creative_case" => "одиннадцатым" "field_dative_case" => "одиннадцатому" "field_genitive_case" => "одинадцатого" "field_nominative_case" => "одинадцатый" "field_prepositional_case" => "одиннадцатом" ] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5176 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Русское слово" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "russkoe slovo" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5176 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Русское слово" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "russkoe slovo" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1056 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4643 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Комарова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юлия" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4643 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Комарова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юлия" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4951 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ларионова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Ирина" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4951 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ларионова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Ирина" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1058 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 3736 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Араванис" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Розмари" "field_patronymic" => null "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 3736 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Араванис" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Розмари" "field_patronymic" => null "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 6829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кокрейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Стюарт" "field_patronymic" => null "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 6829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кокрейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Стюарт" "field_patronymic" => null "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1062 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6725 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => "Student's book" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6725 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => "Student's book" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1066 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4715 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "инновационная школа" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "innovacionnaya shkola" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4715 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "инновационная школа" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "innovacionnaya shkola" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1071 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1073 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" 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"*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376007" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>B</strong> Now read about different fabrics. How could no-iron, no-stain, no-clean clothes help the environment?</p><h3>No-wrinkle clothes</h3><p>Cotton is a cellulose-based substance. It comes from plants. In cotton, the cellulose is cross-linked with hydrogen bonds which hold the fabric flat. When it gets wet or sweaty, however, the hydrogen bonds break and it starts to wrinkle. That's why cotton clothes get wrinkled in the washing machine.</p><p>Ruth Rogan Benerito discovered that adding a chemical like formaldehyde would stop cotton wrinkling because it stopped the cotton getting really wet. Formaldehyde isn't a very nice chemical. It's toxic, yellow and stinks. The clothes didn't last long and they weren't very healthy to wear.</p><p>A lot of research followed, and by 1992 (not that long ago) dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) entered the scene. It was not expensive, it didn't turn yellow and it wasn't toxic. If your clothes are wrinkle-free they probably contain this chemical.</p><h3>Stain-free clothes</h3><p>A stain resisting substance was first discovered by Patsy Sherman in the 1950s. While Patsy was working on a latex rubber compound for tubes, she spilt a little of the substance on her canvas shoes. After some time she noticed that where the latex compound had dropped on her shoe, the shoe stayed clean. Oil and water and the stains they carried, just rolled off.</p><p>This is how Scotchgard was invented. It is the most well-known way to keep clothes stain-free. Now it's used on furniture because it doesn't feel very nice, but Nano-Tex has created fibres that still feel soft and natural, but which are strong and wearing, don't crease and stains just fall off them.</p><p>First, fabric is soaked in a solution which contains billions of tiny particles. The fabric is then heated, and these tiny particles bond or stick to the fibre. The particles actually wrap themselves around the fibre with microscopic whiskers sticking out. The whiskers trap air and are like an invisible protection on the fibre so that stains don't get in. This has been used very successfully on clothes like silk ties.</p><h3>Waterproofing</h3><p>Researchers at the University of Zurich are working on a fabric made of polyester coated in silicon nanofilaments. This could be the most waterproof clothing ever – clothes that literally never get wet. The silicon is sprayed over the material like a gas. You can't see or feel the silicon, but it's there and it makes the fabric hydrophobic, and the droplets of water just balance on top, but never soak into the material.</p><p>This could be a revolutionary new material for swimming costumes. It is possible that this is also the first step towards self-cleaning clothes, or clothes that control smell. It's probably extremely expensive so people won't stop using waterproof clothing, such as Gore-Tex, yet.</p>" "img" => array:3 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1115" "height" => 2478 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-15-01/2-1.webp?ts=1735758069" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1040" "height" => 2966 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-15-01/2-2.webp?ts=1735758069" ] 2 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-3.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1198" "height" => 1272 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-15-01/2-3.webp?ts=1735758069" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 431198 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376007" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>B</strong> Now read about different fabrics. How could no-iron, no-stain, no-clean clothes help the environment?</p><h3>No-wrinkle clothes</h3><p>Cotton is a cellulose-based substance. It comes from plants. In cotton, the cellulose is cross-linked with hydrogen bonds which hold the fabric flat. When it gets wet or sweaty, however, the hydrogen bonds break and it starts to wrinkle. That's why cotton clothes get wrinkled in the washing machine.</p><p>Ruth Rogan Benerito discovered that adding a chemical like formaldehyde would stop cotton wrinkling because it stopped the cotton getting really wet. Formaldehyde isn't a very nice chemical. It's toxic, yellow and stinks. The clothes didn't last long and they weren't very healthy to wear.