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Номер 8, страница 103 - гдз по химии 11 класс учебник Габриелян, Остроумов
Авторы: Габриелян О. С., Остроумов И. Г., Сладков С. А.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2019 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Цвет обложки: белый, синий
ISBN: 978-5-09-103623-7
Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации
Популярные ГДЗ в 11 классе
Глава III. Вещества и их свойства. Параграф 19. Неорганические и органические основания. Примените свои знания - номер 8, страница 103.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 671180 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "103" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/11-klass/himiya/gabrielyan-ostroumov-uchebnik/19-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 670914 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вещества и их свойства" "field_branch_order" => "III" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "87" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 2728 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1063 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1076 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4061 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Габриелян" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Олег" "field_patronymic" => "Саргисович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4061 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Габриелян" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Олег" "field_patronymic" => "Саргисович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1077 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5402 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Остроумов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Игорь" "field_patronymic" => "Геннадьевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5402 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Остроумов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Игорь" "field_patronymic" => "Геннадьевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1078 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5786 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Сладков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Сергей" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5786 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Сладков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Сергей" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1072 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1070 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1079 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1081 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "5" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1083 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "279" "field_priority" => "2" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_11/gabrielyan-ostr/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-103623-7" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_11/gabrielyan-ostr/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738786301" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_11/gabrielyan-ostr/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738786301" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/11-klass/himiya/gabrielyan-ostroumov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1089 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1091 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => "<!--text2--> <h2> Почему решебник по химии обязательный помощник в 11 классе? </h2> <p> Что такое колайдер? Какие фундаментальные частицы лежат в основе всех веществ во Вселенной? Что относится к биополимерам? Что такое гидролиз? Или какие лабораторные эксперименты можно провести при изучении и проведении реакций? Основным направлением всех тем в 11 классе по химии является единение органического и неорганического. Облегчить усвоение содержания и понять роль, которую занимает наука в природе и мире поможет <strong>ГДЗ по Химии 11 класс Учебник Габриелян О.С., Остроумов И.Г., Сладков С.А. (Просвещение)</strong>. </p> <p> Выпускники дорожат оценками, ведь они напрямую влияют на аттестат или даже медаль. Решебник поможет восполнить знания, быстро выполнить и проверить домашние задания, тщательно подготовиться к лабораторной, к контрольной работе или к государственному экзамену. </p> <h2> Чем полезен решебник по химии Габриеляна? </h2> <p> Финал школьной жизни – волнительный и ответственный период. Скоро перед школьниками откроются двери ВУЗов, но, чтобы это произошло, нужно качественно сдать ЕГЭ и итоговые аттестации. На уроках химии выпускники изучают: </p> <ol> <li>Взаимосвязь органической и неорганической химии.</li> <li>Строение веществ.</li> <li>Важнейшие химические понятия.</li> <li>Генетические связи.</li> <li>Атомы и их валентные возможности.</li> <li>Электронную природу и типы химических связей.</li> </ol> <p> Правильность, четкость и безопасность процесса во многом зависит от качественного выполнения домашних заданий. <strong>ГДЗ к учебнику Габриеляна по химии за 11 класс</strong> могут стать необходимой опорой для ученика 11 класса. </p> <p> Решебник позволяет в ускоренном формате: </p> <ul> <li>ознакомиться с особенностями нового материала;</li> <li>выполнить задания;</li> <li>проверить домашнюю работу;</li> <li>внести необходимые исправления.