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Номер 3, страница 13 - гдз по физике 8 класс учебник Хижнякова, Синявина
Авторы: Хижнякова Л. С., Синявина А. А.
Тип: Учебник
Серия: алгоритм успеха
Издательство: Вентана-граф
Год издания: 2011 - 2026
Цвет обложки: серый
ISBN: 978-5-360-09134-9
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Глава 1. Газовые законы. Параграф 3. Изобарный процесс. Задания и упражнения - номер 3, страница 13.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1498503 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "13" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/03zad-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1498317 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 2040 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1063 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5174 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Вентана-граф" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ventana-graf" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5174 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Вентана-граф" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ventana-graf" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1076 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 6112 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Хижнякова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Людмила" "field_patronymic" => "Степановна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 6112 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Хижнякова" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Людмила" "field_patronymic" => "Степановна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1075 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5769 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Синявина" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Анна" "field_patronymic" => "Афанасьевна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5769 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Синявина" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Анна" "field_patronymic" => "Афанасьевна" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1067 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1074 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1069 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4697 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "алгоритм успеха" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "algoritm uspekha" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4697 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "алгоритм успеха" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "algoritm uspekha" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2011" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для учащихся общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "563" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-360-09134-9" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761130904" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761130904" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2550" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1094 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 54 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "серый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "серый" "field_creative_case" => "серым" "field_dative_case" => "серому" "field_genitive_case" => "серого" "field_nominative_case" => "серый" "field_prepositional_case" => "сером" ] "field_translit" => "seryy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 54 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "серый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "серый" "field_creative_case" => "серым" "field_dative_case" => "серому" "field_genitive_case" => "серого" "field_nominative_case" => "серый" "field_prepositional_case" => "сером" ] "field_translit" => "seryy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 2040 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2011" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для учащихся общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "563" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-360-09134-9" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761130904" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761130904" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2550" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1498317 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1121 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1498317 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1498317 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Газовые законы" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1125 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1498324 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Изобарный процесс" "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "10" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1498324 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Изобарный процесс" "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129} "field_page_start" => "10" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1130 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1498326 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задания и упражнения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "12" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1140 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1498324 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Изобарный процесс" "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1126} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "10" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1498324 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Изобарный процесс" "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_page_start" => "10" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1498326 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задания и упражнения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131} "field_page_start" => "12" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1103 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1782515 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1102 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6517 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1101 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5174 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Вентана-граф" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ventana-graf" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5174 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Вентана-граф" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ventana-graf" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6517 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498503" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>3.</strong> Процессы перехода системы из состояния $\text{1}$ в состояние $\text{2}$ изображены графически на рис. $\text{12}$. Участки $1-1'$, $1'-2$ — прямые линии, участок $1-2$ — гипербола. Назовите процессы, происходящие при переходе системы: а) из состояния $\text{1}$ в $1'$; б) из состояния $\text{1}$ в $\text{2}$.