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Номер 9.37, страница 54 - гдз по физике 8-11 класс учебник, задачник Гельфгат, Генденштейн
Авторы: Гельфгат И. М., Генденштейн Л. Э., Кирик Л. А.
Тип: Учебник, задачник
Издательство: Илекса
Год издания: 2005 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре
ISBN: 978-5-89237-332-6
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Задачи. Молекулярная физика. 9. Молекулярно-кинетическая теория. Свойства газов - номер 9.37, страница 54.
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"updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#342 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" 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Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1032 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => 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"field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1032 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} 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"field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] 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{#1065} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1067 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1070 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" 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"/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_city" => 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"field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1104 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null 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"updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "9. Молекулярно-кинетическая теория. Свойства газов" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1144 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1178 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287877 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "9. Молекулярно-кинетическая теория. Свойства газов" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1220 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1478135 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1222 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5410 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5410 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288260" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>9.37.</strong> В цилиндре под поршнем площадью $S = 100 \text{ см}^2$ и массой $m_1 = 50 \text{ кг}$ находится воздух при температуре $t_1 = 7 \text{ °C}$. Поршень находится на высоте $h_1 = 60 \text{ см}$ от дна цилиндра. Воздух в цилиндре нагревают до $t_2 = 47 \text{ °C}$, а на поршень ставят гирю массой $m_2 = 100 \text{ кг}$. На сколько опустится или поднимется поршень по сравнению со своим начальным положением? Атмосферное давление $p_a = 100 \text{ кПа}$, трением поршня о стенки цилиндра можно пренебречь.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "37-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1433" "height" => 452 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-09/37-1.webp?ts=1756049826" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1478135 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288260" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>9.37.</strong> В цилиндре под поршнем площадью $S = 100 \text{ см}^2$ и массой $m_1 = 50 \text{ кг}$ находится воздух при температуре $t_1 = 7 \text{ °C}$. Поршень находится на высоте $h_1 = 60 \text{ см}$ от дна цилиндра. Воздух в цилиндре нагревают до $t_2 = 47 \text{ °C}$, а на поршень ставят гирю массой $m_2 = 100 \text{ кг}$. На сколько опустится или поднимется поршень по сравнению со своим начальным положением? Атмосферное давление $p_a = 100 \text{ кПа}$, трением поршня о стенки цилиндра можно пренебречь.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "37-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1433" "height" => 452 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-09/37-1.webp?ts=1756049826" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1228 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1478647 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1230 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5411 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5411 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288260" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "37-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1427" "height" => 586 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/1-09/37-1.webp?ts=1756049891" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1478647 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288260" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "37-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1427" "height" => 586 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/1-09/37-1.webp?ts=1756049891" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1236 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1737953 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1238 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6336 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6336 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288260" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$S = 100 \text{ см}^2$</p><p>$m_1 = 50 \text{ кг}$</p><p>$t_1 = 7 \text{ °C}$</p><p>$h_1 = 60 \text{ см}$</p><p>$t_2 = 47 \text{ °C}$</p><p>$m_2 = 100 \text{ кг}$</p><p>$p_a = 100 \text{ кПа}$</p><p>$S = 100 \cdot (10^{-2} \text{ м})^2 = 100 \cdot 10^{-4} \text{ м}^2 = 0.01 \text{ м}^2$<br>$T_1 = 7 + 273 = 280 \text{ К}$<br>$h_1 = 60 \text{ см} = 0.6 \text{ м}$<br>$T_2 = 47 + 273 = 320 \text{ К}$<br>$p_a = 100 \text{ кПа} = 100 \cdot 10^3 \text{ Па} = 10^5 \text{ Па}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$\Delta h$ — изменение высоты поршня.