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Номер 2, страница 36 - гдз по химии 8 класс учебник Рудзитис
Авторы: Рудзитис Г. Е.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2019 - 2022
ISBN: 978-5-09-088251-4
Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Глава 1. Первоначальные химические понятия. Параграф 9. Простые и сложные вещества. Подумай, ответь, выполни... - номер 2, страница 36.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367324 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "36" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/09-3-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367111 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Первоначальные химические понятия" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1038 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 524 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "11" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => "2022" "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "418" "field_priority" => "8" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-088251-4" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 524 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_publication_number" => "11" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => "2022" "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "418" "field_priority" => "8" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-088251-4" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367111 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Первоначальные химические понятия" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1115 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367111 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Первоначальные химические понятия" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1116 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1118 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 524 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1117 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1122 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1124 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5630 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Рудзитис" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Гунтис" "field_patronymic" => "Екабович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5630 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Рудзитис" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Гунтис" "field_patronymic" => "Екабович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1129 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1131 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1133 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1138 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "11" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1140 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => "2022" "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "418" "field_priority" => "8" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-088251-4" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1743939572" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1743939572" "alt" => "" "width" => "1444" "height" => "2154" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 498 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 524 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137} "field_publication_number" => "11" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => "2022" "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "418" "field_priority" => "8" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-088251-4" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1743939572" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1743939572" "alt" => "" "width" => "1444" "height" => "2154" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144} "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 498 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367111 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Первоначальные химические понятия" "field_branch_order" => "1" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1147 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367132 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Простые и сложные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "9" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1149 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "33" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1118} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367132 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Простые и сложные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "9" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152} "field_page_start" => "33" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1153 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367133 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Подумай, ответь, выполни..." "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "33" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1118} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1163 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367132 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Простые и сложные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "9" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 …2} "field_page_start" => "33" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367132 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Простые и сложные вещества" "field_branch_order" => "9" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 …2} "field_page_start" => "33" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367133 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Подумай, ответь, выполни..." "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154} "field_page_start" => "33" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1097 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1579557 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1094 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 4499 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "pasha" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 4499 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "pasha" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367324" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>2.</strong> Чем отличаются по составу и свойствам смеси от химических соединений? Приведите примеры.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "778" "height" => 99 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/0-09-3/2-1.webp?ts=1757414565" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1579557 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367324" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>2.</strong> Чем отличаются по составу и свойствам смеси от химических соединений? Приведите примеры.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "778" "height" => 99 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/0-09-3/2-1.webp?ts=1757414565" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1090 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1579603 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1087 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 4500 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ларикова" "field_moderator" => "pasha" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 4500 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ларикова" "field_moderator" => "pasha" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367324" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2098" "height" => 745 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/1-09-3/2-1.webp?ts=1757414578" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1579603 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367324" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2098" "height" => 745 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/1-09-3/2-1.webp?ts=1757414578" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1080 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1740043 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1081 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6342 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6342 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367324" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Смеси и химические соединения являются двумя основными формами существования веществ, которые имеют фундаментальные различия по составу и свойствам.