gdz.top
Номер 1, страница 19 - гдз по физике 8 класс учебник Громов, Родина
Авторы: Громов С. В., Родина Н. А., Белага В. В., Ломаченков И. А., Панебратцев Ю. А.
Тип: Учебник
Серия: классический курс
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2018 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий
ISBN: 978-5-09-052825-2
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Глава 1. Внутренняя энергия. Параграф 4. Виды теплопередачи. Вспомните - номер 1, страница 19.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612283 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "19" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/04vspom-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612028 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Внутренняя энергия" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1038 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 #items: array:5 [ …5] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612028 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Внутренняя энергия" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1125 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612028 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Внутренняя энергия" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1128 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1127 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1132 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1134 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1136 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4194 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Громов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Сергей" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4194 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Громов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Сергей" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1137 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5604 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Родина" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Надежда" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5604 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Родина" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Надежда" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1138 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 3824 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Белага" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Виктория" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 3824 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Белага" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Виктория" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1139 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Term {#1140 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1143 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1145 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1147 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1149 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4718 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "классический курс" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "klassicheskiy kurs" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4718 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "классический курс" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "klassicheskiy kurs" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1153 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1140} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1160 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612028 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Внутренняя энергия" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1162 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612039 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Виды теплопередачи" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1164 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "19" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1128} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612039 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Виды теплопередачи" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167} "field_page_start" => "19" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1168 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612040 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вспомните" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "19" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1128} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1178 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612039 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Виды теплопередачи" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "19" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612039 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Виды теплопередачи" "field_branch_order" => "4" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180} "field_page_start" => "19" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612040 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вспомните" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169} "field_page_start" => "19" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1107 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1850010 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1092 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6892 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6892 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612283" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Какие существуют способы изменения внутренней энергии?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1426" "height" => 126 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-04vspom/1-1.webp?ts=1763477827" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1850010 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612283" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Какие существуют способы изменения внутренней энергии?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1426" "height" => 126 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-04vspom/1-1.webp?ts=1763477827" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1100 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1900071 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1101 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 7854 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 7854 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612283" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Внутренняя энергия термодинамической системы — это сумма кинетической энергии хаотического движения всех её частиц (атомов, молекул, ионов) и потенциальной энергии их взаимодействия друг с другом. Согласно первому закону термодинамики, изменить внутреннюю энергию можно двумя способами: совершением работы и теплопередачей.