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Лабораторный опыт 3, страница 142 - гдз по химии 8 класс учебник Рудзитис
Авторы: Рудзитис Г. Е.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2019 - 2022
ISBN: 978-5-09-088251-4
Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Глава 6. Важнейшие классы неорганических соединений. Параграф 42. Химические свойства оснований. Подумай, ответь, выполни... - страница 142.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367577 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "142" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/42-2-3" "field_display_title" => "Лабораторный опыт 3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1044 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367217 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Важнейшие классы неорганических соединений" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1046 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "131" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1056 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 524 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1058 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "химию" "field_creative_case" => "химией" "field_dative_case" => "химии" "field_genitive_case" => "химии" "field_nominative_case" => "химия" "field_prepositional_case" => "химии" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "химию" "field_creative_case" => "химией" "field_dative_case" => "химии" "field_genitive_case" => "химии" "field_nominative_case" => "химия" "field_prepositional_case" => "химии" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1062 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5630 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Рудзитис" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Гунтис" "field_patronymic" => "Екабович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5630 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Рудзитис" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Гунтис" "field_patronymic" => "Екабович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1069 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1071 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1076 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "11" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1078 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => "2022" "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "418" "field_priority" => "8" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-088251-4" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1743939572" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1743939572" "alt" => "" "width" => "1444" "height" => "2154" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 498 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 524 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_publication_number" => "11" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => "2022" "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "418" "field_priority" => "8" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-088251-4" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1743939572" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1743939572" "alt" => "" "width" => "1444" "height" => "2154" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083} "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 498 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367217 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Важнейшие классы неорганических соединений" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "field_page_start" => "131" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1117 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367217 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Важнейшие классы неорганических соединений" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1046} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "131" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1056} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367217 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Важнейшие классы неорганических соединений" "field_branch_order" => "6" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118} "field_page_start" => "131" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1121 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367223 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Химические свойства оснований" "field_branch_order" => "42" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1122 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "140" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1056} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1044} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367223 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Химические свойства оснований" "field_branch_order" => "42" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125} "field_page_start" => "140" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367224 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Подумай, ответь, выполни..." "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "140" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1056} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1136 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367223 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Химические свойства оснований" "field_branch_order" => "42" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1122} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "140" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1056} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1044} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367223 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Химические свойства оснований" "field_branch_order" => "42" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138} "field_page_start" => "140" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367224 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Подумай, ответь, выполни..." "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127} "field_page_start" => "140" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1099 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1580041 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1089 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 4499 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1062} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "pasha" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 4499 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "pasha" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367577" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Лабораторный опыт 3</strong>. Взаимодействие нерастворимых оснований с кислотами</p><p><strong>1)</strong> Получите немного гидроксида меди($\text{II}$). Для этого в две пробирки налейте по 1 мл раствора гидроксида натрия и добавьте по 1 мл раствора сульфата меди($\text{II}$).