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Номер 4, страница 14 - гдз по физике 8 класс дидактические материалы Марон, Марон
Авторы: Марон А. Е., Марон Е. А.
Тип: Дидактические материалы
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2022 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Цвет обложки: белый
ISBN: 978-5-09-111138-5
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Тренировочные задания. Тепловые явления. ТЗ-6. Закон сохранения и превращения энергии в механических и тепловых процессах - номер 4, страница 14.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469914 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469733 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тренировочные задания" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1056 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5107 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Абрам" "field_patronymic" => "Евсеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5107 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Абрам" "field_patronymic" => "Евсеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1062 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null …5 ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1070 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1072 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1078 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469733 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тренировочные задания" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1120 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469733 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тренировочные задания" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469733 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тренировочные задания" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1124 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469734 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469734 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1128 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469740 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "ТЗ-6. Закон сохранения и превращения энергии в механических и тепловых процессах" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "14" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1138 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469734 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469734 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469740 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "ТЗ-6. Закон сохранения и превращения энергии в механических и тепловых процессах" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129} "field_page_start" => "14" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1102 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1761329 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1100 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469914" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>4.</strong> Почему автобусам, работающим с частыми остановками, увеличиваются нормы расхода горючего? Какие превращения энергии происходят при торможении автобуса?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1426" "height" => 251 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-tz06/4-1.webp?ts=1760803459" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1761329 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469914" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>4.</strong> Почему автобусам, работающим с частыми остановками, увеличиваются нормы расхода горючего? Какие превращения энергии происходят при торможении автобуса?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1426" "height" => 251 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-tz06/4-1.webp?ts=1760803459" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1095 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1820744 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1094 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469914" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Почему автобусам, работающим с частыми остановками, увеличиваются нормы расхода горючего?</strong></p><p>Увеличение норм расхода горючего для автобусов, работающих в режиме с частыми остановками (так называемый "городской цикл"), объясняется фундаментальными законами физики, в частности, понятиями работы, энергии и инерции.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> <em>Разгон.</em> Для того чтобы начать движение с места и набрать необходимую скорость, двигателю автобуса требуется совершить значительную работу. Эта работа идет на преодоление инерции массивного транспортного средства и на сообщение ему кинетической энергии, которая рассчитывается по формуле $E_k = \frac{mv^2}{2}$, где $\text{m}$ — масса автобуса, а $\text{v}$ — его скорость. Процесс разгона является наиболее энергозатратным и требует интенсивного сжигания топлива.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> <em>Торможение.</em> При каждой остановке вся накопленная в процессе разгона кинетическая энергия должна быть погашена. В стандартных тормозных системах это происходит за счет работы сил трения (например, между тормозными колодками и дисками). В результате этого трения вся кинетическая энергия, на получение которой было затрачено топливо, преобразуется в тепловую энергию и бесполезно рассеивается в окружающую среду.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> <em>Цикличность.</em> Городской автобус постоянно повторяет этот энергетически крайне неэффективный цикл "разгон-торможение". Он тратит большое количество топлива, чтобы набрать скорость, а затем через короткий промежуток времени полностью теряет эту энергию при торможении на следующей остановке. В отличие от этого, автобус, движущийся по загородной трассе, большую часть времени едет с постоянной скоростью, и двигателю нужно лишь преодолевать силы сопротивления воздуха и трения качения, что требует значительно меньшего расхода топлива.</p><p>Таким образом, частые остановки приводят к постоянной и непроизводительной трате энергии, полученной от сжигания топлива, что и является причиной установления для таких автобусов повышенных норм его расхода.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Нормы расхода горючего увеличиваются потому, что при режиме движения с частыми остановками двигатель постоянно совершает большую работу по разгону массивного автобуса, а затем вся приобретенная кинетическая энергия бесполезно рассеивается в виде тепла при торможении. Этот повторяющийся цикл "разгон–торможение" энергетически очень неэффективен по сравнению с равномерным движением.</p><p><strong>Какие превращения энергии происходят при торможении автобуса?</strong></p><p>При торможении автобуса его кинетическая энергия (энергия движения) преобразуется в другие виды энергии. Конкретный вид преобразования зависит от типа тормозной системы.</p><p>В наиболее распространенной фрикционной тормозной системе происходят следующие превращения:<br>Основное превращение — это переход кинетической энергии автобуса ($E_k$) во внутреннюю (тепловую) энергию. Это происходит за счет работы сил трения между тормозными колодками и тормозными дисками (или барабанами). В результате этого тормозные механизмы и колеса сильно нагреваются, и это тепло затем рассеивается в окружающую среду.<br>Таким образом, главная цепочка преобразования выглядит так:<br><em>Кинетическая энергия → Внутренняя (тепловая) энергия</em></p><p>Кроме того, происходят и незначительные побочные преобразования. Часть кинетической энергии может превращаться в: </p><ul><li>Звуковую энергию (скрип тормозов).</li><li>Световую энергию (если тормозные диски раскаляются докрасна при экстренном торможении).</li></ul><p></p><p>В современных гибридных и электрических автобусах также применяется система рекуперативного торможения. В этом случае происходит другое преобразование: кинетическая энергия движения через трансмиссию заставляет электромотор работать в режиме генератора, превращаясь в электрическую энергию, которая запасается в аккумуляторах для дальнейшего использования.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> При торможении автобуса его кинетическая энергия в основном преобразуется во внутреннюю (тепловую) энергию за счет работы сил трения в тормозных механизмах. Эта тепловая энергия затем рассеивается в окружающую среду.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1820744 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469914" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Почему автобусам, работающим с частыми остановками, увеличиваются нормы расхода горючего?</strong></p><p>Увеличение норм расхода горючего для автобусов, работающих в режиме с частыми остановками (так называемый "городской цикл"), объясняется фундаментальными законами физики, в частности, понятиями работы, энергии и инерции.