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Номер 2, страница 50 - гдз по физике 8 класс учебник Громов, Родина
Авторы: Громов С. В., Родина Н. А., Белага В. В., Ломаченков И. А., Панебратцев Ю. А.
Тип: Учебник
Серия: классический курс
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2018 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий
ISBN: 978-5-09-052825-2
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Глава 2. Изменение агрегатных состояний вещества. Параграф 12. Количество теплоты, необходимое для плавления тела и выделяющееся при его кристаллизации. Переход аморфных тел из твёрдого состояния в жидкое. Вспомните - номер 2, страница 50.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612363 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612060 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Изменение агрегатных состояний вещества" "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "42" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1053 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1055 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4194 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Громов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Сергей" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4194 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Громов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Сергей" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1058 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5604 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Родина" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Надежда" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5604 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Родина" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Надежда" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 3824 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Белага" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Виктория" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 3824 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Белага" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Виктория" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1066 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1070 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4718 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "классический курс" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "klassicheskiy kurs" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4718 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "классический курс" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "klassicheskiy kurs" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1074 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1081 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612060 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Изменение агрегатных состояний вещества" "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_page_start" => "42" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612060 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Изменение агрегатных состояний вещества" "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "42" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1049} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612060 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Изменение агрегатных состояний вещества" "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127} "field_page_start" => "42" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1130 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612068 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Количество теплоты, необходимое для плавления тела и выделяющееся при его кристаллизации. Переход аморфных тел из твёрдого состояния в жидкое" "field_branch_order" => "12" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1131 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "50" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1049} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612068 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Количество теплоты, необходимое для плавления тела и выделяющееся при его кристаллизации. Переход аморфных тел из твёрдого состояния в жидкое" "field_branch_order" => "12" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134} "field_page_start" => "50" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1135 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612069 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вспомните" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "50" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1049} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1145 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612068 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Количество теплоты, необходимое для плавления тела и выделяющееся при его кристаллизации. Переход аморфных тел из твёрдого состояния в жидкое" "field_branch_order" => "12" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1131} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "50" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1049} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612068 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Количество теплоты, необходимое для плавления тела и выделяющееся при его кристаллизации. Переход аморфных тел из твёрдого состояния в жидкое" "field_branch_order" => "12" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147} "field_page_start" => "50" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612069 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вспомните" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136} "field_page_start" => "50" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1108 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1850081 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1093 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6892 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6892 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612363" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Что такое температура плавления и кристаллизации?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1292" "height" => 122 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-12vspom/2-1.webp?ts=1763477855" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1850081 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612363" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Что такое температура плавления и кристаллизации?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1292" "height" => 122 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-12vspom/2-1.webp?ts=1763477855" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1101 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1900142 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1102 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 7854 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 7854 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612363" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Температура плавления</strong></p><p>Температура плавления — это температура, при которой кристаллическое твёрдое тело совершает переход в жидкое состояние. Этот процесс называется плавлением.</p><p>Когда твёрдое вещество нагревается, его внутренняя энергия увеличивается, и частицы (атомы, ионы или молекулы), из которых оно состоит, начинают колебаться всё интенсивнее. При достижении температуры плавления энергия колебаний становится настолько большой, что она способна преодолеть силы, удерживающие частицы в упорядоченной структуре кристаллической решётки. В результате решётка разрушается, и вещество переходит в жидкое, более неупорядоченное состояние.</p><p>Важнейшей особенностью процесса плавления кристаллических тел является то, что на протяжении всего процесса температура вещества остаётся постоянной. Несмотря на непрерывный подвод тепла, вся поступающая энергия расходуется не на увеличение кинетической энергии частиц (и, соответственно, температуры), а на разрушение связей в кристаллической решётке. Эта энергия называется удельной теплотой плавления.</p><p>Температура плавления — это фундаментальная физическая характеристика для каждого чистого кристаллического вещества при определённом давлении (обычно её значение указывают для нормального атмосферного давления). Например, температура плавления льда составляет 0°C. В отличие от кристаллических, аморфные тела (например, стекло, воск, смола) не имеют строгой температуры плавления; они размягчаются постепенно в некотором диапазоне температур.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Температура плавления — это постоянная температура, при которой кристаллическое вещество переходит из твёрдого агрегатного состояния в жидкое.