</p><p>A lot of research followed, and by 1992 (not that long ago) dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) entered the scene. It was not expensive, it didn't turn yellow and it wasn't toxic. 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The particles actually wrap themselves around the fibre with microscopic whiskers sticking out. The whiskers trap air and are like an invisible protection on the fibre so that stains don't get in. This has been used very successfully on clothes like silk ties.</p><h3>Waterproofing</h3><p>Researchers at the University of Zurich are working on a fabric made of polyester coated in silicon nanofilaments. This could be the most waterproof clothing ever – clothes that literally never get wet. The silicon is sprayed over the material like a gas. You can't see or feel the silicon, but it's there and it makes the fabric hydrophobic, and the droplets of water just balance on top, but never soak into the material.</p><p>This could be a revolutionary new material for swimming costumes. It is possible that this is also the first step towards self-cleaning clothes, or clothes that control smell. It's probably extremely expensive so people won't stop using waterproof clothing, such as Gore-Tex, yet.</p>" "img" => array:3 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1115" "height" => 2478 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-15-01/2-1.webp?ts=1735758069" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1040" "height" => 2966 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-15-01/2-2.webp?ts=1735758069" ] 2 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-3.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1198" "height" => 1272 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-15-01/2-3.webp?ts=1735758069" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1095 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 431282 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1096 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1112 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1098 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 6696 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Skysmart" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "skysmart" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 6696 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Skysmart" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "skysmart" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Неизвестный" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1112 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Неизвестный" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376007" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "700" "height" => 3367 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/1-15-01/2-1.webp?ts=1735758064" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 431282 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376007" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "700" "height" => 3367 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/1-15-01/2-1.webp?ts=1735758064" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1103 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1917502 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1104 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 8525 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1106 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 7013 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Gemini 2.5 Flash" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "gemini 2.5 flash" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 7013 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Gemini 2.5 Flash" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "gemini 2.5 flash" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 8525 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376007" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Теперь прочитайте о различных тканях. Как одежда, не требующая глажки, не пачкающаяся и не нуждающаяся в стирке, может помочь окружающей среде?</strong></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>No-iron, no-stain, and no-clean clothes could help the environment in several ways:</p><p>No-iron clothes reduce the need for ironing, which saves electricity and therefore reduces energy consumption and the carbon footprint associated with power generation.</p><p>No-stain and no-clean (or self-cleaning) clothes would significantly decrease the frequency of washing. This would lead to a reduction in water usage, less energy consumed by washing machines and dryers, and a lower amount of detergents and other chemicals being released into water systems, thereby minimizing water pollution.</p><p>***</p><p>Одежда, не требующая глажки, не пачкающаяся и не нуждающаяся в стирке, может помочь окружающей среде несколькими способами:</p><p>Одежда, не требующая глажки, уменьшает необходимость в глажке, что экономит электричество и, следовательно, снижает потребление энергии и углеродный след, связанный с производством электроэнергии.</p><p>Не пачкающаяся и не нуждающаяся в стирке (или самоочищающаяся) одежда значительно сократит частоту стирки. Это приведет к уменьшению расхода воды, снижению потребления энергии стиральными машинами и сушилками, а также к меньшему количеству моющих средств и других химикатов, выбрасываемых в водные системы, тем самым минимизируя загрязнение воды.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1917502 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376007" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Теперь прочитайте о различных тканях. Как одежда, не требующая глажки, не пачкающаяся и не нуждающаяся в стирке, может помочь окружающей среде?</strong></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>No-iron, no-stain, and no-clean clothes could help the environment in several ways:</p><p>No-iron clothes reduce the need for ironing, which saves electricity and therefore reduces energy consumption and the carbon footprint associated with power generation.</p><p>No-stain and no-clean (or self-cleaning) clothes would significantly decrease the frequency of washing. This would lead to a reduction in water usage, less energy consumed by washing machines and dryers, and a lower amount of detergents and other chemicals being released into water systems, thereby minimizing water pollution.</p><p>***</p><p>Одежда, не требующая глажки, не пачкающаяся и не нуждающаяся в стирке, может помочь окружающей среде несколькими способами:</p><p>Одежда, не требующая глажки, уменьшает необходимость в глажке, что экономит электричество и, следовательно, снижает потребление энергии и углеродный след, связанный с производством электроэнергии.</p><p>Не пачкающаяся и не нуждающаяся в стирке (или самоочищающаяся) одежда значительно сократит частоту стирки. Это приведет к уменьшению расхода воды, снижению потребления энергии стиральными машинами и сушилками, а также к меньшему количеству моющих средств и других химикатов, выбрасываемых в водные системы, тем самым минимизируя загрязнение воды.