</li> </ul> <p> В настоящее время использование Интернета – это настолько естественный процесс, как ежедневный прием пищи или регулярный сон. Удобный интерфейс пособия позволяет за считанные секунды провести проверку решенных задач или верность расчетов по формулам. В случае расхождения результатов, можно сравнить свой способ решения с вариантом, разработанном методистами. </p> <h2> Решебник к учебнику по химии заслуживает уважения </h2> <p> Сборник ответов «<strong>Химия 11 класс Учебник Габриелян О.С., Остроумов И.Г., Сладков С.А.</strong>» обладает рядом преимуществ: </p> <ol> <li>Обновление изданий производится на регулярной основе.</li> <li>Ответы упорядочены и проверены преподавателями с многолетним стажем.</li> <li>Полезные комментарии составлены опытными методистами с учетом пожеланий пользователей.</li> <li>Полное соответствие ФГОС.</li> </ol> <p> Онлайн-версия ГДЗ имеет удобную и простую навигацию. Нужное задание можно отфильтровать по номеру страницы в учебнике. Короткие ответы к упражнениям представлены в табличном виде, что дополнительно упрощает поиск. Что можно найти в решебнике Габриеляна? </p> <p> На уроках химии в 11 классе обобщается, углубляется и систематизируется материал, изучаемый на протяжении предшествующих 3-лет. Применение решебника позволяет выпускникам, пропустившим или подзабывшим какие-либо темы, самостоятельно восполнить пробелы. А школьники, планирующие поступать на медицинские специальности, могут обновить и улучшить уровень своей подготовки. </p> <p> ГДЗ к учебнику по химии 11 класс базовый уровень содержит: </p> <ul> <li>развернутые ответы на теоретические вопросы, подкрепленные сведениями из справочников;</li> <li>правильно составленные химические цепочки с пояснением от авторов пособия;</li> <li>результаты и наглядные примеры решений химических упражнений.</li> </ul> <p> Если старшеклассник не разобрался в теме, не запомнил принцип решения задач, пропустил сложную тему, он может обратиться за помощью к примерам, представленным в решебнике. </p> <h2> Можно ли подготовиться к ЕГЭ по решебнику Габриеляна? </h2> <p> Ответ зависит от множества факторов – способностей ученика, уровня его знаний, качества преподавания в школе. Химия не входит в список школьных предметов, обязательных к сдаче. Базовых знаний бывает недостаточно, многие прибегают к дополнительным занятиям с репетиторами. </p> <p> Но, внимательный и грамотный подход к использованию ГДЗ к учебнику по химии Габриелян, однозначно может дополнить багаж знаний. Твердые теоретические знания для хорошей сдачи экзамена – это существенный плюс, но без практических наработок сложно обойтись. В ГДЗ представлен полный объем информации и ответов к учебнику, а наработка опыта в решении упражнений может помочь в получении более высокого балла на ЕГЭ. </p> <p> Перед началом использования онлайн-решебника по химии 11 класс (Просвещение), следует внимательно изучить параграф и самостоятельно выполнить домашнее задание. В пособии представлены развернутые ответы, наглядные примеры решений и подробные комментарии. 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Какие фундаментальные частицы лежат в основе всех веществ во Вселенной? Что относится к биополимерам? Что такое гидролиз? Или какие лабораторные эксперименты можно провести при изучении и проведении реакций? Основным направлением всех тем в 11 классе по химии является единение органического и неорганического. Облегчить усвоение содержания и понять роль, которую занимает наука в природе и мире поможет <strong>ГДЗ по Химии 11 класс Учебник Габриелян О.С., Остроумов И.Г., Сладков С.А. (Просвещение)</strong>. </p> <p> Выпускники дорожат оценками, ведь они напрямую влияют на аттестат или даже медаль. Решебник поможет восполнить знания, быстро выполнить и проверить домашние задания, тщательно подготовиться к лабораторной, к контрольной работе или к государственному экзамену. </p> <h2> Чем полезен решебник по химии Габриеляна? </h2> <p> Финал школьной жизни – волнительный и ответственный период. Скоро перед школьниками откроются двери ВУЗов, но, чтобы это произошло, нужно качественно сдать ЕГЭ и итоговые аттестации. На уроках химии выпускники изучают: </p> <ol> <li>Взаимосвязь органической и неорганической химии.</li> <li>Строение веществ.</li> <li>Важнейшие химические понятия.</li> <li>Генетические связи.</li> <li>Атомы и их валентные возможности.</li> <li>Электронную природу и типы химических связей.</li> </ol> <p> Правильность, четкость и безопасность процесса во многом зависит от качественного выполнения домашних заданий. <strong>ГДЗ к учебнику Габриеляна по химии за 11 класс</strong> могут стать необходимой опорой для ученика 11 класса. </p> <p> Решебник позволяет в ускоренном формате: </p> <ul> <li>ознакомиться с особенностями нового материала;</li> <li>выполнить задания;</li> <li>проверить домашнюю работу;</li> <li>внести необходимые исправления.</li> </ul> <p> В настоящее время использование Интернета – это настолько естественный процесс, как ежедневный прием пищи или регулярный сон. Удобный интерфейс пособия позволяет за считанные секунды провести проверку решенных задач или верность расчетов по формулам. В случае расхождения результатов, можно сравнить свой способ решения с вариантом, разработанном методистами. </p> <h2> Решебник к учебнику по химии заслуживает уважения </h2> <p> Сборник ответов «<strong>Химия 11 класс Учебник Габриелян О.