</p><p>Рис. $\text{12}$</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "3-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "801" "height" => 168 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/0-03zad/3-1.webp?ts=1761566277" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "3-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "362" "height" => 411 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/0-03zad/3-2.webp?ts=1761566277" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1782515 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498503" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>3.</strong> Процессы перехода системы из состояния $\text{1}$ в состояние $\text{2}$ изображены графически на рис. $\text{12}$. Участки $1-1'$, $1'-2$ — прямые линии, участок $1-2$ — гипербола. Назовите процессы, происходящие при переходе системы: а) из состояния $\text{1}$ в $1'$; б) из состояния $\text{1}$ в $\text{2}$.</p><p>Рис. $\text{12}$</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "3-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "801" "height" => 168 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/0-03zad/3-1.webp?ts=1761566277" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "3-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "362" "height" => 411 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/0-03zad/3-2.webp?ts=1761566277" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1090 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1856512 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1096 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 7192 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1092 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 7012 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "gemini 2.5 pro" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 7012 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "gemini 2.5 pro" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 7192 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498503" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>а) из состояния 1 в 1'</strong><br>На представленном графике в координатах давление-объем ($p-V$) процесс перехода из состояния 1 в состояние 1' изображен в виде горизонтальной прямой линии. Это означает, что в ходе процесса давление $\text{p}$ оставалось постоянным ($p = \text{const}$), в то время как объем $\text{V}$ увеличивался (стрелка указывает направление вправо вдоль оси объемов). Процесс, который происходит при постоянном давлении, называется изобарным (или изобарическим). Поскольку объем увеличивается, это изобарное расширение.<br><strong>Ответ:</strong> Изобарное (изобарическое) расширение.</p><p><strong>б) из состояния 1 в 2</strong><br>Процесс перехода из состояния 1 в состояние 2, согласно условию, изображен в виде гиперболы. В термодинамике, в координатах $p-V$, график в виде гиперболы соответствует процессу, при котором произведение давления на объем остается постоянной величиной ($pV = \text{const}$). Такой процесс называется изотермическим, так как он протекает при постоянной температуре ($T = \text{const}$). Это следует из уравнения состояния идеального газа (уравнения Менделеева-Клапейрона): $pV = \nu RT$. Поскольку объем системы при переходе из точки 1 в точку 2 увеличивается, данный процесс является изотермическим расширением.<br><strong>Ответ:</strong> Изотермическое расширение.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1856512 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498503" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>а) из состояния 1 в 1'</strong><br>На представленном графике в координатах давление-объем ($p-V$) процесс перехода из состояния 1 в состояние 1' изображен в виде горизонтальной прямой линии. Это означает, что в ходе процесса давление $\text{p}$ оставалось постоянным ($p = \text{const}$), в то время как объем $\text{V}$ увеличивался (стрелка указывает направление вправо вдоль оси объемов). Процесс, который происходит при постоянном давлении, называется изобарным (или изобарическим). Поскольку объем увеличивается, это изобарное расширение.<br><strong>Ответ:</strong> Изобарное (изобарическое) расширение.</p><p><strong>б) из состояния 1 в 2</strong><br>Процесс перехода из состояния 1 в состояние 2, согласно условию, изображен в виде гиперболы. В термодинамике, в координатах $p-V$, график в виде гиперболы соответствует процессу, при котором произведение давления на объем остается постоянной величиной ($pV = \text{const}$). Такой процесс называется изотермическим, так как он протекает при постоянной температуре ($T = \text{const}$). Это следует из уравнения состояния идеального газа (уравнения Менделеева-Клапейрона): $pV = \nu RT$. Поскольку объем системы при переходе из точки 1 в точку 2 увеличивается, данный процесс является изотермическим расширением.<br><strong>Ответ:</strong> Изотермическое расширение.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498504" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498502" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1108 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1499047 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "13" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/page-13" "field_display_title" => "13" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "13" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1117 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1783059 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1102} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499047" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "13-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "941" "height" => 1288 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/0-1/13-1.webp?ts=1761566576" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1783059 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499047" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "13-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "941" "height" => 1288 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/hizhnyakova-u/0-1/13-1.webp?ts=1761566576" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499048" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499046" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1215 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1498501 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "12" "field_page_end" => "13" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/03zad-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1121} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1121} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1125} 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1130} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1230 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1782513 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498501" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Пробирка закрыта пробкой со стеклянной трубкой, которую перекрывает капля подкрашенной жидкости (рис. 10). Если пробирку нагревать, то капля переместится к открытому концу трубки. Какой процесс при этом происходит с воздухом в пробирке?</p><p>Рис. 10</p>" "img" => array:3 [ 0 => array:5 [ …5] 1 => array:5 [ …5] 2 => array:5 [ …5] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1782513 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498501" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Пробирка закрыта пробкой со стеклянной трубкой, которую перекрывает капля подкрашенной жидкости (рис. 10). Если пробирку нагревать, то капля переместится к открытому концу трубки. Какой процесс при этом происходит с воздухом в пробирке?