</p><p><strong>Температура кристаллизации</strong></p><p>Температура кристаллизации (также называемая температурой замерзания или отвердевания) — это температура, при которой вещество переходит из жидкого состояния в твёрдое кристаллическое. Этот процесс, обратный плавлению, называется кристаллизацией или отвердеванием.</p><p>Когда жидкость охлаждается, её внутренняя энергия уменьшается, и тепловое движение частиц замедляется. При достижении температуры кристаллизации силы межмолекулярного притяжения становятся достаточно сильными, чтобы "захватить" частицы и выстроить их в упорядоченную структуру — кристаллическую решётку.</p><p>В процессе кристаллизации, наоборот, выделяется энергия (теплота), которая называется теплотой кристаллизации. Эта энергия равна по модулю той, что поглотилась при плавлении. Из-за этого выделения тепла температура вещества остаётся постоянной до тех пор, пока вся жидкость не затвердеет.</p><p>Для чистого вещества температура кристаллизации в точности равна его температуре плавления. Например, чистая вода кристаллизуется (замерзает) при 0°C, что совпадает с температурой плавления льда.</p><p>$T_{плавления} = T_{кристаллизации}$</p><p>Таким образом, принципиальное различие между этими двумя понятиями заключается в направлении фазового перехода: плавление — это переход из твёрдого состояния в жидкое с поглощением тепла, а кристаллизация — обратный переход из жидкого в твёрдое с выделением тепла.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Температура кристаллизации — это постоянная температура, при которой вещество переходит из жидкого агрегатного состояния в твёрдое кристаллическое. Для чистых веществ она равна температуре плавления.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1900142 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612363" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Температура плавления</strong></p><p>Температура плавления — это температура, при которой кристаллическое твёрдое тело совершает переход в жидкое состояние. Этот процесс называется плавлением.</p><p>Когда твёрдое вещество нагревается, его внутренняя энергия увеличивается, и частицы (атомы, ионы или молекулы), из которых оно состоит, начинают колебаться всё интенсивнее. При достижении температуры плавления энергия колебаний становится настолько большой, что она способна преодолеть силы, удерживающие частицы в упорядоченной структуре кристаллической решётки. В результате решётка разрушается, и вещество переходит в жидкое, более неупорядоченное состояние.</p><p>Важнейшей особенностью процесса плавления кристаллических тел является то, что на протяжении всего процесса температура вещества остаётся постоянной. Несмотря на непрерывный подвод тепла, вся поступающая энергия расходуется не на увеличение кинетической энергии частиц (и, соответственно, температуры), а на разрушение связей в кристаллической решётке. Эта энергия называется удельной теплотой плавления.</p><p>Температура плавления — это фундаментальная физическая характеристика для каждого чистого кристаллического вещества при определённом давлении (обычно её значение указывают для нормального атмосферного давления). Например, температура плавления льда составляет 0°C. В отличие от кристаллических, аморфные тела (например, стекло, воск, смола) не имеют строгой температуры плавления; они размягчаются постепенно в некотором диапазоне температур.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Температура плавления — это постоянная температура, при которой кристаллическое вещество переходит из твёрдого агрегатного состояния в жидкое.</p><p><strong>Температура кристаллизации</strong></p><p>Температура кристаллизации (также называемая температурой замерзания или отвердевания) — это температура, при которой вещество переходит из жидкого состояния в твёрдое кристаллическое. Этот процесс, обратный плавлению, называется кристаллизацией или отвердеванием.</p><p>Когда жидкость охлаждается, её внутренняя энергия уменьшается, и тепловое движение частиц замедляется. При достижении температуры кристаллизации силы межмолекулярного притяжения становятся достаточно сильными, чтобы "захватить" частицы и выстроить их в упорядоченную структуру — кристаллическую решётку.</p><p>В процессе кристаллизации, наоборот, выделяется энергия (теплота), которая называется теплотой кристаллизации. Эта энергия равна по модулю той, что поглотилась при плавлении. Из-за этого выделения тепла температура вещества остаётся постоянной до тех пор, пока вся жидкость не затвердеет.</p><p>Для чистого вещества температура кристаллизации в точности равна его температуре плавления. Например, чистая вода кристаллизуется (замерзает) при 0°C, что совпадает с температурой плавления льда.</p><p>$T_{плавления} = T_{кристаллизации}$</p><p>Таким образом, принципиальное различие между этими двумя понятиями заключается в направлении фазового перехода: плавление — это переход из твёрдого состояния в жидкое с поглощением тепла, а кристаллизация — обратный переход из жидкого в твёрдое с выделением тепла.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Температура кристаллизации — это постоянная температура, при которой вещество переходит из жидкого агрегатного состояния в твёрдое кристаллическое. Для чистых веществ она равна температуре плавления.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612364" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612362" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1049} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1113 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1613123 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/page-50" "field_display_title" => "50" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "50" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1049} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1850834 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ …5] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1850834 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ …5] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613124" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613122" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1221 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612362 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 #items: array:3 [ …3] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612363" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612361" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612362 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612363" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612361" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1228 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612363 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 #items: array:3 [ …3] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612364" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612362" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612363 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612364" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612362" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1240 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612364 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: array:3 [ …3] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612365" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612363" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612364 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612365" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612363" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1247 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612365 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 #items: array:3 [ …3] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612366" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612364" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612365 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612366" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612364" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1613123 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/page-50" "field_display_title" => "50" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "50" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613124" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613122" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612363 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "50" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/12vspom-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612364" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1612362" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613123" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№2 (с. 50)
Условие. №2 (с. 50)
скриншот условия
Что такое температура плавления и кристаллизации?