С., Остроумов И.Г., Сладков С.А.</strong>» обладает рядом преимуществ: </p> <ol> <li>Обновление изданий производится на регулярной основе.</li> <li>Ответы упорядочены и проверены преподавателями с многолетним стажем.</li> <li>Полезные комментарии составлены опытными методистами с учетом пожеланий пользователей.</li> <li>Полное соответствие ФГОС.</li> </ol> <p> Онлайн-версия ГДЗ имеет удобную и простую навигацию. Нужное задание можно отфильтровать по номеру страницы в учебнике. Короткие ответы к упражнениям представлены в табличном виде, что дополнительно упрощает поиск. Что можно найти в решебнике Габриеляна? </p> <p> На уроках химии в 11 классе обобщается, углубляется и систематизируется материал, изучаемый на протяжении предшествующих 3-лет. Применение решебника позволяет выпускникам, пропустившим или подзабывшим какие-либо темы, самостоятельно восполнить пробелы. А школьники, планирующие поступать на медицинские специальности, могут обновить и улучшить уровень своей подготовки. </p> <p> ГДЗ к учебнику по химии 11 класс базовый уровень содержит: </p> <ul> <li>развернутые ответы на теоретические вопросы, подкрепленные сведениями из справочников;</li> <li>правильно составленные химические цепочки с пояснением от авторов пособия;</li> <li>результаты и наглядные примеры решений химических упражнений.</li> </ul> <p> Если старшеклассник не разобрался в теме, не запомнил принцип решения задач, пропустил сложную тему, он может обратиться за помощью к примерам, представленным в решебнике. </p> <h2> Можно ли подготовиться к ЕГЭ по решебнику Габриеляна? </h2> <p> Ответ зависит от множества факторов – способностей ученика, уровня его знаний, качества преподавания в школе. Химия не входит в список школьных предметов, обязательных к сдаче. 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"mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 670914 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вещества и их свойства" "field_branch_order" => "III" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "87" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 670914 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вещества и их свойства" "field_branch_order" => "III" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129} "field_page_start" => "87" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1132 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 670930 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Неорганические и органические основания" "field_branch_order" => "19" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1133 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "100" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 670930 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Неорганические и органические основания" "field_branch_order" => "19" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136} "field_page_start" => "100" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1137 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 670933 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Примените свои знания" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "102" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1147 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 670930 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Неорганические и органические основания" "field_branch_order" => "19" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149 …2} "field_page_start" => "100" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 670930 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Неорганические и органические основания" "field_branch_order" => "19" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149 …2} "field_page_start" => "100" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 670933 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Примените свои знания" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138} "field_page_start" => "102" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1109 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 830839 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1107 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1839 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1839 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "671180" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>8.</strong> Найдите объем (н. у.) аммиака, полученного в результате реакции между 340 г гидроксида кальция, содержащего 20 % примесей, с необходимым количеством хлорида аммония.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "8-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "736" "height" => 113 "path" => "/media/himiya_11/gabrielyan-ostr/0-19/8-1.webp?ts=1738863848" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 830839 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "671180" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>8.</strong> Найдите объем (н. у.) аммиака, полученного в результате реакции между 340 г гидроксида кальция, содержащего 20 % примесей, с необходимым количеством хлорида аммония.