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> <em>Разгон.</em> Для того чтобы начать движение с места и набрать необходимую скорость, двигателю автобуса требуется совершить значительную работу. Эта работа идет на преодоление инерции массивного транспортного средства и на сообщение ему кинетической энергии, которая рассчитывается по формуле $E_k = \frac{mv^2}{2}$, где $\text{m}$ — масса автобуса, а $\text{v}$ — его скорость. Процесс разгона является наиболее энергозатратным и требует интенсивного сжигания топлива.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> <em>Торможение.</em> При каждой остановке вся накопленная в процессе разгона кинетическая энергия должна быть погашена. В стандартных тормозных системах это происходит за счет работы сил трения (например, между тормозными колодками и дисками). В результате этого трения вся кинетическая энергия, на получение которой было затрачено топливо, преобразуется в тепловую энергию и бесполезно рассеивается в окружающую среду.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> <em>Цикличность.</em> Городской автобус постоянно повторяет этот энергетически крайне неэффективный цикл "разгон-торможение". Он тратит большое количество топлива, чтобы набрать скорость, а затем через короткий промежуток времени полностью теряет эту энергию при торможении на следующей остановке. В отличие от этого, автобус, движущийся по загородной трассе, большую часть времени едет с постоянной скоростью, и двигателю нужно лишь преодолевать силы сопротивления воздуха и трения качения, что требует значительно меньшего расхода топлива.</p><p>Таким образом, частые остановки приводят к постоянной и непроизводительной трате энергии, полученной от сжигания топлива, что и является причиной установления для таких автобусов повышенных норм его расхода.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Нормы расхода горючего увеличиваются потому, что при режиме движения с частыми остановками двигатель постоянно совершает большую работу по разгону массивного автобуса, а затем вся приобретенная кинетическая энергия бесполезно рассеивается в виде тепла при торможении. Этот повторяющийся цикл "разгон–торможение" энергетически очень неэффективен по сравнению с равномерным движением.</p><p><strong>Какие превращения энергии происходят при торможении автобуса?</strong></p><p>При торможении автобуса его кинетическая энергия (энергия движения) преобразуется в другие виды энергии. Конкретный вид преобразования зависит от типа тормозной системы.</p><p>В наиболее распространенной фрикционной тормозной системе происходят следующие превращения:<br>Основное превращение — это переход кинетической энергии автобуса ($E_k$) во внутреннюю (тепловую) энергию. Это происходит за счет работы сил трения между тормозными колодками и тормозными дисками (или барабанами). В результате этого тормозные механизмы и колеса сильно нагреваются, и это тепло затем рассеивается в окружающую среду.<br>Таким образом, главная цепочка преобразования выглядит так:<br><em>Кинетическая энергия → Внутренняя (тепловая) энергия</em></p><p>Кроме того, происходят и незначительные побочные преобразования. Часть кинетической энергии может превращаться в: </p><ul><li>Звуковую энергию (скрип тормозов).</li><li>Световую энергию (если тормозные диски раскаляются докрасна при экстренном торможении).</li></ul><p></p><p>В современных гибридных и электрических автобусах также применяется система рекуперативного торможения. В этом случае происходит другое преобразование: кинетическая энергия движения через трансмиссию заставляет электромотор работать в режиме генератора, превращаясь в электрическую энергию, которая запасается в аккумуляторах для дальнейшего использования.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> При торможении автобуса его кинетическая энергия в основном преобразуется во внутреннюю (тепловую) энергию за счет работы сил трения в тормозных механизмах. Эта тепловая энергия затем рассеивается в окружающую среду.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469915" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469913" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1107 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1469618 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/page-14" "field_display_title" => "14" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "14" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1109 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1761498 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1761498 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469619" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469617" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202 #items: array:9 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1218 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469911 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469911 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1225 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469912 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469912 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1237 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469913 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469913 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1249 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469914 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469914 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1261 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469915 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-5" "field_display_title" => "5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1263 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1265 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1273 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469915 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-5" "field_display_title" => "5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1263 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1265 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1273 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1268 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469916 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1275 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1271 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1285 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469916 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1275 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1271 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1285 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1280 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469917 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1272 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1287 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1283 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1281 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1282 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1297 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469917 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1272 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1287 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1283 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1281 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1282 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1297 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1292 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469918 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1284 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1299 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1295 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1293 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1294 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1309 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469918 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "14" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/tz06-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1284 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1299 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1295 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1293 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1294 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1309 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] 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№4 (с. 14)
Условие. №4 (с. 14)
скриншот условия
4. Почему автобусам, работающим с частыми остановками, увеличиваются нормы расхода горючего? Какие превращения энергии происходят при торможении автобуса?