</p><p><strong>2)</strong> В одну пробирку с полученным осадком добавьте соляную кислоту, в другую — серную кислоту до полного растворения осадка.</p><p>🔵 Какой цвет имеют образовавшиеся растворы?</p><p>🔵 Составьте уравнения проведённых реакций.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "3-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "768" "height" => 383 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/0-42-2/3-1.webp?ts=1757414658" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1580041 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367577" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Лабораторный опыт 3</strong>. Взаимодействие нерастворимых оснований с кислотами</p><p><strong>1)</strong> Получите немного гидроксида меди($\text{II}$). Для этого в две пробирки налейте по 1 мл раствора гидроксида натрия и добавьте по 1 мл раствора сульфата меди($\text{II}$).</p><p><strong>2)</strong> В одну пробирку с полученным осадком добавьте соляную кислоту, в другую — серную кислоту до полного растворения осадка.</p><p>🔵 Какой цвет имеют образовавшиеся растворы?</p><p>🔵 Составьте уравнения проведённых реакций.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "3-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "768" "height" => 383 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/0-42-2/3-1.webp?ts=1757414658" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1097 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1580118 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 4500 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1042 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 6691 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Own" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "own" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 6691 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Own" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "own" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ларикова" "field_moderator" => "pasha" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 4500 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection 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array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "3-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2127" "height" => 581 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/1-42-2/3-1.webp?ts=1757414682" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1580118 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367577" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "3-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2127" "height" => 581 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/1-42-2/3-1.webp?ts=1757414682" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1096 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1740296 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1109 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6342 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1112 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 7012 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "gemini 2.5 pro" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 7012 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "gemini 2.5 pro" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6342 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367577" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Какой цвет имеют образовавшиеся растворы?</strong></p><p>В ходе лабораторного опыта сначала получают нерастворимое основание — гидроксид меди(II), $Cu(OH)_2$, который представляет собой осадок голубого цвета. Затем этот осадок растворяют в двух разных кислотах — соляной и серной.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> При взаимодействии гидроксида меди(II) с соляной кислотой ($HCl$) образуется растворимая соль — хлорид меди(II), $CuCl_2$. Раствор этой соли имеет голубой или сине-зеленый цвет в зависимости от концентрации.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> При взаимодействии гидроксида меди(II) с серной кислотой ($H_2SO_4$) образуется растворимая соль — сульфат меди(II), $CuSO_4$. Раствор этой соли имеет характерный ярко-голубой цвет.</p><p>Таким образом, в обеих пробирках после полного растворения осадка образуются растворы солей меди(II), которые окрашены в голубой цвет (или его оттенки).</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Образовавшиеся растворы в обеих пробирках имеют голубой цвет (в случае с соляной кислотой возможен сине-зеленый оттенок).</p><p><strong>Составьте уравнения проведённых реакций.</strong></p><p>В ходе опыта протекают три основные химические реакции:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Получение гидроксида меди(II) в результате реакции ионного обмена между растворами сульфата меди(II) и гидроксида натрия. Образуется осадок голубого цвета.</p><p>$CuSO_4 + 2NaOH \rightarrow Cu(OH)_2\downarrow + Na_2SO_4$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Растворение осадка гидроксида меди(II) в соляной кислоте. Это реакция нейтрализации, в результате которой образуются соль (хлорид меди(II)) и вода.</p><p>$Cu(OH)_2 + 2HCl \rightarrow CuCl_2 + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Растворение осадка гидроксида меди(II) в серной кислоте. Это также реакция нейтрализации, приводящая к образованию соли (сульфата меди(II)) и воды.</p><p>$Cu(OH)_2 + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow CuSO_4 + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Получение гидроксида меди(II):<br>$CuSO_4 + 2NaOH \rightarrow Cu(OH)_2\downarrow + Na_2SO_4$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Взаимодействие с соляной кислотой:<br>$Cu(OH)_2 + 2HCl \rightarrow CuCl_2 + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Взаимодействие с серной кислотой:<br>$Cu(OH)_2 + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow CuSO_4 + 2H_2O$</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1740296 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367577" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Какой цвет имеют образовавшиеся растворы?</strong></p><p>В ходе лабораторного опыта сначала получают нерастворимое основание — гидроксид меди(II), $Cu(OH)_2$, который представляет собой осадок голубого цвета. Затем этот осадок растворяют в двух разных кислотах — соляной и серной.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> При взаимодействии гидроксида меди(II) с соляной кислотой ($HCl$) образуется растворимая соль — хлорид меди(II), $CuCl_2$. Раствор этой соли имеет голубой или сине-зеленый цвет в зависимости от концентрации.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> При взаимодействии гидроксида меди(II) с серной кислотой ($H_2SO_4$) образуется растворимая соль — сульфат меди(II), $CuSO_4$. Раствор этой соли имеет характерный ярко-голубой цвет.