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "8-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "736" "height" => 113 "path" => "/media/himiya_11/gabrielyan-ostr/0-19/8-1.webp?ts=1738863848" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1102 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 830964 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1101 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1840 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1840 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "671180" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "8-1.png" "alt" => null "width" => "2065" "height" => 1047 "path" => "/media/himiya_11/gabrielyan-ostr/1-19/8-1.webp?ts=1738863882" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 830964 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "671180" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "8-1.png" "alt" => null "width" => "2065" "height" => 1047 "path" => "/media/himiya_11/gabrielyan-ostr/1-19/8-1.webp?ts=1738863882" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1094 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1518338 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1055 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5577 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5577 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "671180" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong><br>Масса технического гидроксида кальция: $m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2 \text{ техн.}) = 340 \text{ г}$<br>Массовая доля примесей: $\omega(\text{примесей}) = 20 \% = 0.20$<br>Условия: нормальные (н. у.)<br>Молярный объём газа при н. у.: $V_m = 22.4 \text{ л/моль}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong><br>Объём аммиака $V(\text{NH}_3) - ?$</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Составим уравнение химической реакции получения аммиака из гидроксида кальция и хлорида аммония:</p><p>$Ca(OH)_2 + 2NH_4Cl \rightarrow CaCl_2 + 2NH_3 \uparrow + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> В реакции участвует только чистый гидроксид кальция. Определим его массовую долю в предоставленном образце:</p><p>$\omega(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 100\% - \omega(\text{примесей}) = 100\% - 20\% = 80\% = 0.8$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Рассчитаем массу чистого гидроксида кальция, который вступит в реакцию:</p><p>$m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2 \text{ техн.}) \cdot \omega(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 340 \text{ г} \cdot 0.8 = 272 \text{ г}$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Вычислим молярную массу гидроксида кальция $Ca(OH)_2$:</p><p>$M(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = M(Ca) + 2 \cdot (M(O) + M(H)) = 40.08 + 2 \cdot (16.00 + 1.01) = 74.1 \text{ г/моль}$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Найдем количество вещества (число моль) гидроксида кальция:</p><p>$n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = \frac{m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2)}{M(\text{Ca(OH)}_2)} = \frac{272 \text{ г}}{74.1 \text{ г/моль}} \approx 3.671 \text{ моль}$</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Согласно уравнению реакции, из 1 моль $Ca(OH)_2$ образуется 2 моль $NH_3$. Найдем количество вещества аммиака, используя стехиометрическое соотношение:</p><p>$\frac{n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2)}{1} = \frac{n(\text{NH}_3)}{2}$</p><p>$n(\text{NH}_3) = 2 \cdot n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 2 \cdot 3.671 \text{ моль} \approx 7.342 \text{ моль}$</p><p><strong>7.</strong> Зная количество вещества аммиака, найдем его объём при нормальных условиях:</p><p>$V(\text{NH}_3) = n(\text{NH}_3) \cdot V_m = 7.342 \text{ моль} \cdot 22.4 \text{ л/моль} \approx 164.46 \text{ л}$</p><p><i>Расчет с использованием более простых молярных масс (Ca=40, O=16, H=1):<br>$M(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 74 \text{ г/моль}$<br>$n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = \frac{272 \text{ г}}{74 \text{ г/моль}} \approx 3.676 \text{ моль}$<br>$n(\text{NH}_3) = 2 \cdot 3.676 \text{ моль} = 7.352 \text{ моль}$<br>$V(\text{NH}_3) = 7.352 \text{ моль} \cdot 22.4 \text{ л/моль} \approx 164.68 \text{ л}$<br>Оба результата близки, расхождение связано с округлением атомных масс.</i></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> объём полученного аммиака составляет примерно 164.5 л (или 164.7 л в зависимости от точности атомных масс).</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1518338 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "671180" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong><br>Масса технического гидроксида кальция: $m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2 \text{ техн.}) = 340 \text{ г}$<br>Массовая доля примесей: $\omega(\text{примесей}) = 20 \% = 0.20$<br>Условия: нормальные (н. у.)<br>Молярный объём газа при н. у.: $V_m = 22.4 \text{ л/моль}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong><br>Объём аммиака $V(\text{NH}_3) - ?