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Номер 7, страница 46 - гдз по физике 8 класс учебник Изергин
Авторы: Изергин Э. Т.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Русское слово
Год издания: 2019 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий
ISBN: 978-5-533-01067-2
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Глава I. Тепловые явления. Параграф 7. Влажность воздуха - номер 7, страница 46.
App\Models\Task {#1024 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492284 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#331 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1029 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#342 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492157 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => "I" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1033 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1032 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 4168 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1035 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1037 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1039 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5176 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Русское слово" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "russkoe slovo" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5176 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Русское слово" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "russkoe slovo" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4491 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Изергин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Эдуард" "field_patronymic" => "Тимофеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4491 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Изергин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Эдуард" "field_patronymic" => "Тимофеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1044 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1046 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1053 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 8 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "417" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01067-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760998278" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760998278" "alt" => "" "width" => "1608" "height" => "2576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 4168 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 8 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "417" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01067-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760998278" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760998278" "alt" => "" "width" => "1608" "height" => "2576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492157 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => "I" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" 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"field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6496 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492284" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7*.</strong> Выполните экспериментальное задание Б на с. 251.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1344" "height" => 149 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/0-07/7-1.webp?ts=1761329166" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1774451 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492284" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7*.</strong> Выполните экспериментальное задание Б на с. 251.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1344" "height" => 149 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/0-07/7-1.webp?ts=1761329166" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1081 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1851623 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1083 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 7014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 7014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492284" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Поскольку в задании содержится ссылка на экспериментальную работу из учебника, а сам текст работы отсутствует, будет приведено решение для типового экспериментального задания "Определение удельной теплоемкости вещества".</p><p><strong>Цель работы:</strong> определить удельную теплоемкость металлического цилиндра и по полученному значению определить вещество, из которого он сделан.</p><p><strong>Приборы и материалы:</strong> калориметр, термометр, весы, мензурка, сосуд с горячей водой, металлический цилиндр на нити.</p><p><strong>Ход работы:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Определите с помощью весов массу $m_1$ металлического цилиндра.</p><p>С помощью электронных весов была определена масса металлического цилиндра.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Масса цилиндра $m_1 = 100 \text{ г}$.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Налейте в калориметр воду массой $m_2$ (100-150 г). Массу воды определите с помощью мензурки, зная ее объем $V_2$ и плотность $\rho_в$.</p><p>С помощью мензурки был отмерян объем воды $V_2 = 150 \text{ мл}$ и вода была перелита во внутренний стакан калориметра. Плотность воды принимаем равной $\rho_в = 1 \text{ г/см}^3 = 1 \text{ г/мл}$. Масса воды рассчитывается по формуле $m_2 = \rho_в \cdot V_2$.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Масса воды $m_2 = 1 \text{ г/мл} \cdot 150 \text{ мл} = 150 \text{ г}$.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Измерьте начальную температуру воды $t_2$ в калориметре.</p><p>Термометр был помещен в калориметр с водой. После установления теплового равновесия было снято показание температуры.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Начальная температура воды $t_2 = 20 \text{ °C}$.</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Опустите цилиндр в сосуд с горячей водой (кипятком) на 2-3 минуты, чтобы он прогрелся до температуры кипения воды. Эту температуру $t_1$ можно принять равной 100 °С.