</p><p>Рис. 10</p>" "img" => array:3 [ 0 => array:5 [ …5] 1 => array:5 [ …5] 2 => array:5 [ …5] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1232 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1856510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ …2] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> <strong>Решение</strong></p><p>Когда пробирку нагревают, воздух внутри нее получает теплоту, и его температура увеличивается. Согласно молекулярно-кинетической теории, повышение температуры газа означает увеличение средней кинетической энергии его молекул. Молекулы воздуха начинают двигаться с большей скоростью, что приводит к более частым и более сильным ударам о внутренние стенки пробирки и о каплю жидкости.</p><p>В результате этого давление воздуха внутри пробирки возрастает и становится больше, чем внешнее атмосферное давление, действующее на каплю с другой стороны. Из-за этой разницы давлений возникает сила, которая выталкивает каплю жидкости по стеклянной трубке в сторону меньшего давления, то есть к открытому концу.</p><p>Пока капля движется, объем, занимаемый воздухом, увеличивается. Это явление называется тепловым расширением газа. Поскольку капля жидкости может свободно перемещаться, давление внутри пробирки стремится выровняться с внешним атмосферным давлением. Таким образом, процесс расширения воздуха происходит при практически постоянном давлении. Такой процесс называется изобарным.</p><p>Изобарный процесс для идеального газа описывается законом Гей-Люссака, согласно которому отношение объема газа к его абсолютной температуре остается постоянным:</p><p>$ \frac{V}{T} = \text{const} $</p><p>Следовательно, при увеличении температуры $\text{T}$ объем газа $\text{V}$ также увеличивается, что и наблюдается в опыте как движение капли.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> С воздухом в пробирке происходит процесс теплового расширения при постоянном давлении, который называется изобарным расширением.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1856510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233} "task" => array:2 [ …2] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> <strong>Решение</strong></p><p>Когда пробирку нагревают, воздух внутри нее получает теплоту, и его температура увеличивается. Согласно молекулярно-кинетической теории, повышение температуры газа означает увеличение средней кинетической энергии его молекул. Молекулы воздуха начинают двигаться с большей скоростью, что приводит к более частым и более сильным ударам о внутренние стенки пробирки и о каплю жидкости.</p><p>В результате этого давление воздуха внутри пробирки возрастает и становится больше, чем внешнее атмосферное давление, действующее на каплю с другой стороны. Из-за этой разницы давлений возникает сила, которая выталкивает каплю жидкости по стеклянной трубке в сторону меньшего давления, то есть к открытому концу.</p><p>Пока капля движется, объем, занимаемый воздухом, увеличивается. Это явление называется тепловым расширением газа. Поскольку капля жидкости может свободно перемещаться, давление внутри пробирки стремится выровняться с внешним атмосферным давлением. Таким образом, процесс расширения воздуха происходит при практически постоянном давлении. Такой процесс называется изобарным.</p><p>Изобарный процесс для идеального газа описывается законом Гей-Люссака, согласно которому отношение объема газа к его абсолютной температуре остается постоянным:</p><p>$ \frac{V}{T} = \text{const} $</p><p>Следовательно, при увеличении температуры $\text{T}$ объем газа $\text{V}$ также увеличивается, что и наблюдается в опыте как движение капли.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> С воздухом в пробирке происходит процесс теплового расширения при постоянном давлении, который называется изобарным расширением.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498502" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498500" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499046" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1498501 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "12" "field_page_end" => "13" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/03zad-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498502" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498500" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499046" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1222 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1498502 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "13" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/03zad-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1121} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1121} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1125} 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1130} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1242 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1782514 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 …2} "task" => array:2 [ …2] "text" => "<p><strong>2.</strong> На рис. 11 изображён график зависимости давления от объёма для равновесного процесса. Какой процесс происходит при переходе термодинамической системы из состояния $\text{1}$ в состояние $\text{2}$?</p><p><!-- Graph representation is not directly convertable to HTML text, so we focus on textual labels and captions. --><!-- The graph visually represents p vs V, with points 1 and 2, and volumes V1, V2 --><!-- Axes labels: <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{p}$">$\text{p}$</span> (vertical), <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{V}$">$\text{V}$</span> (horizontal) --><!-- Origin: <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{0}$">$\text{0}$</span> --><!-- Process from <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{1}$">$\text{1}$</span> to <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{2}$">$\text{2}$</span>: constant pressure (<span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{p}$">$\text{p}$</span>) while volume changes from <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$V_1$">$V_1$</span> to <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$V_2$">$V_2$</span> --></p><p>Рис. 11</p>" "img" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1782514 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 …2} "task" => array:2 [ …2] "text" => "<p><strong>2.</strong> На рис. 11 изображён график зависимости давления от объёма для равновесного процесса. Какой процесс происходит при переходе термодинамической системы из состояния $\text{1}$ в состояние $\text{2}$?</p><p><!-- Graph representation is not directly convertable to HTML text, so we focus on textual labels and captions. --><!-- The graph visually represents p vs V, with points 1 and 2, and volumes V1, V2 --><!-- Axes labels: <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{p}$">$\text{p}$</span> (vertical), <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{V}$">$\text{V}$</span> (horizontal) --><!-- Origin: <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{0}$">$\text{0}$</span> --><!