</p><p><strong>Отличия по составу и свойствам</strong></p><p>Основные отличия можно свести к нескольким ключевым пунктам:</p><ul><li><strong>Состав:</strong> Состав смеси является переменным, то есть её компоненты могут быть смешаны в любых массовых соотношениях. Химическое соединение, напротив, всегда имеет постоянный качественный и количественный состав, что отражено в законе постоянства состава. Элементы в нем соединены в строго определенных массовых долях. </li><li><strong>Свойства компонентов:</strong> В смесях составляющие их вещества (компоненты) сохраняют свои индивидуальные физические и химические свойства. Например, в смеси сахара и речного песка сахар остаётся сладким, а песок — нерастворимым в воде. В химическом соединении исходные вещества (простые или сложные) теряют свои свойства, а образуется новое вещество с совершенно иными, уникальными свойствами. </li><li><strong>Способы разделения:</strong> Смеси можно разделить на составляющие их компоненты с помощью физических методов, таких как фильтрование, отстаивание, выпаривание, дистилляция или действие магнитом. Эти методы не приводят к изменению самих веществ. Химическое соединение можно разложить на более простые вещества (например, на составляющие его элементы) только путем проведения химической реакции, то есть разрушив существующие химические связи. </li><li><strong>Энергетические эффекты при образовании:</strong> Процесс приготовления смесей, как правило, не сопровождается выделением или поглощением энергии (тепла, света). Образование химического соединения из других веществ (химическая реакция) почти всегда сопровождается значительными энергетическими изменениями: выделением или поглощением тепла, света и т.д. </li></ul><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Смеси отличаются от химических соединений переменным составом, сохранением индивидуальных свойств компонентов, возможностью разделения физическими методами и отсутствием тепловых эффектов при образовании. Химические соединения характеризуются постоянством состава, образованием нового вещества с уникальными свойствами, возможностью разложения только химическим путем и, как правило, сопровождаются энергетическими эффектами при образовании.</p><p><strong>Примеры</strong></p><p>Наиболее наглядно разницу можно продемонстрировать на примере смеси железа с серой и их химического соединения — сульфида железа.</p><ul><li><strong>Смесь порошков железа и серы:</strong> Это механическое смешение двух веществ. Железные опилки в этой смеси сохраняют свои магнитные свойства, и их можно легко извлечь с помощью магнита. Сера сохраняет свой жёлтый цвет и другие свойства. Компоненты можно смешать в любой пропорции. </li><li><strong>Химическое соединение сульфид железа(II) ($FeS$):</strong> Это вещество образуется при нагревании смеси железа и серы. Протекает химическая реакция: $Fe + S \rightarrow FeS$. Она сопровождается выделением большого количества тепла и света. В результате образуется новое вещество — сульфид железа — твёрдое, тёмно-серого цвета, хрупкое и, в отличие от железа, не притягивающееся магнитом. Его свойства кардинально отличаются от свойств и железа, и серы. Разделить его на исходные элементы можно только с помощью других химических реакций. </li></ul><p>Другой простой пример:</p><ul><li><strong>Смесь:</strong> Раствор соли в воде. Вода и соль в растворе сохраняют многие свои свойства. Их можно разделить физическим методом — выпариванием воды. </li><li><strong>Химическое соединение:</strong> Вода ($H_2O$). Образуется в результате реакции между горючим газом водородом и поддерживающим горение газом кислородом. Вода — это жидкость, которая, наоборот, используется для тушения огня. Её свойства совершенно не похожи на свойства исходных элементов. </li></ul><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Примером смеси может служить смесь железных опилок и порошка серы, а примером химического соединения — сульфид железа ($FeS$). Также примерами являются воздух (смесь) и вода ($H_2O$) (химическое соединение).</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1740043 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367324" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Смеси и химические соединения являются двумя основными формами существования веществ, которые имеют фундаментальные различия по составу и свойствам.</p><p><strong>Отличия по составу и свойствам</strong></p><p>Основные отличия можно свести к нескольким ключевым пунктам:</p><ul><li><strong>Состав:</strong> Состав смеси является переменным, то есть её компоненты могут быть смешаны в любых массовых соотношениях. Химическое соединение, напротив, всегда имеет постоянный качественный и количественный состав, что отражено в законе постоянства состава. Элементы в нем соединены в строго определенных массовых долях. </li><li><strong>Свойства компонентов:</strong> В смесях составляющие их вещества (компоненты) сохраняют свои индивидуальные физические и химические свойства. Например, в смеси сахара и речного песка сахар остаётся сладким, а песок — нерастворимым в воде. В химическом соединении исходные вещества (простые или сложные) теряют свои свойства, а образуется новое вещество с совершенно иными, уникальными свойствами. </li><li><strong>Способы разделения:</strong> Смеси можно разделить на составляющие их компоненты с помощью физических методов, таких как фильтрование, отстаивание, выпаривание, дистилляция или действие магнитом. Эти методы не приводят к изменению самих веществ. Химическое соединение можно разложить на более простые вещества (например, на составляющие его элементы) только путем проведения химической реакции, то есть разрушив существующие химические связи. </li><li><strong>Энергетические эффекты при образовании:</strong> Процесс приготовления смесей, как правило, не сопровождается выделением или поглощением энергии (тепла, света). Образование химического соединения из других веществ (химическая реакция) почти всегда сопровождается значительными энергетическими изменениями: выделением или поглощением тепла, света и т.д. </li></ul><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Смеси отличаются от химических соединений переменным составом, сохранением индивидуальных свойств компонентов, возможностью разделения физическими методами и отсутствием тепловых эффектов при образовании. Химические соединения характеризуются постоянством состава, образованием нового вещества с уникальными свойствами, возможностью разложения только химическим путем и, как правило, сопровождаются энергетическими эффектами при образовании.</p><p><strong>Примеры</strong></p><p>Наиболее наглядно разницу можно продемонстрировать на примере смеси железа с серой и их химического соединения — сульфида железа.</p><ul><li><strong>Смесь порошков железа и серы:</strong> Это механическое смешение двух веществ. Железные опилки в этой смеси сохраняют свои магнитные свойства, и их можно легко извлечь с помощью магнита. Сера сохраняет свой жёлтый цвет и другие свойства. Компоненты можно смешать в любой пропорции. </li><li><strong>Химическое соединение сульфид железа(II) ($FeS$):</strong> Это вещество образуется при нагревании смеси железа и серы. Протекает химическая реакция: $Fe + S \rightarrow FeS$. Она сопровождается выделением большого количества тепла и света. В результате образуется новое вещество — сульфид железа — твёрдое, тёмно-серого цвета, хрупкое и, в отличие от железа, не притягивающееся магнитом. Его свойства кардинально отличаются от свойств и железа, и серы. Разделить его на исходные элементы можно только с помощью других химических реакций. </li></ul><p>Другой простой пример:</p><ul><li><strong>Смесь:</strong> Раствор соли в воде. Вода и соль в растворе сохраняют многие свои свойства. Их можно разделить физическим методом — выпариванием воды. </li><li><strong>Химическое соединение:</strong> Вода ($H_2O$). Образуется в результате реакции между горючим газом водородом и поддерживающим горение газом кислородом. Вода — это жидкость, которая, наоборот, используется для тушения огня. Её свойства совершенно не похожи на свойства исходных элементов. </li></ul><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Примером смеси может служить смесь железных опилок и порошка серы, а примером химического соединения — сульфид железа ($FeS$). Также примерами являются воздух (смесь) и вода ($H_2O$) (химическое соединение).</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367325" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367323" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1118} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1074 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false 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{#1420 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1394 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1423 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1408 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1395 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367328 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "36" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/09-4-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1391 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1407 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1405 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1409 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1411 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1361 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367328 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "36" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => 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Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1274} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367324 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "36" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/09-3-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367325" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367323" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368020" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№2 (с. 36)
Условие. №2 (с. 36)
скриншот условия
2. Чем отличаются по составу и свойствам смеси от химических соединений? Приведите примеры.