</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Рассмотрим два состояния воздуха в цилиндре: начальное (состояние 1) и конечное (состояние 2). Поскольку масса воздуха в цилиндре остается постоянной, можно применить объединенный газовый закон (уравнение Клапейрона):</p><p>$\frac{p_1 V_1}{T_1} = \frac{p_2 V_2}{T_2}$</p><p>где $\text{p}$, $\text{V}$ и $\text{T}$ — давление, объем и абсолютная температура газа соответственно.</p><p>Найдем давление газа в начальном состоянии. Поршень находится в равновесии, следовательно, давление газа $p_1$ уравновешивает атмосферное давление $p_a$ и давление, создаваемое массой поршня $m_1$:</p><p>$p_1 = p_a + \frac{m_1 g}{S}$</p><p>В конечном состоянии на поршень дополнительно кладут гирю массой $m_2$. Давление газа $p_2$ будет уравновешивать атмосферное давление и давление, создаваемое поршнем и гирей:</p><p>$p_2 = p_a + \frac{(m_1 + m_2) g}{S}$</p><p>Объемы газа в начальном и конечном состояниях выражаются через высоту поршня $\text{h}$ и площадь его основания $\text{S}$:</p><p>$V_1 = S h_1$</p><p>$V_2 = S h_2$</p><p>Подставим выражения для давлений и объемов в объединенный газовый закон:</p><p>$\frac{(p_a + \frac{m_1 g}{S}) S h_1}{T_1} = \frac{(p_a + \frac{(m_1 + m_2) g}{S}) S h_2}{T_2}$</p><p>Отсюда можно выразить конечную высоту поршня $h_2$:</p><p>$h_2 = h_1 \cdot \frac{p_a + \frac{m_1 g}{S}}{p_a + \frac{(m_1 + m_2) g}{S}} \cdot \frac{T_2}{T_1}$</p><p>Произведем вычисления, приняв ускорение свободного падения $g \approx 10 \text{ м/с}^2$.</p><p>Давление в начальном состоянии:</p><p>$p_1 = 10^5 \text{ Па} + \frac{50 \text{ кг} \cdot 10 \text{ м/с}^2}{0.01 \text{ м}^2} = 10^5 \text{ Па} + 50000 \text{ Па} = 150000 \text{ Па}$</p><p>Давление в конечном состоянии:</p><p>$p_2 = 10^5 \text{ Па} + \frac{(50 \text{ кг} + 100 \text{ кг}) \cdot 10 \text{ м/с}^2}{0.01 \text{ м}^2} = 10^5 \text{ Па} + 150000 \text{ Па} = 250000 \text{ Па}$</p><p>Теперь найдем конечную высоту поршня $h_2$:</p><p>$h_2 = 0.6 \text{ м} \cdot \frac{150000 \text{ Па}}{250000 \text{ Па}} \cdot \frac{320 \text{ К}}{280 \text{ К}} = 0.6 \cdot \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{8}{7} = \frac{14.4}{35} \approx 0.4114 \text{ м}$</p><p>Поскольку $h_2 < h_1$, поршень опустился. Найдем, на сколько он опустился:</p><p>$\Delta h = h_1 - h_2 = 0.6 \text{ м} - 0.4114 \text{ м} \approx 0.1886 \text{ м}$</p><p>Переведем результат в сантиметры: $0.1886 \text{ м} \approx 18.9 \text{ см}$. Округлим до целого значения.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Поршень опустится на 19 см.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1737953 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288260" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$S = 100 \text{ см}^2$</p><p>$m_1 = 50 \text{ кг}$</p><p>$t_1 = 7 \text{ °C}$</p><p>$h_1 = 60 \text{ см}$</p><p>$t_2 = 47 \text{ °C}$</p><p>$m_2 = 100 \text{ кг}$</p><p>$p_a = 100 \text{ кПа}$</p><p>$S = 100 \cdot (10^{-2} \text{ м})^2 = 100 \cdot 10^{-4} \text{ м}^2 = 0.01 \text{ м}^2$<br>$T_1 = 7 + 273 = 280 \text{ К}$<br>$h_1 = 60 \text{ см} = 0.6 \text{ м}$<br>$T_2 = 47 + 273 = 320 \text{ К}$<br>$p_a = 100 \text{ кПа} = 100 \cdot 10^3 \text{ Па} = 10^5 \text{ Па}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$\Delta h$ — изменение высоты поршня.</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Рассмотрим два состояния воздуха в цилиндре: начальное (состояние 1) и конечное (состояние 2). Поскольку масса воздуха в цилиндре остается постоянной, можно применить объединенный газовый закон (уравнение Клапейрона):</p><p>$\frac{p_1 V_1}{T_1} = \frac{p_2 V_2}{T_2}$</p><p>где $\text{p}$, $\text{V}$ и $\text{T}$ — давление, объем и абсолютная температура газа соответственно.</p><p>Найдем давление газа в начальном состоянии. Поршень находится в равновесии, следовательно, давление газа $p_1$ уравновешивает атмосферное давление $p_a$ и давление, создаваемое массой поршня $m_1$:</p><p>$p_1 = p_a + \frac{m_1 g}{S}$</p><p>В конечном состоянии на поршень дополнительно кладут гирю массой $m_2$. Давление газа $p_2$ будет уравновешивать атмосферное давление и давление, создаваемое поршнем и гирей:</p><p>$p_2 = p_a + \frac{(m_1 + m_2) g}{S}$</p><p>Объемы газа в начальном и конечном состояниях выражаются через высоту поршня $\text{h}$ и площадь его основания $\text{S}$:</p><p>$V_1 = S h_1$</p><p>$V_2 = S h_2$</p><p>Подставим выражения для давлений и объемов в объединенный газовый закон:</p><p>$\frac{(p_a + \frac{m_1 g}{S}) S h_1}{T_1} = \frac{(p_a + \frac{(m_1 + m_2) g}{S}) S h_2}{T_2}$</p><p>Отсюда можно выразить конечную высоту поршня $h_2$:</p><p>$h_2 = h_1 \cdot \frac{p_a + \frac{m_1 g}{S}}{p_a + \frac{(m_1 + m_2) g}{S}} \cdot \frac{T_2}{T_1}$</p><p>Произведем вычисления, приняв ускорение свободного падения $g \approx 10 \text{ м/с}^2$.</p><p>Давление в начальном состоянии:</p><p>$p_1 = 10^5 \text{ Па} + \frac{50 \text{ кг} \cdot 10 \text{ м/с}^2}{0.01 \text{ м}^2} = 10^5 \text{ Па} + 50000 \text{ Па} = 150000 \text{ Па}$</p><p>Давление в конечном состоянии:</p><p>$p_2 = 10^5 \text{ Па} + \frac{(50 \text{ кг} + 100 \text{ кг}) \cdot 10 \text{ м/с}^2}{0.01 \text{ м}^2} = 10^5 \text{ Па} + 150000 \text{ Па} = 250000 \text{ Па}$</p><p>Теперь найдем конечную высоту поршня $h_2$:</p><p>$h_2 = 0.6 \text{ м} \cdot \frac{150000 \text{ Па}}{250000 \text{ Па}} \cdot \frac{320 \text{ К}}{280 \text{ К}} = 0.6 \cdot \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{8}{7} = \frac{14.4}{35} \approx 0.4114 \text{ м}$</p><p>Поскольку $h_2 < h_1$, поршень опустился. Найдем, на сколько он опустился:</p><p>$\Delta h = h_1 - h_2 = 0.6 \text{ м} - 0.4114 \text{ м} \approx 0.1886 \text{ м}$</p><p>Переведем результат в сантиметры: $0.1886 \text{ м} \approx 18.9 \text{ см}$. Округлим до целого значения.