-- Process from <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{1}$">$\text{1}$</span> to <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{2}$">$\text{2}$</span>: constant pressure (<span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$\text{p}$">$\text{p}$</span>) while volume changes from <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$V_1$">$V_1$</span> to <span class="formula-wrapper" data-formula-source="$V_2$">$V_2$</span> --></p><p>Рис. 11</p>" "img" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1244 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1856511 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "task" => array:2 [ …2] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>На представленном графике (рис. 11) показана зависимость давления $\text{p}$ от объёма $\text{V}$ для термодинамической системы. Процесс перехода из состояния 1 в состояние 2 изображён в виде горизонтальной прямой линии.</p><p>В начальном состоянии 1 система имеет объём $V_1$ и некоторое давление. В конечном состоянии 2 система имеет объём $V_2$ и то же самое давление. Поскольку линия процесса 1-2 параллельна оси объёмов $\text{V}$, это означает, что давление в ходе всего процесса остаётся неизменным, то есть $p = const$.</p><p>Термодинамический процесс, протекающий при постоянном давлении, называется изобарным (или изобарическим) процессом.</p><p>Из графика также видно, что объём системы изменяется от $V_1$ до $V_2$. Так как $V_2$ находится правее $V_1$ на оси абсцисс, то $V_2 > V_1$. Это означает, что происходит расширение газа.</p><p>Следовательно, переход термодинамической системы из состояния 1 в состояние 2 представляет собой изобарное расширение.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> При переходе термодинамической системы из состояния 1 в состояние 2 происходит изобарный процесс (изобарное расширение), так как давление системы остаётся постоянным ($p=const$), а объём увеличивается ($V_2 > V_1$).</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1856511 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "task" => array:2 [ …2] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>На представленном графике (рис. 11) показана зависимость давления $\text{p}$ от объёма $\text{V}$ для термодинамической системы. Процесс перехода из состояния 1 в состояние 2 изображён в виде горизонтальной прямой линии.</p><p>В начальном состоянии 1 система имеет объём $V_1$ и некоторое давление. В конечном состоянии 2 система имеет объём $V_2$ и то же самое давление. Поскольку линия процесса 1-2 параллельна оси объёмов $\text{V}$, это означает, что давление в ходе всего процесса остаётся неизменным, то есть $p = const$.</p><p>Термодинамический процесс, протекающий при постоянном давлении, называется изобарным (или изобарическим) процессом.</p><p>Из графика также видно, что объём системы изменяется от $V_1$ до $V_2$. Так как $V_2$ находится правее $V_1$ на оси абсцисс, то $V_2 > V_1$. Это означает, что происходит расширение газа.</p><p>Следовательно, переход термодинамической системы из состояния 1 в состояние 2 представляет собой изобарное расширение.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> При переходе термодинамической системы из состояния 1 в состояние 2 происходит изобарный процесс (изобарное расширение), так как давление системы остаётся постоянным ($p=const$), а объём увеличивается ($V_2 > V_1$).</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498503" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498501" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499047" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1498502 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "13" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/03zad-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498503" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498501" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499047" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1234 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1498503 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "13" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/03zad-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1121} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1121} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1125} 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1130} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1103} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1090} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498504" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498502" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499047" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1498503 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "13" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/03zad-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498504" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498502" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499047" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1499047 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "13" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/page-13" "field_display_title" => "13" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "13" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499048" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499046" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1498503 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "13" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/hizhnyakova-uchebnik/03zad-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498504" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1498502" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1499047" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№3 (с. 13)
Условие. №3 (с. 13)
скриншот условия
3. Процессы перехода системы из состояния $\text{1}$ в состояние $\text{2}$ изображены графически на рис. $\text{12}$. Участки $1-1'$, $1'-2$ — прямые линии, участок $1-2$ — гипербола. Назовите процессы, происходящие при переходе системы: а) из состояния $\text{1}$ в $1'$; б) из состояния $\text{1}$ в $\text{2}$.
Рис. $\text{12}$
Решение. №3 (с. 13)
Решение:
а) из состояния 1 в 1'
На представленном графике в координатах давление-объем ($p-V$) процесс перехода из состояния 1 в состояние 1' изображен в виде горизонтальной прямой линии. Это означает, что в ходе процесса давление $\text{p}$ оставалось постоянным ($p = \text{const}$), в то время как объем $\text{V}$ увеличивался (стрелка указывает направление вправо вдоль оси объемов). Процесс, который происходит при постоянном давлении, называется изобарным (или изобарическим). Поскольку объем увеличивается, это изобарное расширение.
Ответ: Изобарное (изобарическое) расширение.
б) из состояния 1 в 2
Процесс перехода из состояния 1 в состояние 2, согласно условию, изображен в виде гиперболы. В термодинамике, в координатах $p-V$, график в виде гиперболы соответствует процессу, при котором произведение давления на объем остается постоянной величиной ($pV = \text{const}$). Такой процесс называется изотермическим, так как он протекает при постоянной температуре ($T = \text{const}$). Это следует из уравнения состояния идеального газа (уравнения Менделеева-Клапейрона): $pV = \nu RT$. Поскольку объем системы при переходе из точки 1 в точку 2 увеличивается, данный процесс является изотермическим расширением.
Ответ: Изотермическое расширение.
Другие задания:
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