gdz.top
Номер 180, страница 284 - гдз по физике 8 класс учебник Громов, Родина
Авторы: Громов С. В., Родина Н. А., Белага В. В., Ломаченков И. А., Панебратцев Ю. А.
Тип: Учебник
Серия: классический курс
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2018 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий
ISBN: 978-5-09-052825-2
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Задачи и упражнения - номер 180, страница 284.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613047 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-180" "field_display_title" => "180" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612241 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи и упражнения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "266" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1056 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4194 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Громов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Сергей" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4194 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Громов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Сергей" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5604 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Родина" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Надежда" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5604 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Родина" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Надежда" "field_patronymic" => "Александровна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1058 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 3824 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Белага" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Виктория" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 3824 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Белага" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Виктория" "field_patronymic" => "Владимировна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1063 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1065 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1067 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1069 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4718 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "классический курс" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "klassicheskiy kurs" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4718 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "классический курс" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "klassicheskiy kurs" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1073 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1060} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1080 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612241 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи и упражнения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_page_start" => "266" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1087 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1850773 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1088 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6892 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1089 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6892 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613047" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>180.</strong> Перечертите в тетрадь рисунок 25, дополнив его в каждом случае недостающими лучами (внутри или снаружи куска стекла). Обозначьте на рисунке углы падения и преломления, указав в каждом случае, какой из них больше.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "180-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1023" "height" => 402 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-upr/180-1.webp?ts=1763478135" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1850773 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613047" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>180.</strong> Перечертите в тетрадь рисунок 25, дополнив его в каждом случае недостающими лучами (внутри или снаружи куска стекла). Обозначьте на рисунке углы падения и преломления, указав в каждом случае, какой из них больше.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "180-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1023" "height" => 402 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-upr/180-1.webp?ts=1763478135" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1094 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1900834 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1095 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 7854 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1097 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 7854 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613047" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Поскольку рисунок 25 не предоставлен, в задаче рассмотрены два наиболее вероятных случая, которые он мог иллюстрировать: переход луча света из воздуха в стекло и из стекла в воздух. Для каждого случая достроен недостающий луч, обозначены углы падения и преломления, и проведено их сравнение.</p><strong>Случай 1: Переход света из воздуха в стекло</strong><p>На рисунке показан ход луча, падающего из воздуха на поверхность стекла. Падающий луч приближается к границе раздела сред, а преломленный луч продолжает свой путь в стекле. Угол падения $\alpha$ — это угол между падающим лучом и нормалью (перпендикуляром к границе сред), а угол преломления $\gamma$ — угол между преломленным лучом и нормалью.</p><svg width="300" height="220" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><defs><marker id="arrow1" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="8" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="red"></path></marker></defs><!-- Граница раздела сред --><line x1="0" y1="110" x2="300" y2="110" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"></line><text x="10" y="100" font-size="14">Воздух ($n_1$)</text><text x="10" y="130" font-size="14">Стекло ($n_2$)</text><!-- Нормаль --><line x1="150" y1="10" x2="150" y2="210" stroke="gray" stroke-dasharray="5,5"></line><!-- Падающий луч --><line x1="90" y1="50" x2="150" y2="110" stroke="red" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrow1)"></line><!-- Преломленный луч --><line x1="150" y1="110" x2="183" y2="200" stroke="red" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrow1)"></line><!