$</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Составим уравнение химической реакции получения аммиака из гидроксида кальция и хлорида аммония:</p><p>$Ca(OH)_2 + 2NH_4Cl \rightarrow CaCl_2 + 2NH_3 \uparrow + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> В реакции участвует только чистый гидроксид кальция. Определим его массовую долю в предоставленном образце:</p><p>$\omega(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 100\% - \omega(\text{примесей}) = 100\% - 20\% = 80\% = 0.8$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Рассчитаем массу чистого гидроксида кальция, который вступит в реакцию:</p><p>$m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2 \text{ техн.}) \cdot \omega(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 340 \text{ г} \cdot 0.8 = 272 \text{ г}$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Вычислим молярную массу гидроксида кальция $Ca(OH)_2$:</p><p>$M(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = M(Ca) + 2 \cdot (M(O) + M(H)) = 40.08 + 2 \cdot (16.00 + 1.01) = 74.1 \text{ г/моль}$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Найдем количество вещества (число моль) гидроксида кальция:</p><p>$n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = \frac{m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2)}{M(\text{Ca(OH)}_2)} = \frac{272 \text{ г}}{74.1 \text{ г/моль}} \approx 3.671 \text{ моль}$</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Согласно уравнению реакции, из 1 моль $Ca(OH)_2$ образуется 2 моль $NH_3$. Найдем количество вещества аммиака, используя стехиометрическое соотношение:</p><p>$\frac{n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2)}{1} = \frac{n(\text{NH}_3)}{2}$</p><p>$n(\text{NH}_3) = 2 \cdot n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 2 \cdot 3.671 \text{ моль} \approx 7.342 \text{ моль}$</p><p><strong>7.</strong> Зная количество вещества аммиака, найдем его объём при нормальных условиях:</p><p>$V(\text{NH}_3) = n(\text{NH}_3) \cdot V_m = 7.342 \text{ моль} \cdot 22.4 \text{ л/моль} \approx 164.46 \text{ л}$</p><p><i>Расчет с использованием более простых молярных масс (Ca=40, O=16, H=1):<br>$M(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 74 \text{ г/моль}$<br>$n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = \frac{272 \text{ г}}{74 \text{ г/моль}} \approx 3.676 \text{ моль}$<br>$n(\text{NH}_3) = 2 \cdot 3.676 \text{ моль} = 7.352 \text{ моль}$<br>$V(\text{NH}_3) = 7.352 \text{ моль} \cdot 22.4 \text{ л/моль} \approx 164.68 \text{ л}$<br>Оба результата близки, расхождение связано с округлением атомных масс.</i></p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> объём полученного аммиака составляет примерно 164.5 л (или 164.7 л в зависимости от точности атомных масс).</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "671181" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "671179" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1042 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 926641 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "103" "field_url" => "/11-klass/himiya/gabrielyan-ostroumov-uchebnik/page-103" "field_display_title" => "103" "field_folder" => "page1" "field_image_name" => "103" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1123 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1101034 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1101034 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926642" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926640" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 #items: array:7 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1242 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 671178 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "103" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/11-klass/himiya/gabrielyan-ostroumov-uchebnik/19-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 671178 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "103" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/11-klass/himiya/gabrielyan-ostroumov-uchebnik/19-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1248 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 671179 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "103" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/11-klass/himiya/gabrielyan-ostroumov-uchebnik/19-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 671179 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" 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#observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1253 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 671180 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "103" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/11-klass/himiya/gabrielyan-ostroumov-uchebnik/19-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 671180 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "103" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/11-klass/himiya/gabrielyan-ostroumov-uchebnik/19-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => 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№8 (с. 103)
Условие. №8 (с. 103)
скриншот условия
8. Найдите объем (н. у.) аммиака, полученного в результате реакции между 340 г гидроксида кальция, содержащего 20 % примесей, с необходимым количеством хлорида аммония.