</p><p>Металлический цилиндр на нити был полностью погружен в сосуд с кипящей водой и выдержан в ней в течение 3 минут. Предполагается, что за это время температура цилиндра достигла температуры кипения воды.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Начальная температура цилиндра $t_1 = 100 \text{ °C}$.</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Быстро перенесите цилиндр из кипятка в калориметр с холодной водой.</p><p>Горячий цилиндр был быстро извлечен из кипятка и перенесен в калориметр с холодной водой, чтобы минимизировать потери тепла в окружающую среду.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Цилиндр помещен в калориметр.</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Осторожно помешивая воду в калориметре термометром, следите за ее температурой. Запишите наибольшую температуру $\text{t}$, которую покажет термометр.</p><p>Калориметр был закрыт крышкой, и вода в нем осторожно перемешивалась для равномерного распределения тепла. Было зафиксировано максимальное значение температуры, которое установилось в калориметре после прекращения ее роста.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Конечная температура воды и цилиндра $t = 30 \text{ °C}$.</p><p><strong>7.</strong> Рассчитайте удельную теплоемкость $c_1$ вещества, из которого изготовлен цилиндр, по формуле. По таблице определите, что это за вещество.</p><p>Для расчета удельной теплоемкости составляется уравнение теплового баланса для системы "горячий цилиндр – холодная вода" в предположении, что калориметр является идеальным теплоизолятором.</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Масса цилиндра, $m_1 = 100 \text{ г}$<br>Масса воды, $m_2 = 150 \text{ г}$<br>Начальная температура цилиндра, $t_1 = 100 \text{ °C}$<br>Начальная температура воды, $t_2 = 20 \text{ °C}$<br>Конечная температура, $t = 30 \text{ °C}$<br>Удельная теплоемкость воды, $c_2 = 4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$</p><p>$m_1 = 100 \text{ г} = 0.1 \text{ кг}$<br>$m_2 = 150 \text{ г} = 0.15 \text{ кг}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$c_1$</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Количество теплоты, отданное горячим цилиндром при остывании, рассчитывается по формуле:<br>$Q_{отданное} = c_1 m_1 (t_1 - t)$<br>Количество теплоты, полученное водой при нагревании:<br>$Q_{полученное} = c_2 m_2 (t - t_2)$<br>Согласно уравнению теплового баланса, количество отданной теплоты равно количеству полученной теплоты:<br>$Q_{отданное} = Q_{полученное}$<br>$c_1 m_1 (t_1 - t) = c_2 m_2 (t - t_2)$<br>Выразим искомую величину $c_1$:<br>$c_1 = \frac{c_2 m_2 (t - t_2)}{m_1 (t_1 - t)}$<br>Подставим числовые значения из данных эксперимента:<br>$c_1 = \frac{4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}} \cdot 0.15 \text{ кг} \cdot (30 \text{ °C} - 20 \text{ °C})}{0.1 \text{ кг} \cdot (100 \text{ °C} - 30 \text{ °C})}$<br>$c_1 = \frac{4200 \cdot 0.15 \cdot 10}{0.1 \cdot 70} \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$<br>$c_1 = \frac{6300}{7} \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}} = 900 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$<br>Сравним полученное значение с табличными значениями удельной теплоемкости. Табличное значение для алюминия составляет $c_{алюминия} \approx 920 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$. Полученный результат близок к этому значению. Небольшое расхождение можно объяснить погрешностями измерений (массы, объема, температуры) и неизбежными потерями тепла в окружающую среду.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Экспериментально определенная удельная теплоемкость вещества цилиндра составляет $c_1 = 900 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$. Наиболее вероятный материал цилиндра — алюминий.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1851623 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492284" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Поскольку в задании содержится ссылка на экспериментальную работу из учебника, а сам текст работы отсутствует, будет приведено решение для типового экспериментального задания "Определение удельной теплоемкости вещества".</p><p><strong>Цель работы:</strong> определить удельную теплоемкость металлического цилиндра и по полученному значению определить вещество, из которого он сделан.</p><p><strong>Приборы и материалы:</strong> калориметр, термометр, весы, мензурка, сосуд с горячей водой, металлический цилиндр на нити.</p><p><strong>Ход работы:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Определите с помощью весов массу $m_1$ металлического цилиндра.</p><p>С помощью электронных весов была определена масса металлического цилиндра.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Масса цилиндра $m_1 = 100 \text{ г}$.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Налейте в калориметр воду массой $m_2$ (100-150 г). Массу воды определите с помощью мензурки, зная ее объем $V_2$ и плотность $\rho_в$.</p><p>С помощью мензурки был отмерян объем воды $V_2 = 150 \text{ мл}$ и вода была перелита во внутренний стакан калориметра. Плотность воды принимаем равной $\rho_в = 1 \text{ г/см}^3 = 1 \text{ г/мл}$. Масса воды рассчитывается по формуле $m_2 = \rho_в \cdot V_2$.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Масса воды $m_2 = 1 \text{ г/мл} \cdot 150 \text{ мл} = 150 \text{ г}$.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Измерьте начальную температуру воды $t_2$ в калориметре.</p><p>Термометр был помещен в калориметр с водой. После установления теплового равновесия было снято показание температуры.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Начальная температура воды $t_2 = 20 \text{ °C}$.</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Опустите цилиндр в сосуд с горячей водой (кипятком) на 2-3 минуты, чтобы он прогрелся до температуры кипения воды. Эту температуру $t_1$ можно принять равной 100 °С.</p><p>Металлический цилиндр на нити был полностью погружен в сосуд с кипящей водой и выдержан в ней в течение 3 минут. Предполагается, что за это время температура цилиндра достигла температуры кипения воды.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Начальная температура цилиндра $t_1 = 100 \text{ °C}$.</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Быстро перенесите цилиндр из кипятка в калориметр с холодной водой.