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376008" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376006" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1040 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 883378 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "54" "field_url" => "/11-klass/english/komarova-uchebnik/page-54" "field_display_title" => "54" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "54" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1122 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1057165 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1089} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883378" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "54-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2388" "height" => 3481 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-1/54-1.webp?ts=1744306030" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1057165 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883378" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "54-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2388" "height" => 3481 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-1/54-1.webp?ts=1744306030" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883379" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883377" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1197 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 376006 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "54" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/11-klass/english/komarova-uchebnik/15-01-1" "field_display_title" => "A" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1201 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1213 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 431197 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1089} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376006" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>A</strong> Read the introduction below. Then look at your clothes. What fabrics and substances are you wearing? Are any of your clothes ‘special’, eg waterproof, quick dry or no-wrinkle?</p><p>acrylic • canvas • cotton • glass<br>leather • nylon • plastic • polyester<br>rubber • silicon • silk • viscose • wool</p><p>Science and technology have entered our lives in ways we don't even realize. Simple chemistry is one element of science that has changed our lives. Take clothes, for example, and look at how chemistry has changed our choices.</p><p>Once, clothes were only made of natural fibres like cotton, silk or wool. Then, thanks to organic chemistry, we discovered synthetic or artificial fibres like nylon, polyester, acrylic and viscose. What are you wearing? Are your clothes made of natural fibres, or synthetic, man-made fibres? They're probably a mixture of both.</p><p>Now think about the kind of clothes you can get that make life more convenient. There are clothes that do not need ironing, which you can't stain and that keep you dry from the outside and dry from the inside. This is all chemistry. But how does it work?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1044" "height" => 2764 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-15-01/1-1.webp?ts=1735758069" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 431197 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376006" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>A</strong> Read the introduction below. Then look at your clothes. What fabrics and substances are you wearing? Are any of your clothes ‘special’, eg waterproof, quick dry or no-wrinkle?</p><p>acrylic • canvas • cotton • glass<br>leather • nylon • plastic • polyester<br>rubber • silicon • silk • viscose • wool</p><p>Science and technology have entered our lives in ways we don't even realize. Simple chemistry is one element of science that has changed our lives. Take clothes, for example, and look at how chemistry has changed our choices.</p><p>Once, clothes were only made of natural fibres like cotton, silk or wool. Then, thanks to organic chemistry, we discovered synthetic or artificial fibres like nylon, polyester, acrylic and viscose. What are you wearing? Are your clothes made of natural fibres, or synthetic, man-made fibres? They're probably a mixture of both.</p><p>Now think about the kind of clothes you can get that make life more convenient. There are clothes that do not need ironing, which you can't stain and that keep you dry from the outside and dry from the inside. This is all chemistry. But how does it work?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1044" "height" => 2764 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/0-15-01/1-1.webp?ts=1735758069" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1215 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 431281 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1096} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376006" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "700" "height" => 2887 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/1-15-01/1-1.webp?ts=1735758064" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 431281 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376006" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "700" "height" => 2887 "path" => "/media/english_11/komarova-u20/1-15-01/1-1.webp?ts=1735758064" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1217 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1917501 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1104} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376006" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Прочитайте введение ниже. Затем посмотрите на свою одежду. Какие ткани и материалы вы носите? Есть ли у вашей одежды что-то 'особенное', например, водонепроницаемость, быстрая сушка или отсутствие складок?</strong></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>I am wearing a T-shirt and jeans. My T-shirt is mostly cotton, and my jeans are a blend of cotton and a little bit of polyester for stretch. I also have socks on, which are probably cotton with some synthetic fibres. My clothes are not special like waterproof or quick-dry; they are just regular everyday clothes.</p><p>На мне футболка и джинсы. Моя футболка в основном из хлопка, а джинсы — это смесь хлопка и немного полиэстера для эластичности. На мне также носки, которые, вероятно, хлопковые с добавлением синтетических волокон. Моя одежда не особенная, не водонепроницаемая и не быстросохнущая; это просто обычная повседневная одежда.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1917501 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376006" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Прочитайте введение ниже. Затем посмотрите на свою одежду. Какие ткани и материалы вы носите? Есть ли у вашей одежды что-то 'особенное', например, водонепроницаемость, быстрая сушка или отсутствие складок?</strong></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>I am wearing a T-shirt and jeans. My T-shirt is mostly cotton, and my jeans are a blend of cotton and a little bit of polyester for stretch. I also have socks on, which are probably cotton with some synthetic fibres. My clothes are not special like waterproof or quick-dry; they are just regular everyday clothes.</p><p>На мне футболка и джинсы. Моя футболка в основном из хлопка, а джинсы — это смесь хлопка и немного полиэстера для эластичности. На мне также носки, которые, вероятно, хлопковые с добавлением синтетических волокон. Моя одежда не особенная, не водонепроницаемая и не быстросохнущая; это просто обычная повседневная одежда.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376007" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "376005" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "883378" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 376006 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "54" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/11-klass/english/komarova-uchebnik/15-01-1" "field_display_title" => "A" 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№B (с. 54)
Условие. №B (с. 54)
скриншот условия
B Now read about different fabrics. How could no-iron, no-stain, no-clean clothes help the environment?