-- Угол падения alpha --><path d="M 150 70 A 40 40 0 0 0 119.4 93.4" stroke="blue" fill="none"></path><text x="120" y="80" font-size="16" fill="blue">α</text><!-- Угол преломления gamma --><path d="M 150 140 A 30 30 0 0 1 165.7 117" stroke="green" fill="none"></path><text x="162" y="135" font-size="16" fill="green">γ</text></svg><p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>При переходе из воздуха в стекло свет распространяется из оптически менее плотной среды в оптически более плотную. Это означает, что показатель преломления воздуха $n_1$ меньше показателя преломления стекла $n_2$, то есть $n_1 < n_2$.<br>Согласно закону преломления света (закону Снеллиуса):<br>$n_1 \sin{\alpha} = n_2 \sin{\gamma}$<br>Из этого соотношения можно выразить отношение синусов углов:<br>$\frac{\sin{\alpha}}{\sin{\gamma}} = \frac{n_2}{n_1}$<br>Поскольку $n_2 > n_1$, то и отношение $\frac{n_2}{n_1} > 1$. Следовательно, $\sin{\alpha} > \sin{\gamma}$.<br>Так как углы падения и преломления находятся в диапазоне от 0° до 90°, из неравенства для синусов следует, что и сами углы соотносятся так же: $\alpha > \gamma$.<br>Таким образом, при переходе из воздуха в стекло световой луч преломляется, приближаясь к нормали.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> угол падения больше угла преломления, $\alpha > \gamma$.</p><strong>Случай 2: Переход света из стекла в воздух</strong><p>На рисунке показан ход луча, падающего из стекла на границу с воздухом. Падающий луч приближается к границе раздела сред изнутри стекла, а преломленный луч выходит в воздух.</p><svg width="300" height="220" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><defs><marker id="arrow2" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="8" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="red"></path></marker></defs><!-- Граница раздела сред --><line x1="0" y1="110" x2="300" y2="110" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"></line><text x="10" y="100" font-size="14">Воздух ($n_2$)</text><text x="10" y="130" font-size="14">Стекло ($n_1$)</text><!-- Нормаль --><line x1="150" y1="10" x2="150" y2="210" stroke="gray" stroke-dasharray="5,5"></line><!-- Падающий луч --><line x1="117" y1="200" x2="150" y2="110" stroke="red" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrow2)"></line><!-- Преломленный луч --><line x1="150" y1="110" x2="90" y2="50" stroke="red" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrow2)"></line><!-- Угол падения alpha --><path d="M 150 140 A 30 30 0 0 0 134.3 117" stroke="blue" fill="none"></path><text x="128" y="135" font-size="16" fill="blue">α</text><!-- Угол преломления gamma --><path d="M 150 70 A 40 40 0 0 1 119.4 93.4" stroke="green" fill="none"></path><text x="120" y="80" font-size="16" fill="green">γ</text></svg><p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>При переходе из стекла в воздух свет распространяется из оптически более плотной среды в оптически менее плотную. Это означает, что показатель преломления стекла $n_1$ больше показателя преломления воздуха $n_2$, то есть $n_1 > n_2$.<br>Закон преломления света записывается так же:<br>$n_1 \sin{\alpha} = n_2 \sin{\gamma}$<br>Выразим отношение синусов:<br>$\frac{\sin{\alpha}}{\sin{\gamma}} = \frac{n_2}{n_1}$<br>Поскольку $n_1 > n_2$, то отношение $\frac{n_2}{n_1} < 1$. Следовательно, $\sin{\alpha} < \sin{\gamma}$.<br>Для острых углов это означает, что $\alpha < \gamma$.<br>Таким образом, при переходе из стекла в воздух световой луч преломляется, удаляясь от нормали.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> угол преломления больше угла падения, $\gamma > \alpha$.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1900834 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613047" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Поскольку рисунок 25 не предоставлен, в задаче рассмотрены два наиболее вероятных случая, которые он мог иллюстрировать: переход луча света из воздуха в стекло и из стекла в воздух. Для каждого случая достроен недостающий луч, обозначены углы падения и преломления, и проведено их сравнение.</p><strong>Случай 1: Переход света из воздуха в стекло</strong><p>На рисунке показан ход луча, падающего из воздуха на поверхность стекла. Падающий луч приближается к границе раздела сред, а преломленный луч продолжает свой путь в стекле. Угол падения $\alpha$ — это угол между падающим лучом и нормалью (перпендикуляром к границе сред), а угол преломления $\gamma$ — угол между преломленным лучом и нормалью.</p><svg width="300" height="220" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><defs><marker id="arrow1" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="8" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="red"></path></marker></defs><!-- Граница раздела сред --><line x1="0" y1="110" x2="300" y2="110" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"></line><text x="10" y="100" font-size="14">Воздух ($n_1$)</text><text x="10" y="130" font-size="14">Стекло ($n_2$)</text><!-- Нормаль --><line x1="150" y1="10" x2="150" y2="210" stroke="gray" stroke-dasharray="5,5"></line><!-- Падающий луч --><line x1="90" y1="50" x2="150" y2="110" stroke="red" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrow1)"></line><!-- Преломленный луч --><line x1="150" y1="110" x2="183" y2="200" stroke="red" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrow1)"></line><!-- Угол падения alpha --><path d="M 150 70 A 40 40 0 0 0 119.4 93.4" stroke="blue" fill="none"></path><text x="120" y="80" font-size="16" fill="blue">α</text><!-- Угол преломления gamma --><path d="M 150 140 A 30 30 0 0 1 165.7 117" stroke="green" fill="none"></path><text x="162" y="135" font-size="16" fill="green">γ</text></svg><p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>При переходе из воздуха в стекло свет распространяется из оптически менее плотной среды в оптически более плотную. Это означает, что показатель преломления воздуха $n_1$ меньше показателя преломления стекла $n_2$, то есть $n_1 < n_2$.<br>Согласно закону преломления света (закону Снеллиуса):<br>$n_1 \sin{\alpha} = n_2 \sin{\gamma}$<br>Из этого соотношения можно выразить отношение синусов углов:<br>$\frac{\sin{\alpha}}{\sin{\gamma}} = \frac{n_2}{n_1}$<br>Поскольку $n_2 > n_1$, то и отношение $\frac{n_2}{n_1} > 1$. Следовательно, $\sin{\alpha} > \sin{\gamma}$.<br>Так как углы падения и преломления находятся в диапазоне от 0° до 90°, из неравенства для синусов следует, что и сами углы соотносятся так же: $\alpha > \gamma$.<br>Таким образом, при переходе из воздуха в стекло световой луч преломляется, приближаясь к нормали.