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Поршень опустится на 19 см.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288261" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288259" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1245 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1247 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1249 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1250 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1251 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1252 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1254 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5158 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Илекса" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ileksa" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5158 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Илекса" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ileksa" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1256 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4102 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Гельфгат" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Илья" "field_patronymic" => "Маркович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4102 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Гельфгат" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Илья" "field_patronymic" => "Маркович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1257 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" …1 ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1258 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1261 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1263 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1265 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1271 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1272 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" "alt" => "" "width" => "1813" "height" => "2441" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1273 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1274 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1275 #items: [] 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"subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268} "field_standart_of_education" => 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"/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" "alt" => "" "width" => "1813" "height" => "2441" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1273} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1274} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1275} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1276} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1292 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1291 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1340405 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "54" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/page-54" "field_display_title" => "54" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "54" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1293 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1329 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1294 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1327 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1338 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1337 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340406" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340404" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#2611 #items: array:8 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#2625 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#2856 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#2863 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#2889 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#2919 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#2916 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#2903 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#2922 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1340405 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "54" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/page-54" "field_display_title" => "54" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "54" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1293} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1329} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null 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Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#331} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#342} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288261" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288259" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340405" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№9.37 (с. 54)
Условие. №9.37 (с. 54)
скриншот условия
9.37. В цилиндре под поршнем площадью $S = 100 \text{ см}^2$ и массой $m_1 = 50 \text{ кг}$ находится воздух при температуре $t_1 = 7 \text{ °C}$. Поршень находится на высоте $h_1 = 60 \text{ см}$ от дна цилиндра. Воздух в цилиндре нагревают до $t_2 = 47 \text{ °C}$, а на поршень ставят гирю массой $m_2 = 100 \text{ кг}$. На сколько опустится или поднимется поршень по сравнению со своим начальным положением? Атмосферное давление $p_a = 100 \text{ кПа}$, трением поршня о стенки цилиндра можно пренебречь.