</p><p>Таким образом, в обеих пробирках после полного растворения осадка образуются растворы солей меди(II), которые окрашены в голубой цвет (или его оттенки).</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Образовавшиеся растворы в обеих пробирках имеют голубой цвет (в случае с соляной кислотой возможен сине-зеленый оттенок).</p><p><strong>Составьте уравнения проведённых реакций.</strong></p><p>В ходе опыта протекают три основные химические реакции:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Получение гидроксида меди(II) в результате реакции ионного обмена между растворами сульфата меди(II) и гидроксида натрия. Образуется осадок голубого цвета.</p><p>$CuSO_4 + 2NaOH \rightarrow Cu(OH)_2\downarrow + Na_2SO_4$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Растворение осадка гидроксида меди(II) в соляной кислоте. Это реакция нейтрализации, в результате которой образуются соль (хлорид меди(II)) и вода.</p><p>$Cu(OH)_2 + 2HCl \rightarrow CuCl_2 + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Растворение осадка гидроксида меди(II) в серной кислоте. Это также реакция нейтрализации, приводящая к образованию соли (сульфата меди(II)) и воды.</p><p>$Cu(OH)_2 + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow CuSO_4 + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Получение гидроксида меди(II):<br>$CuSO_4 + 2NaOH \rightarrow Cu(OH)_2\downarrow + Na_2SO_4$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Взаимодействие с соляной кислотой:<br>$Cu(OH)_2 + 2HCl \rightarrow CuCl_2 + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Взаимодействие с серной кислотой:<br>$Cu(OH)_2 + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow CuSO_4 + 2H_2O$</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367576" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1056} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1082 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1368147 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "142" "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/page-142" "field_display_title" => "142" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "142" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1056} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1152 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1580439 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1089} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368147" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "142-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "962" "height" => 1302 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/0-1/142-1.webp?ts=1757414795" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1580439 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368147" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "142-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "962" "height" => 1302 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/0-1/142-1.webp?ts=1757414795" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368148" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368146" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1238 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367577 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "142" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/42-2-3" "field_display_title" => "Лабораторный опыт 3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1117} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1117} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1121} 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1126} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1099} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1097} 2 => App\Models\Element {#1096} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367576" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1056} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368147" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367577 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "142" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/42-2-3" "field_display_title" => "Лабораторный опыт 3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367576" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368147" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1245 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1367578 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "142" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/42-2-4" "field_display_title" => "Лабораторный опыт 4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1117} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1117} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1121} 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1126} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1261 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1580042 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1089} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Лабораторный опыт 4.</strong> Разложение гидроксида меди(II) при нагревании</p><p><strong>1)</strong> Получите немного гидроксида меди(II), как в предыдущем опыте.</p><p><strong>2)</strong> Осторожно нагрейте пробирку, в которой находится гидроксид меди(II), до изменения цвета.</p><p>🔵 Опишите агрегатное состояние и цвет гидроксида меди(II).</p><p>🔵 Какие изменения произошли в пробирке в результате нагревания? Почему?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "770" "height" => 348 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/0-42-2/4-1.webp?ts=1757414658" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1580042 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Лабораторный опыт 4.</strong> Разложение гидроксида меди(II) при нагревании</p><p><strong>1)</strong> Получите немного гидроксида меди(II), как в предыдущем опыте.</p><p><strong>2)</strong> Осторожно нагрейте пробирку, в которой находится гидроксид меди(II), до изменения цвета.</p><p>🔵 Опишите агрегатное состояние и цвет гидроксида меди(II).</p><p>🔵 Какие изменения произошли в пробирке в результате нагревания? Почему?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "770" "height" => 348 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/0-42-2/4-1.webp?ts=1757414658" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1263 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1580119 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2116" "height" => 320 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/1-42-2/4-1.webp?ts=1757414682" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1580119 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2116" "height" => 320 "path" => "/media/himiya_08/rudzitis-u/1-42-2/4-1.webp?ts=1757414682" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1265 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1740297 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1109} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Опишите агрегатное состояние и цвет гидроксида меди(II).