Решение. №2 (с. 36)
Решение 2. №2 (с. 36)
Смеси и химические соединения являются двумя основными формами существования веществ, которые имеют фундаментальные различия по составу и свойствам.
Отличия по составу и свойствам
Основные отличия можно свести к нескольким ключевым пунктам:
- Состав: Состав смеси является переменным, то есть её компоненты могут быть смешаны в любых массовых соотношениях. Химическое соединение, напротив, всегда имеет постоянный качественный и количественный состав, что отражено в законе постоянства состава. Элементы в нем соединены в строго определенных массовых долях.
- Свойства компонентов: В смесях составляющие их вещества (компоненты) сохраняют свои индивидуальные физические и химические свойства. Например, в смеси сахара и речного песка сахар остаётся сладким, а песок — нерастворимым в воде. В химическом соединении исходные вещества (простые или сложные) теряют свои свойства, а образуется новое вещество с совершенно иными, уникальными свойствами.
- Способы разделения: Смеси можно разделить на составляющие их компоненты с помощью физических методов, таких как фильтрование, отстаивание, выпаривание, дистилляция или действие магнитом. Эти методы не приводят к изменению самих веществ. Химическое соединение можно разложить на более простые вещества (например, на составляющие его элементы) только путем проведения химической реакции, то есть разрушив существующие химические связи.
- Энергетические эффекты при образовании: Процесс приготовления смесей, как правило, не сопровождается выделением или поглощением энергии (тепла, света). Образование химического соединения из других веществ (химическая реакция) почти всегда сопровождается значительными энергетическими изменениями: выделением или поглощением тепла, света и т.д.
Ответ: Смеси отличаются от химических соединений переменным составом, сохранением индивидуальных свойств компонентов, возможностью разделения физическими методами и отсутствием тепловых эффектов при образовании. Химические соединения характеризуются постоянством состава, образованием нового вещества с уникальными свойствами, возможностью разложения только химическим путем и, как правило, сопровождаются энергетическими эффектами при образовании.
Примеры
Наиболее наглядно разницу можно продемонстрировать на примере смеси железа с серой и их химического соединения — сульфида железа.
- Смесь порошков железа и серы: Это механическое смешение двух веществ. Железные опилки в этой смеси сохраняют свои магнитные свойства, и их можно легко извлечь с помощью магнита. Сера сохраняет свой жёлтый цвет и другие свойства. Компоненты можно смешать в любой пропорции.
- Химическое соединение сульфид железа(II) ($FeS$): Это вещество образуется при нагревании смеси железа и серы. Протекает химическая реакция: $Fe + S \rightarrow FeS$. Она сопровождается выделением большого количества тепла и света. В результате образуется новое вещество — сульфид железа — твёрдое, тёмно-серого цвета, хрупкое и, в отличие от железа, не притягивающееся магнитом. Его свойства кардинально отличаются от свойств и железа, и серы. Разделить его на исходные элементы можно только с помощью других химических реакций.
Другой простой пример:
- Смесь: Раствор соли в воде. Вода и соль в растворе сохраняют многие свои свойства. Их можно разделить физическим методом — выпариванием воды.
- Химическое соединение: Вода ($H_2O$). Образуется в результате реакции между горючим газом водородом и поддерживающим горение газом кислородом. Вода — это жидкость, которая, наоборот, используется для тушения огня. Её свойства совершенно не похожи на свойства исходных элементов.
Ответ: Примером смеси может служить смесь железных опилок и порошка серы, а примером химического соединения — сульфид железа ($FeS$). Также примерами являются воздух (смесь) и вода ($H_2O$) (химическое соединение).
Другие задания:
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