Решение. №4 (с. 14)
Почему автобусам, работающим с частыми остановками, увеличиваются нормы расхода горючего?
Увеличение норм расхода горючего для автобусов, работающих в режиме с частыми остановками (так называемый "городской цикл"), объясняется фундаментальными законами физики, в частности, понятиями работы, энергии и инерции.
1. Разгон. Для того чтобы начать движение с места и набрать необходимую скорость, двигателю автобуса требуется совершить значительную работу. Эта работа идет на преодоление инерции массивного транспортного средства и на сообщение ему кинетической энергии, которая рассчитывается по формуле $E_k = \frac{mv^2}{2}$, где $\text{m}$ — масса автобуса, а $\text{v}$ — его скорость. Процесс разгона является наиболее энергозатратным и требует интенсивного сжигания топлива.
2. Торможение. При каждой остановке вся накопленная в процессе разгона кинетическая энергия должна быть погашена. В стандартных тормозных системах это происходит за счет работы сил трения (например, между тормозными колодками и дисками). В результате этого трения вся кинетическая энергия, на получение которой было затрачено топливо, преобразуется в тепловую энергию и бесполезно рассеивается в окружающую среду.
3. Цикличность. Городской автобус постоянно повторяет этот энергетически крайне неэффективный цикл "разгон-торможение". Он тратит большое количество топлива, чтобы набрать скорость, а затем через короткий промежуток времени полностью теряет эту энергию при торможении на следующей остановке. В отличие от этого, автобус, движущийся по загородной трассе, большую часть времени едет с постоянной скоростью, и двигателю нужно лишь преодолевать силы сопротивления воздуха и трения качения, что требует значительно меньшего расхода топлива.
Таким образом, частые остановки приводят к постоянной и непроизводительной трате энергии, полученной от сжигания топлива, что и является причиной установления для таких автобусов повышенных норм его расхода.
Ответ: Нормы расхода горючего увеличиваются потому, что при режиме движения с частыми остановками двигатель постоянно совершает большую работу по разгону массивного автобуса, а затем вся приобретенная кинетическая энергия бесполезно рассеивается в виде тепла при торможении. Этот повторяющийся цикл "разгон–торможение" энергетически очень неэффективен по сравнению с равномерным движением.
Какие превращения энергии происходят при торможении автобуса?
При торможении автобуса его кинетическая энергия (энергия движения) преобразуется в другие виды энергии. Конкретный вид преобразования зависит от типа тормозной системы.
В наиболее распространенной фрикционной тормозной системе происходят следующие превращения:
Основное превращение — это переход кинетической энергии автобуса ($E_k$) во внутреннюю (тепловую) энергию. Это происходит за счет работы сил трения между тормозными колодками и тормозными дисками (или барабанами). В результате этого тормозные механизмы и колеса сильно нагреваются, и это тепло затем рассеивается в окружающую среду.
Таким образом, главная цепочка преобразования выглядит так:
Кинетическая энергия → Внутренняя (тепловая) энергия
Кроме того, происходят и незначительные побочные преобразования. Часть кинетической энергии может превращаться в:
- Звуковую энергию (скрип тормозов).
- Световую энергию (если тормозные диски раскаляются докрасна при экстренном торможении).
В современных гибридных и электрических автобусах также применяется система рекуперативного торможения. В этом случае происходит другое преобразование: кинетическая энергия движения через трансмиссию заставляет электромотор работать в режиме генератора, превращаясь в электрическую энергию, которая запасается в аккумуляторах для дальнейшего использования.
Ответ: При торможении автобуса его кинетическая энергия в основном преобразуется во внутреннюю (тепловую) энергию за счет работы сил трения в тормозных механизмах. Эта тепловая энергия затем рассеивается в окружающую среду.
Другие задания:
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