Решение. №8 (с. 103)
Решение 2. №8 (с. 103)
Дано:
Масса технического гидроксида кальция: $m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2 \text{ техн.}) = 340 \text{ г}$
Массовая доля примесей: $\omega(\text{примесей}) = 20 \% = 0.20$
Условия: нормальные (н. у.)
Молярный объём газа при н. у.: $V_m = 22.4 \text{ л/моль}$
Найти:
Объём аммиака $V(\text{NH}_3) - ?$
Решение:
1. Составим уравнение химической реакции получения аммиака из гидроксида кальция и хлорида аммония:
$Ca(OH)_2 + 2NH_4Cl \rightarrow CaCl_2 + 2NH_3 \uparrow + 2H_2O$
2. В реакции участвует только чистый гидроксид кальция. Определим его массовую долю в предоставленном образце:
$\omega(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 100\% - \omega(\text{примесей}) = 100\% - 20\% = 80\% = 0.8$
3. Рассчитаем массу чистого гидроксида кальция, который вступит в реакцию:
$m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2 \text{ техн.}) \cdot \omega(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 340 \text{ г} \cdot 0.8 = 272 \text{ г}$
4. Вычислим молярную массу гидроксида кальция $Ca(OH)_2$:
$M(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = M(Ca) + 2 \cdot (M(O) + M(H)) = 40.08 + 2 \cdot (16.00 + 1.01) = 74.1 \text{ г/моль}$
5. Найдем количество вещества (число моль) гидроксида кальция:
$n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = \frac{m(\text{Ca(OH)}_2)}{M(\text{Ca(OH)}_2)} = \frac{272 \text{ г}}{74.1 \text{ г/моль}} \approx 3.671 \text{ моль}$
6. Согласно уравнению реакции, из 1 моль $Ca(OH)_2$ образуется 2 моль $NH_3$. Найдем количество вещества аммиака, используя стехиометрическое соотношение:
$\frac{n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2)}{1} = \frac{n(\text{NH}_3)}{2}$
$n(\text{NH}_3) = 2 \cdot n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 2 \cdot 3.671 \text{ моль} \approx 7.342 \text{ моль}$
7. Зная количество вещества аммиака, найдем его объём при нормальных условиях:
$V(\text{NH}_3) = n(\text{NH}_3) \cdot V_m = 7.342 \text{ моль} \cdot 22.4 \text{ л/моль} \approx 164.46 \text{ л}$
Расчет с использованием более простых молярных масс (Ca=40, O=16, H=1):
$M(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = 74 \text{ г/моль}$
$n(\text{Ca(OH)}_2) = \frac{272 \text{ г}}{74 \text{ г/моль}} \approx 3.676 \text{ моль}$
$n(\text{NH}_3) = 2 \cdot 3.676 \text{ моль} = 7.352 \text{ моль}$
$V(\text{NH}_3) = 7.352 \text{ моль} \cdot 22.4 \text{ л/моль} \approx 164.68 \text{ л}$
Оба результата близки, расхождение связано с округлением атомных масс.
Ответ: объём полученного аммиака составляет примерно 164.5 л (или 164.7 л в зависимости от точности атомных масс).
Другие задания:
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