No-wrinkle clothes
Cotton is a cellulose-based substance. It comes from plants. In cotton, the cellulose is cross-linked with hydrogen bonds which hold the fabric flat. When it gets wet or sweaty, however, the hydrogen bonds break and it starts to wrinkle. That's why cotton clothes get wrinkled in the washing machine.
Ruth Rogan Benerito discovered that adding a chemical like formaldehyde would stop cotton wrinkling because it stopped the cotton getting really wet. Formaldehyde isn't a very nice chemical. It's toxic, yellow and stinks. The clothes didn't last long and they weren't very healthy to wear.
A lot of research followed, and by 1992 (not that long ago) dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) entered the scene. It was not expensive, it didn't turn yellow and it wasn't toxic. If your clothes are wrinkle-free they probably contain this chemical.
Stain-free clothes
A stain resisting substance was first discovered by Patsy Sherman in the 1950s. While Patsy was working on a latex rubber compound for tubes, she spilt a little of the substance on her canvas shoes. After some time she noticed that where the latex compound had dropped on her shoe, the shoe stayed clean. Oil and water and the stains they carried, just rolled off.
This is how Scotchgard was invented. It is the most well-known way to keep clothes stain-free. Now it's used on furniture because it doesn't feel very nice, but Nano-Tex has created fibres that still feel soft and natural, but which are strong and wearing, don't crease and stains just fall off them.
First, fabric is soaked in a solution which contains billions of tiny particles. The fabric is then heated, and these tiny particles bond or stick to the fibre. The particles actually wrap themselves around the fibre with microscopic whiskers sticking out. The whiskers trap air and are like an invisible protection on the fibre so that stains don't get in. This has been used very successfully on clothes like silk ties.
Waterproofing
Researchers at the University of Zurich are working on a fabric made of polyester coated in silicon nanofilaments. This could be the most waterproof clothing ever – clothes that literally never get wet. The silicon is sprayed over the material like a gas. You can't see or feel the silicon, but it's there and it makes the fabric hydrophobic, and the droplets of water just balance on top, but never soak into the material.
This could be a revolutionary new material for swimming costumes. It is possible that this is also the first step towards self-cleaning clothes, or clothes that control smell. It's probably extremely expensive so people won't stop using waterproof clothing, such as Gore-Tex, yet.
Решение. №B (с. 54)
Решение 2. №B (с. 54)
Теперь прочитайте о различных тканях. Как одежда, не требующая глажки, не пачкающаяся и не нуждающаяся в стирке, может помочь окружающей среде?
Ответ:
No-iron, no-stain, and no-clean clothes could help the environment in several ways:
No-iron clothes reduce the need for ironing, which saves electricity and therefore reduces energy consumption and the carbon footprint associated with power generation.
No-stain and no-clean (or self-cleaning) clothes would significantly decrease the frequency of washing. This would lead to a reduction in water usage, less energy consumed by washing machines and dryers, and a lower amount of detergents and other chemicals being released into water systems, thereby minimizing water pollution.
***
Одежда, не требующая глажки, не пачкающаяся и не нуждающаяся в стирке, может помочь окружающей среде несколькими способами:
Одежда, не требующая глажки, уменьшает необходимость в глажке, что экономит электричество и, следовательно, снижает потребление энергии и углеродный след, связанный с производством электроэнергии.
Не пачкающаяся и не нуждающаяся в стирке (или самоочищающаяся) одежда значительно сократит частоту стирки. Это приведет к уменьшению расхода воды, снижению потребления энергии стиральными машинами и сушилками, а также к меньшему количеству моющих средств и других химикатов, выбрасываемых в водные системы, тем самым минимизируя загрязнение воды.
Другие задания:
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