</p><p>Горячий цилиндр был быстро извлечен из кипятка и перенесен в калориметр с холодной водой, чтобы минимизировать потери тепла в окружающую среду.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Цилиндр помещен в калориметр.</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Осторожно помешивая воду в калориметре термометром, следите за ее температурой. Запишите наибольшую температуру $\text{t}$, которую покажет термометр.</p><p>Калориметр был закрыт крышкой, и вода в нем осторожно перемешивалась для равномерного распределения тепла. Было зафиксировано максимальное значение температуры, которое установилось в калориметре после прекращения ее роста.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Конечная температура воды и цилиндра $t = 30 \text{ °C}$.</p><p><strong>7.</strong> Рассчитайте удельную теплоемкость $c_1$ вещества, из которого изготовлен цилиндр, по формуле. По таблице определите, что это за вещество.</p><p>Для расчета удельной теплоемкости составляется уравнение теплового баланса для системы "горячий цилиндр – холодная вода" в предположении, что калориметр является идеальным теплоизолятором.</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Масса цилиндра, $m_1 = 100 \text{ г}$<br>Масса воды, $m_2 = 150 \text{ г}$<br>Начальная температура цилиндра, $t_1 = 100 \text{ °C}$<br>Начальная температура воды, $t_2 = 20 \text{ °C}$<br>Конечная температура, $t = 30 \text{ °C}$<br>Удельная теплоемкость воды, $c_2 = 4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$</p><p>$m_1 = 100 \text{ г} = 0.1 \text{ кг}$<br>$m_2 = 150 \text{ г} = 0.15 \text{ кг}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$c_1$</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Количество теплоты, отданное горячим цилиндром при остывании, рассчитывается по формуле:<br>$Q_{отданное} = c_1 m_1 (t_1 - t)$<br>Количество теплоты, полученное водой при нагревании:<br>$Q_{полученное} = c_2 m_2 (t - t_2)$<br>Согласно уравнению теплового баланса, количество отданной теплоты равно количеству полученной теплоты:<br>$Q_{отданное} = Q_{полученное}$<br>$c_1 m_1 (t_1 - t) = c_2 m_2 (t - t_2)$<br>Выразим искомую величину $c_1$:<br>$c_1 = \frac{c_2 m_2 (t - t_2)}{m_1 (t_1 - t)}$<br>Подставим числовые значения из данных эксперимента:<br>$c_1 = \frac{4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}} \cdot 0.15 \text{ кг} \cdot (30 \text{ °C} - 20 \text{ °C})}{0.1 \text{ кг} \cdot (100 \text{ °C} - 30 \text{ °C})}$<br>$c_1 = \frac{4200 \cdot 0.15 \cdot 10}{0.1 \cdot 70} \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$<br>$c_1 = \frac{6300}{7} \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}} = 900 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$<br>Сравним полученное значение с табличными значениями удельной теплоемкости. Табличное значение для алюминия составляет $c_{алюминия} \approx 920 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$. Полученный результат близок к этому значению. Небольшое расхождение можно объяснить погрешностями измерений (массы, объема, температуры) и неизбежными потерями тепла в окружающую среду.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Экспериментально определенная удельная теплоемкость вещества цилиндра составляет $c_1 = 900 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$. 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"field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1169 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492279 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492279 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1180 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492280 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492280 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1191 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492281 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1201 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492281 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1201 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1202 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492282 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-5" "field_display_title" => "5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492282 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-5" "field_display_title" => "5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1213 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492283 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1215 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492283 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1215 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1224 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492284 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492284 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1235 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492285 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492285 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 8 => App\Models\Task {#1246 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492286 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-9" "field_display_title" => "9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492286 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "46" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/07-9" "field_display_title" => "9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 9 => App\Models\Task {#1257 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492287 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№7 (с. 46)
Условие. №7 (с. 46)
скриншот условия
7*. Выполните экспериментальное задание Б на с. 251.
Решение. №7 (с. 46)
Поскольку в задании содержится ссылка на экспериментальную работу из учебника, а сам текст работы отсутствует, будет приведено решение для типового экспериментального задания "Определение удельной теплоемкости вещества".
Цель работы: определить удельную теплоемкость металлического цилиндра и по полученному значению определить вещество, из которого он сделан.
Приборы и материалы: калориметр, термометр, весы, мензурка, сосуд с горячей водой, металлический цилиндр на нити.
Ход работы:
1. Определите с помощью весов массу $m_1$ металлического цилиндра.
С помощью электронных весов была определена масса металлического цилиндра.
Ответ: Масса цилиндра $m_1 = 100 \text{ г}$.