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> угол падения больше угла преломления, $\alpha > \gamma$.</p><strong>Случай 2: Переход света из стекла в воздух</strong><p>На рисунке показан ход луча, падающего из стекла на границу с воздухом. Падающий луч приближается к границе раздела сред изнутри стекла, а преломленный луч выходит в воздух.</p><svg width="300" height="220" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><defs><marker id="arrow2" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="8" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse"><path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="red"></path></marker></defs><!-- Граница раздела сред --><line x1="0" y1="110" x2="300" y2="110" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"></line><text x="10" y="100" font-size="14">Воздух ($n_2$)</text><text x="10" y="130" font-size="14">Стекло ($n_1$)</text><!-- Нормаль --><line x1="150" y1="10" x2="150" y2="210" stroke="gray" stroke-dasharray="5,5"></line><!-- Падающий луч --><line x1="117" y1="200" x2="150" y2="110" stroke="red" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrow2)"></line><!-- Преломленный луч --><line x1="150" y1="110" x2="90" y2="50" stroke="red" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrow2)"></line><!-- Угол падения alpha --><path d="M 150 140 A 30 30 0 0 0 134.3 117" stroke="blue" fill="none"></path><text x="128" y="135" font-size="16" fill="blue">α</text><!-- Угол преломления gamma --><path d="M 150 70 A 40 40 0 0 1 119.4 93.4" stroke="green" fill="none"></path><text x="120" y="80" font-size="16" fill="green">γ</text></svg><p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>При переходе из стекла в воздух свет распространяется из оптически более плотной среды в оптически менее плотную. Это означает, что показатель преломления стекла $n_1$ больше показателя преломления воздуха $n_2$, то есть $n_1 > n_2$.<br>Закон преломления света записывается так же:<br>$n_1 \sin{\alpha} = n_2 \sin{\gamma}$<br>Выразим отношение синусов:<br>$\frac{\sin{\alpha}}{\sin{\gamma}} = \frac{n_2}{n_1}$<br>Поскольку $n_1 > n_2$, то отношение $\frac{n_2}{n_1} < 1$. Следовательно, $\sin{\alpha} < \sin{\gamma}$.<br>Для острых углов это означает, что $\alpha < \gamma$.<br>Таким образом, при переходе из стекла в воздух световой луч преломляется, удаляясь от нормали.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> угол преломления больше угла падения, $\gamma > \alpha$.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613048" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613046" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1082 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1613357 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/page-284" "field_display_title" => "284" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "284" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1114 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1851068 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1088} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "284-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1875" "height" => 2557 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-1/284-1.webp?ts=1763478470" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1851068 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "284-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1875" "height" => 2557 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-1/284-1.webp?ts=1763478470" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613358" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613356" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 #items: array:8 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1187 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613047 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-180" "field_display_title" => "180" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1087} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1094} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613048" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613046" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613047 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-180" "field_display_title" => "180" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613048" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613046" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1194 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613048 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-181" "field_display_title" => "181" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1209 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1211 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613049" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613047" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613048 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-181" "field_display_title" => "181" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613049" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613047" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1201 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613049 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-182" "field_display_title" => "182" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1221 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1223 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613050" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613048" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613049 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-182" "field_display_title" => "182" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613050" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613048" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1213 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613050 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-183" "field_display_title" => "183" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1215 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1233 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1235 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613051" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613049" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613050 