</p><p>Математически это выражается формулой первого начала термодинамики:</p><p>$\Delta U = Q + A'$</p><p>где $\Delta U$ – изменение внутренней энергии, $\text{Q}$ – количество теплоты, переданное системе, а $A'$ – работа, совершённая над системой внешними силами. Альтернативная форма записи: $\Delta U = Q - A$, где $\text{A}$ – работа, совершенная самой системой над внешними телами.</p><p><strong>Способ 1: Совершение механической работы</strong></p><p>Внутренняя энергия системы изменяется, когда над ней совершается работа или когда система сама совершает работу.</p><p><em>Пример увеличения внутренней энергии:</em> если внешние силы совершают над телом положительную работу (например, при сжатии газа в сосуде поршнем), его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Это, как правило, приводит к росту температуры. Другой пример — нагревание ладоней при трении друг о друга; работа сил трения переходит во внутреннюю энергию.</p><p><em>Пример уменьшения внутренней энергии:</em> если сама система совершает положительную работу над внешними телами (например, газ расширяется и толкает поршень), её внутренняя энергия уменьшается. В адиабатическом процессе (без теплообмена с окружающей средой) это приводит к охлаждению газа.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Внутреннюю энергию можно изменить путем совершения механической работы над системой или самой системой.</p><p><strong>Способ 2: Теплопередача (теплообмен)</strong></p><p>Теплопередача — это процесс изменения внутренней энергии, который происходит без совершения работы, за счёт энергетического обмена с окружающими телами при наличии разности температур. Существует три вида теплопередачи:</p><p><strong>Теплопроводность:</strong> Это передача теплоты при непосредственном контакте тел или частей одного тела, имеющих разную температуру. Энергия передается в результате соударений и взаимодействия частиц вещества (молекул, атомов, электронов). <em>Пример:</em> нагревание металлической ложки, опущенной в горячий чай.</p><p><strong>Конвекция:</strong> Это перенос теплоты потоками жидкости или газа. Нагретые, менее плотные слои вещества поднимаются, а холодные, более плотные, опускаются, создавая циркуляционные потоки, которые переносят энергию. <em>Пример:</em> обогрев комнаты от радиатора отопления, кипение воды в чайнике.</p><p><strong>Излучение:</strong> Это перенос энергии посредством электромагнитных волн (в основном, в инфракрасном диапазоне). Излучать энергию способны все нагретые тела. Этот вид теплопередачи не требует наличия материальной среды и может происходить в вакууме. <em>Пример:</em> тепло, которое мы ощущаем от Солнца, костра или раскаленной печи.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Внутреннюю энергию можно изменить путем теплопередачи, которая осуществляется одним из трех способов: теплопроводностью, конвекцией или излучением.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1900071 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612283" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Внутренняя энергия термодинамической системы — это сумма кинетической энергии хаотического движения всех её частиц (атомов, молекул, ионов) и потенциальной энергии их взаимодействия друг с другом. Согласно первому закону термодинамики, изменить внутреннюю энергию можно двумя способами: совершением работы и теплопередачей.</p><p>Математически это выражается формулой первого начала термодинамики:</p><p>$\Delta U = Q + A'$</p><p>где $\Delta U$ – изменение внутренней энергии, $\text{Q}$ – количество теплоты, переданное системе, а $A'$ – работа, совершённая над системой внешними силами. Альтернативная форма записи: $\Delta U = Q - A$, где $\text{A}$ – работа, совершенная самой системой над внешними телами.</p><p><strong>Способ 1: Совершение механической работы</strong></p><p>Внутренняя энергия системы изменяется, когда над ней совершается работа или когда система сама совершает работу.</p><p><em>Пример увеличения внутренней энергии:</em> если внешние силы совершают над телом положительную работу (например, при сжатии газа в сосуде поршнем), его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Это, как правило, приводит к росту температуры. Другой пример — нагревание ладоней при трении друг о друга; работа сил трения переходит во внутреннюю энергию.</p><p><em>Пример уменьшения внутренней энергии:</em> если сама система совершает положительную работу над внешними телами (например, газ расширяется и толкает поршень), её внутренняя энергия уменьшается. В адиабатическом процессе (без теплообмена с окружающей средой) это приводит к охлаждению газа.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Внутреннюю энергию можно изменить путем совершения механической работы над системой или самой системой.</p><p><strong>Способ 2: Теплопередача (теплообмен)</strong></p><p>Теплопередача — это процесс изменения внутренней энергии, который происходит без совершения работы, за счёт энергетического обмена с окружающими телами при наличии разности температур. Существует три вида теплопередачи:</p><p><strong>Теплопроводность:</strong> Это передача теплоты при непосредственном контакте тел или частей одного тела, имеющих разную температуру. Энергия передается в результате соударений и взаимодействия частиц вещества (молекул, атомов, электронов). <em>Пример:</em> нагревание металлической ложки, опущенной в горячий чай.</p><p><strong>Конвекция:</strong> Это перенос теплоты потоками жидкости или газа. Нагретые, менее плотные слои вещества поднимаются, а холодные, более плотные, опускаются, создавая циркуляционные потоки, которые переносят энергию. <em>Пример:</em> обогрев комнаты от радиатора отопления, кипение воды в чайнике.</p><p><strong>Излучение:</strong> Это перенос энергии посредством электромагнитных волн (в основном, в инфракрасном диапазоне). Излучать энергию способны все нагретые тела. Этот вид теплопередачи не требует наличия материальной среды и может происходить в вакууме. <em>Пример:</em> тепло, которое мы ощущаем от Солнца, костра или раскаленной печи.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Внутреннюю энергию можно изменить путем теплопередачи, которая осуществляется одним из трех способов: теплопроводностью, конвекцией или излучением.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612284" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612282" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1128} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 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№1 (с. 19)
Условие. №1 (с. 19)
скриншот условия
Какие существуют способы изменения внутренней энергии?