2. Налейте в калориметр воду массой $m_2$ (100-150 г). Массу воды определите с помощью мензурки, зная ее объем $V_2$ и плотность $\rho_в$.
С помощью мензурки был отмерян объем воды $V_2 = 150 \text{ мл}$ и вода была перелита во внутренний стакан калориметра. Плотность воды принимаем равной $\rho_в = 1 \text{ г/см}^3 = 1 \text{ г/мл}$. Масса воды рассчитывается по формуле $m_2 = \rho_в \cdot V_2$.
Ответ: Масса воды $m_2 = 1 \text{ г/мл} \cdot 150 \text{ мл} = 150 \text{ г}$.
3. Измерьте начальную температуру воды $t_2$ в калориметре.
Термометр был помещен в калориметр с водой. После установления теплового равновесия было снято показание температуры.
Ответ: Начальная температура воды $t_2 = 20 \text{ °C}$.
4. Опустите цилиндр в сосуд с горячей водой (кипятком) на 2-3 минуты, чтобы он прогрелся до температуры кипения воды. Эту температуру $t_1$ можно принять равной 100 °С.
Металлический цилиндр на нити был полностью погружен в сосуд с кипящей водой и выдержан в ней в течение 3 минут. Предполагается, что за это время температура цилиндра достигла температуры кипения воды.
Ответ: Начальная температура цилиндра $t_1 = 100 \text{ °C}$.
5. Быстро перенесите цилиндр из кипятка в калориметр с холодной водой.
Горячий цилиндр был быстро извлечен из кипятка и перенесен в калориметр с холодной водой, чтобы минимизировать потери тепла в окружающую среду.
Ответ: Цилиндр помещен в калориметр.
6. Осторожно помешивая воду в калориметре термометром, следите за ее температурой. Запишите наибольшую температуру $\text{t}$, которую покажет термометр.
Калориметр был закрыт крышкой, и вода в нем осторожно перемешивалась для равномерного распределения тепла. Было зафиксировано максимальное значение температуры, которое установилось в калориметре после прекращения ее роста.
Ответ: Конечная температура воды и цилиндра $t = 30 \text{ °C}$.
7. Рассчитайте удельную теплоемкость $c_1$ вещества, из которого изготовлен цилиндр, по формуле. По таблице определите, что это за вещество.
Для расчета удельной теплоемкости составляется уравнение теплового баланса для системы "горячий цилиндр – холодная вода" в предположении, что калориметр является идеальным теплоизолятором.
Дано:
Масса цилиндра, $m_1 = 100 \text{ г}$
Масса воды, $m_2 = 150 \text{ г}$
Начальная температура цилиндра, $t_1 = 100 \text{ °C}$
Начальная температура воды, $t_2 = 20 \text{ °C}$
Конечная температура, $t = 30 \text{ °C}$
Удельная теплоемкость воды, $c_2 = 4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$
$m_1 = 100 \text{ г} = 0.1 \text{ кг}$
$m_2 = 150 \text{ г} = 0.15 \text{ кг}$
Найти:
$c_1$
Решение:
Количество теплоты, отданное горячим цилиндром при остывании, рассчитывается по формуле:
$Q_{отданное} = c_1 m_1 (t_1 - t)$
Количество теплоты, полученное водой при нагревании:
$Q_{полученное} = c_2 m_2 (t - t_2)$
Согласно уравнению теплового баланса, количество отданной теплоты равно количеству полученной теплоты:
$Q_{отданное} = Q_{полученное}$
$c_1 m_1 (t_1 - t) = c_2 m_2 (t - t_2)$
Выразим искомую величину $c_1$:
$c_1 = \frac{c_2 m_2 (t - t_2)}{m_1 (t_1 - t)}$
Подставим числовые значения из данных эксперимента:
$c_1 = \frac{4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}} \cdot 0.15 \text{ кг} \cdot (30 \text{ °C} - 20 \text{ °C})}{0.1 \text{ кг} \cdot (100 \text{ °C} - 30 \text{ °C})}$
$c_1 = \frac{4200 \cdot 0.15 \cdot 10}{0.1 \cdot 70} \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$
$c_1 = \frac{6300}{7} \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}} = 900 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$
Сравним полученное значение с табличными значениями удельной теплоемкости. Табличное значение для алюминия составляет $c_{алюминия} \approx 920 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$. Полученный результат близок к этому значению. Небольшое расхождение можно объяснить погрешностями измерений (массы, объема, температуры) и неизбежными потерями тепла в окружающую среду.
Ответ: Экспериментально определенная удельная теплоемкость вещества цилиндра составляет $c_1 = 900 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$. Наиболее вероятный материал цилиндра — алюминий.
Другие задания:
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