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-183" "field_display_title" => "183" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1215} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613051" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613049" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1225 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613051 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-184" "field_display_title" => "184" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1245 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1247 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613052" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613050" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613051 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-184" "field_display_title" => "184" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613052" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613050" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1237 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613052 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-185" "field_display_title" => "185" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1257 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1259 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613053" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613051" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613052 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-185" "field_display_title" => "185" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613053" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613051" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1249 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613053 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-186" "field_display_title" => "186" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613054" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613052" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613053 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-186" "field_display_title" => "186" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613054" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613052" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1261 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613054 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-187" "field_display_title" => "187" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1263 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613055" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613053" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1278 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613054 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-187" "field_display_title" => "187" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1263} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613055" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613053" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1278} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1613357 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/page-284" "field_display_title" => "284" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "284" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613358" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613356" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613047 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "284" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/upr-180" "field_display_title" => "180" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613048" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613046" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613357" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№180 (с. 284)
Условие. №180 (с. 284)
скриншот условия
180. Перечертите в тетрадь рисунок 25, дополнив его в каждом случае недостающими лучами (внутри или снаружи куска стекла). Обозначьте на рисунке углы падения и преломления, указав в каждом случае, какой из них больше.
Решение. №180 (с. 284)
Поскольку рисунок 25 не предоставлен, в задаче рассмотрены два наиболее вероятных случая, которые он мог иллюстрировать: переход луча света из воздуха в стекло и из стекла в воздух. Для каждого случая достроен недостающий луч, обозначены углы падения и преломления, и проведено их сравнение.
Случай 1: Переход света из воздуха в стеклоНа рисунке показан ход луча, падающего из воздуха на поверхность стекла. Падающий луч приближается к границе раздела сред, а преломленный луч продолжает свой путь в стекле. Угол падения $\alpha$ — это угол между падающим лучом и нормалью (перпендикуляром к границе сред), а угол преломления $\gamma$ — угол между преломленным лучом и нормалью.
Решение
При переходе из воздуха в стекло свет распространяется из оптически менее плотной среды в оптически более плотную. Это означает, что показатель преломления воздуха $n_1$ меньше показателя преломления стекла $n_2$, то есть $n_1 < n_2$.
Согласно закону преломления света (закону Снеллиуса):
$n_1 \sin{\alpha} = n_2 \sin{\gamma}$
Из этого соотношения можно выразить отношение синусов углов:
$\frac{\sin{\alpha}}{\sin{\gamma}} = \frac{n_2}{n_1}$
Поскольку $n_2 > n_1$, то и отношение $\frac{n_2}{n_1} > 1$. Следовательно, $\sin{\alpha} > \sin{\gamma}$.
Так как углы падения и преломления находятся в диапазоне от 0° до 90°, из неравенства для синусов следует, что и сами углы соотносятся так же: $\alpha > \gamma$.
Таким образом, при переходе из воздуха в стекло световой луч преломляется, приближаясь к нормали.
Ответ: угол падения больше угла преломления, $\alpha > \gamma$.
Случай 2: Переход света из стекла в воздухНа рисунке показан ход луча, падающего из стекла на границу с воздухом. Падающий луч приближается к границе раздела сред изнутри стекла, а преломленный луч выходит в воздух.
Решение
При переходе из стекла в воздух свет распространяется из оптически более плотной среды в оптически менее плотную. Это означает, что показатель преломления стекла $n_1$ больше показателя преломления воздуха $n_2$, то есть $n_1 > n_2$.
Закон преломления света записывается так же:
$n_1 \sin{\alpha} = n_2 \sin{\gamma}$
Выразим отношение синусов:
$\frac{\sin{\alpha}}{\sin{\gamma}} = \frac{n_2}{n_1}$
Поскольку $n_1 > n_2$, то отношение $\frac{n_2}{n_1} < 1$. Следовательно, $\sin{\alpha} < \sin{\gamma}$.
Для острых углов это означает, что $\alpha < \gamma$.
Таким образом, при переходе из стекла в воздух световой луч преломляется, удаляясь от нормали.
Ответ: угол преломления больше угла падения, $\gamma > \alpha$.
Другие задания:
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