Решение. №2 (с. 50)
Температура плавления
Температура плавления — это температура, при которой кристаллическое твёрдое тело совершает переход в жидкое состояние. Этот процесс называется плавлением.
Когда твёрдое вещество нагревается, его внутренняя энергия увеличивается, и частицы (атомы, ионы или молекулы), из которых оно состоит, начинают колебаться всё интенсивнее. При достижении температуры плавления энергия колебаний становится настолько большой, что она способна преодолеть силы, удерживающие частицы в упорядоченной структуре кристаллической решётки. В результате решётка разрушается, и вещество переходит в жидкое, более неупорядоченное состояние.
Важнейшей особенностью процесса плавления кристаллических тел является то, что на протяжении всего процесса температура вещества остаётся постоянной. Несмотря на непрерывный подвод тепла, вся поступающая энергия расходуется не на увеличение кинетической энергии частиц (и, соответственно, температуры), а на разрушение связей в кристаллической решётке. Эта энергия называется удельной теплотой плавления.
Температура плавления — это фундаментальная физическая характеристика для каждого чистого кристаллического вещества при определённом давлении (обычно её значение указывают для нормального атмосферного давления). Например, температура плавления льда составляет 0°C. В отличие от кристаллических, аморфные тела (например, стекло, воск, смола) не имеют строгой температуры плавления; они размягчаются постепенно в некотором диапазоне температур.
Ответ: Температура плавления — это постоянная температура, при которой кристаллическое вещество переходит из твёрдого агрегатного состояния в жидкое.
Температура кристаллизации
Температура кристаллизации (также называемая температурой замерзания или отвердевания) — это температура, при которой вещество переходит из жидкого состояния в твёрдое кристаллическое. Этот процесс, обратный плавлению, называется кристаллизацией или отвердеванием.
Когда жидкость охлаждается, её внутренняя энергия уменьшается, и тепловое движение частиц замедляется. При достижении температуры кристаллизации силы межмолекулярного притяжения становятся достаточно сильными, чтобы "захватить" частицы и выстроить их в упорядоченную структуру — кристаллическую решётку.
В процессе кристаллизации, наоборот, выделяется энергия (теплота), которая называется теплотой кристаллизации. Эта энергия равна по модулю той, что поглотилась при плавлении. Из-за этого выделения тепла температура вещества остаётся постоянной до тех пор, пока вся жидкость не затвердеет.
Для чистого вещества температура кристаллизации в точности равна его температуре плавления. Например, чистая вода кристаллизуется (замерзает) при 0°C, что совпадает с температурой плавления льда.
$T_{плавления} = T_{кристаллизации}$
Таким образом, принципиальное различие между этими двумя понятиями заключается в направлении фазового перехода: плавление — это переход из твёрдого состояния в жидкое с поглощением тепла, а кристаллизация — обратный переход из жидкого в твёрдое с выделением тепла.
Ответ: Температура кристаллизации — это постоянная температура, при которой вещество переходит из жидкого агрегатного состояния в твёрдое кристаллическое. Для чистых веществ она равна температуре плавления.
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