Решение. №9.37 (с. 54)
Решение 2. №9.37 (с. 54)
Дано:
$S = 100 \text{ см}^2$
$m_1 = 50 \text{ кг}$
$t_1 = 7 \text{ °C}$
$h_1 = 60 \text{ см}$
$t_2 = 47 \text{ °C}$
$m_2 = 100 \text{ кг}$
$p_a = 100 \text{ кПа}$
$S = 100 \cdot (10^{-2} \text{ м})^2 = 100 \cdot 10^{-4} \text{ м}^2 = 0.01 \text{ м}^2$
$T_1 = 7 + 273 = 280 \text{ К}$
$h_1 = 60 \text{ см} = 0.6 \text{ м}$
$T_2 = 47 + 273 = 320 \text{ К}$
$p_a = 100 \text{ кПа} = 100 \cdot 10^3 \text{ Па} = 10^5 \text{ Па}$
Найти:
$\Delta h$ — изменение высоты поршня.
Решение:
Рассмотрим два состояния воздуха в цилиндре: начальное (состояние 1) и конечное (состояние 2). Поскольку масса воздуха в цилиндре остается постоянной, можно применить объединенный газовый закон (уравнение Клапейрона):
$\frac{p_1 V_1}{T_1} = \frac{p_2 V_2}{T_2}$
где $\text{p}$, $\text{V}$ и $\text{T}$ — давление, объем и абсолютная температура газа соответственно.
Найдем давление газа в начальном состоянии. Поршень находится в равновесии, следовательно, давление газа $p_1$ уравновешивает атмосферное давление $p_a$ и давление, создаваемое массой поршня $m_1$:
$p_1 = p_a + \frac{m_1 g}{S}$
В конечном состоянии на поршень дополнительно кладут гирю массой $m_2$. Давление газа $p_2$ будет уравновешивать атмосферное давление и давление, создаваемое поршнем и гирей:
$p_2 = p_a + \frac{(m_1 + m_2) g}{S}$
Объемы газа в начальном и конечном состояниях выражаются через высоту поршня $\text{h}$ и площадь его основания $\text{S}$:
$V_1 = S h_1$
$V_2 = S h_2$
Подставим выражения для давлений и объемов в объединенный газовый закон:
$\frac{(p_a + \frac{m_1 g}{S}) S h_1}{T_1} = \frac{(p_a + \frac{(m_1 + m_2) g}{S}) S h_2}{T_2}$
Отсюда можно выразить конечную высоту поршня $h_2$:
$h_2 = h_1 \cdot \frac{p_a + \frac{m_1 g}{S}}{p_a + \frac{(m_1 + m_2) g}{S}} \cdot \frac{T_2}{T_1}$
Произведем вычисления, приняв ускорение свободного падения $g \approx 10 \text{ м/с}^2$.
Давление в начальном состоянии:
$p_1 = 10^5 \text{ Па} + \frac{50 \text{ кг} \cdot 10 \text{ м/с}^2}{0.01 \text{ м}^2} = 10^5 \text{ Па} + 50000 \text{ Па} = 150000 \text{ Па}$
Давление в конечном состоянии:
$p_2 = 10^5 \text{ Па} + \frac{(50 \text{ кг} + 100 \text{ кг}) \cdot 10 \text{ м/с}^2}{0.01 \text{ м}^2} = 10^5 \text{ Па} + 150000 \text{ Па} = 250000 \text{ Па}$
Теперь найдем конечную высоту поршня $h_2$:
$h_2 = 0.6 \text{ м} \cdot \frac{150000 \text{ Па}}{250000 \text{ Па}} \cdot \frac{320 \text{ К}}{280 \text{ К}} = 0.6 \cdot \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{8}{7} = \frac{14.4}{35} \approx 0.4114 \text{ м}$
Поскольку $h_2 < h_1$, поршень опустился. Найдем, на сколько он опустился:
$\Delta h = h_1 - h_2 = 0.6 \text{ м} - 0.4114 \text{ м} \approx 0.1886 \text{ м}$
Переведем результат в сантиметры: $0.1886 \text{ м} \approx 18.9 \text{ см}$. Округлим до целого значения.
Ответ: Поршень опустится на 19 см.
Другие задания:
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ПрисоединитьсяМы подготовили для вас ответ c подробным объяснением домашего задания по физике за 8-11 класс, для упражнения номер 9.37 расположенного на странице 54 к учебнику, задачнику 2005 года издания для учащихся школ и гимназий.
Теперь на нашем сайте ГДЗ.ТОП вы всегда легко и бесплатно найдёте условие с правильным ответом на вопрос «Как решить ДЗ» и «Как сделать» задание по физике к упражнению №9.37 (с. 54), авторов: Гельфгат (Илья Маркович), Генденштейн (Лев Элевич), Кирик (Леонид Анатольевич), учебного пособия издательства Илекса.