Решение. №1 (с. 19)
Внутренняя энергия термодинамической системы — это сумма кинетической энергии хаотического движения всех её частиц (атомов, молекул, ионов) и потенциальной энергии их взаимодействия друг с другом. Согласно первому закону термодинамики, изменить внутреннюю энергию можно двумя способами: совершением работы и теплопередачей.
Математически это выражается формулой первого начала термодинамики:
$\Delta U = Q + A'$
где $\Delta U$ – изменение внутренней энергии, $\text{Q}$ – количество теплоты, переданное системе, а $A'$ – работа, совершённая над системой внешними силами. Альтернативная форма записи: $\Delta U = Q - A$, где $\text{A}$ – работа, совершенная самой системой над внешними телами.
Способ 1: Совершение механической работы
Внутренняя энергия системы изменяется, когда над ней совершается работа или когда система сама совершает работу.
Пример увеличения внутренней энергии: если внешние силы совершают над телом положительную работу (например, при сжатии газа в сосуде поршнем), его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Это, как правило, приводит к росту температуры. Другой пример — нагревание ладоней при трении друг о друга; работа сил трения переходит во внутреннюю энергию.
Пример уменьшения внутренней энергии: если сама система совершает положительную работу над внешними телами (например, газ расширяется и толкает поршень), её внутренняя энергия уменьшается. В адиабатическом процессе (без теплообмена с окружающей средой) это приводит к охлаждению газа.
Ответ: Внутреннюю энергию можно изменить путем совершения механической работы над системой или самой системой.
Способ 2: Теплопередача (теплообмен)
Теплопередача — это процесс изменения внутренней энергии, который происходит без совершения работы, за счёт энергетического обмена с окружающими телами при наличии разности температур. Существует три вида теплопередачи:
Теплопроводность: Это передача теплоты при непосредственном контакте тел или частей одного тела, имеющих разную температуру. Энергия передается в результате соударений и взаимодействия частиц вещества (молекул, атомов, электронов). Пример: нагревание металлической ложки, опущенной в горячий чай.
Конвекция: Это перенос теплоты потоками жидкости или газа. Нагретые, менее плотные слои вещества поднимаются, а холодные, более плотные, опускаются, создавая циркуляционные потоки, которые переносят энергию. Пример: обогрев комнаты от радиатора отопления, кипение воды в чайнике.
Излучение: Это перенос энергии посредством электромагнитных волн (в основном, в инфракрасном диапазоне). Излучать энергию способны все нагретые тела. Этот вид теплопередачи не требует наличия материальной среды и может происходить в вакууме. Пример: тепло, которое мы ощущаем от Солнца, костра или раскаленной печи.
Ответ: Внутреннюю энергию можно изменить путем теплопередачи, которая осуществляется одним из трех способов: теплопроводностью, конвекцией или излучением.
Другие задания:
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Теперь на нашем сайте ГДЗ.ТОП вы всегда легко и бесплатно найдёте условие с правильным ответом на вопрос «Как решить ДЗ» и «Как сделать» задание по физике к упражнению №1 (с. 19), авторов: Громов (Сергей Васильевич), Родина (Надежда Александровна), Белага (Виктория Владимировна), Ломаченков (Иван Алексеевич), Панебратцев (Юрий Анатольевич), ФГОС (старый) учебного пособия издательства Просвещение.