</strong></p><p>Гидроксид меди(II) ($Cu(OH)_2$) — это нерастворимое в воде основание. Его агрегатное состояние — твердое. Обычно он выпадает в осадок в виде аморфной студенистой массы голубого или сине-голубого цвета.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Гидроксид меди(II) — твердое вещество (осадок) голубого цвета.</p><p><strong>Какие изменения произошли в пробирке в результате нагревания? Почему?</strong></p><p>В результате нагревания в пробирке наблюдаются следующие изменения: голубой осадок гидроксида меди(II) темнеет и превращается в порошок черного цвета. Также на более холодных верхних стенках пробирки конденсируются капельки воды.</p><p>Эти изменения являются результатом химической реакции — термического разложения гидроксида меди(II). Гидроксид меди(II) — неустойчивое соединение, которое при нагревании разлагается на оксид меди(II) ($CuO$) и воду ($H_2O$). Оксид меди(II) — это твердое вещество черного цвета, а вода выделяется в виде пара, который затем конденсируется на стенках пробирки.</p><p>Уравнение реакции разложения:</p><p>$Cu(OH)_2 \xrightarrow{t^\circ} CuO \downarrow + H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> При нагревании голубой осадок гидроксида меди(II) разложился с образованием черного оксида меди(II) и воды. Это привело к изменению цвета осадка с голубого на черный и появлению капель воды на стенках пробирки.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1740297 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Опишите агрегатное состояние и цвет гидроксида меди(II).</strong></p><p>Гидроксид меди(II) ($Cu(OH)_2$) — это нерастворимое в воде основание. Его агрегатное состояние — твердое. Обычно он выпадает в осадок в виде аморфной студенистой массы голубого или сине-голубого цвета.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Гидроксид меди(II) — твердое вещество (осадок) голубого цвета.</p><p><strong>Какие изменения произошли в пробирке в результате нагревания? Почему?</strong></p><p>В результате нагревания в пробирке наблюдаются следующие изменения: голубой осадок гидроксида меди(II) темнеет и превращается в порошок черного цвета. Также на более холодных верхних стенках пробирки конденсируются капельки воды.</p><p>Эти изменения являются результатом химической реакции — термического разложения гидроксида меди(II). Гидроксид меди(II) — неустойчивое соединение, которое при нагревании разлагается на оксид меди(II) ($CuO$) и воду ($H_2O$). Оксид меди(II) — это твердое вещество черного цвета, а вода выделяется в виде пара, который затем конденсируется на стенках пробирки.</p><p>Уравнение реакции разложения:</p><p>$Cu(OH)_2 \xrightarrow{t^\circ} CuO \downarrow + H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> При нагревании голубой осадок гидроксида меди(II) разложился с образованием черного оксида меди(II) и воды. Это привело к изменению цвета осадка с голубого на черный и появлению капель воды на стенках пробирки.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367579" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367577" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1056} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368147" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367578 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "142" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/42-2-4" "field_display_title" => "Лабораторный опыт 4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367579" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367577" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368147" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1368147 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "142" "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/page-142" "field_display_title" => "142" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "142" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368148" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368146" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1367577 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "142" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/himiya/rudzitis-uchebnik-2019/42-2-3" "field_display_title" => "Лабораторный опыт 3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367578" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1367576" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1368147" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
Лабораторный опыт 3 (с. 142)
Условие. Лабораторный опыт 3 (с. 142)
скриншот условия
Лабораторный опыт 3. Взаимодействие нерастворимых оснований с кислотами
1) Получите немного гидроксида меди($\text{II}$). Для этого в две пробирки налейте по 1 мл раствора гидроксида натрия и добавьте по 1 мл раствора сульфата меди($\text{II}$).
2) В одну пробирку с полученным осадком добавьте соляную кислоту, в другую — серную кислоту до полного растворения осадка.
🔵 Какой цвет имеют образовавшиеся растворы?
🔵 Составьте уравнения проведённых реакций.
Решение. Лабораторный опыт 3 (с. 142)
Решение 2. Лабораторный опыт 3 (с. 142)
Какой цвет имеют образовавшиеся растворы?
В ходе лабораторного опыта сначала получают нерастворимое основание — гидроксид меди(II), $Cu(OH)_2$, который представляет собой осадок голубого цвета. Затем этот осадок растворяют в двух разных кислотах — соляной и серной.
1. При взаимодействии гидроксида меди(II) с соляной кислотой ($HCl$) образуется растворимая соль — хлорид меди(II), $CuCl_2$. Раствор этой соли имеет голубой или сине-зеленый цвет в зависимости от концентрации.
2. При взаимодействии гидроксида меди(II) с серной кислотой ($H_2SO_4$) образуется растворимая соль — сульфат меди(II), $CuSO_4$. Раствор этой соли имеет характерный ярко-голубой цвет.
Таким образом, в обеих пробирках после полного растворения осадка образуются растворы солей меди(II), которые окрашены в голубой цвет (или его оттенки).
Ответ: Образовавшиеся растворы в обеих пробирках имеют голубой цвет (в случае с соляной кислотой возможен сине-зеленый оттенок).
Составьте уравнения проведённых реакций.
В ходе опыта протекают три основные химические реакции:
1. Получение гидроксида меди(II) в результате реакции ионного обмена между растворами сульфата меди(II) и гидроксида натрия. Образуется осадок голубого цвета.
$CuSO_4 + 2NaOH \rightarrow Cu(OH)_2\downarrow + Na_2SO_4$
2. Растворение осадка гидроксида меди(II) в соляной кислоте. Это реакция нейтрализации, в результате которой образуются соль (хлорид меди(II)) и вода.
$Cu(OH)_2 + 2HCl \rightarrow CuCl_2 + 2H_2O$
3. Растворение осадка гидроксида меди(II) в серной кислоте. Это также реакция нейтрализации, приводящая к образованию соли (сульфата меди(II)) и воды.
$Cu(OH)_2 + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow CuSO_4 + 2H_2O$
Ответ:
1. Получение гидроксида меди(II):
$CuSO_4 + 2NaOH \rightarrow Cu(OH)_2\downarrow + Na_2SO_4$
2. Взаимодействие с соляной кислотой:
$Cu(OH)_2 + 2HCl \rightarrow CuCl_2 + 2H_2O$
3. Взаимодействие с серной кислотой:
$Cu(OH)_2 + H_2SO_4 \rightarrow CuSO_4 + 2H_2O$
Другие задания:
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