Номер 628, страница 182 - гдз по алгебре 9 класс учебник Солтан, Солтан

Алгебра, 9 класс Учебник, авторы: Солтан Генадий Николаевич, Солтан Алла Евгеньевна, Жумадилова Аманбала Жумадиловна, издательство Кокшетау, Алматы, 2019

Авторы: Солтан Г. Н., Солтан А. Е., Жумадилова А. Ж.

Тип: Учебник

Издательство: Кокшетау

Год издания: 2019 - 2026

ISBN: 978-601-317-424-2

Рекомендовано Министерством образования и науки Республики Казахстан

IV. Тригонометрия. 23. Тригонометрические функции и их свойства - номер 628, страница 182.

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            "text" => "<p><strong>628.</strong> Используя свойства функций $y = \sin x$ и $y = \cos x$, докажите, что:</p><p><strong>a)</strong> $\sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{3};$</p><p><strong>б)</strong> $\cos 55^\circ \cdot \cos 57^\circ \cdot \cos 59^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{9}.$</p>"
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            "text" => "<p><strong>628.</strong> Используя свойства функций $y = \sin x$ и $y = \cos x$, докажите, что:</p><p><strong>a)</strong> $\sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{3};$</p><p><strong>б)</strong> $\cos 55^\circ \cdot \cos 57^\circ \cdot \cos 59^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{9}.$</p>"
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            "text" => "<p><strong>a)</strong> Требуется доказать неравенство $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{3} $.<br>Воспользуемся свойством функции синус, а именно формулой приведения $ \sin(180^\circ - x) = \sin x $. Углы $136^\circ, 137^\circ, 138^\circ$ находятся во второй четверти, где синус положителен.<br>$ \sin 136^\circ = \sin(180^\circ - 136^\circ) = \sin 44^\circ $<br>$ \sin 137^\circ = \sin(180^\circ - 137^\circ) = \sin 43^\circ $<br>$ \sin 138^\circ = \sin(180^\circ - 138^\circ) = \sin 42^\circ $<br>Таким образом, неравенство эквивалентно следующему:<br>$ \sin 42^\circ \cdot \sin 43^\circ \cdot \sin 44^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{3} $<br>Проанализируем левую часть. Обозначим произведение $ P = \sin 42^\circ \cdot \sin 43^\circ \cdot \sin 44^\circ $.<br>Можно заметить, что углы представляют собой арифметическую прогрессию с центральным членом $ x = 43^\circ $ и разностью $ d = 1^\circ $.<br>Воспользуемся формулой произведения синусов: $ \sin(x-d)\sin(x+d) = \sin^2 x - \sin^2 d $.<br>Тогда $ \sin 42^\circ \cdot \sin 44^\circ = \sin(43^\circ - 1^\circ)\sin(43^\circ + 1^\circ) = \sin^2 43^\circ - \sin^2 1^\circ $.<br>Следовательно, произведение $ P = (\sin^2 43^\circ - \sin^2 1^\circ) \cdot \sin 43^\circ = (\sin 43^\circ)^3 - \sin 43^\circ \cdot \sin^2 1^\circ $.<br>Так как $ \sin 43^\circ &gt; 0 $ и $ \sin^2 1^\circ &gt; 0 $, то $ P &lt; (\sin 43^\circ)^3 $.<br>Теперь сравним $ (\sin 43^\circ)^3 $ с $ \frac{1}{3} $. Это эквивалентно сравнению $ \sin 43^\circ $ с $ \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} $.<br>Функция $ y = \sin x $ является вогнутой на интервале $ (0^\circ, 180^\circ) $. Это означает, что ее график лежит ниже любой касательной. Проведем касательную к графику в точке $ x_0 = 45^\circ $.<br>Уравнение касательной: $ y = \sin 45^\circ + (\cos 45^\circ)(x - \frac{\pi}{4}) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(x - \frac{\pi}{4}) $.<br>Для любого $ x $ из интервала, $ \sin x \le \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(x - \frac{\pi}{4}) $.<br>Представим $ 43^\circ $ в радианах: $ 43^\circ = 43 \frac{\pi}{180} = \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{2\pi}{180} = \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{\pi}{90} $.<br>$ \sin 43^\circ \le \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{\pi}{90} - \frac{\pi}{4}) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(1 - \frac{\pi}{90}) $.<br>Используя приближенные значения $ \sqrt{2} \approx 1.4142 $ и $ \pi \approx 3.1416 $, получаем:<br>$ \frac{\pi}{90} \approx \frac{3.1416}{90} \approx 0.0349 $<br>$ \sin 43^\circ \le \frac{1.4142}{2}(1 - 0.0349) = 0.7071 \cdot 0.9651 \approx 0.6824 $.<br>Теперь оценим $ \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} $: $ \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{3}} $. Так как $ 1.44^3 \approx 2.986 &lt; 3 $, то $ 1.44 &lt; \sqrt[3]{3} $. $ \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{3}} &gt; \frac{1}{1.45} \approx 0.689 $. Точное значение $ \sqrt[3]{1/3} \approx 0.6933 $.<br>Таким образом, $ \sin 43^\circ \approx 0.6824 &lt; 0.6933 \approx \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} $.<br>Возведя обе части в куб, получаем $ (\sin 43^\circ)^3 &lt; \frac{1}{3} $.<br>Так как $ P &lt; (\sin 43^\circ)^3 $, то $ P &lt; \frac{1}{3} $.<br>Это означает, что исходное неравенство $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{3} $ неверно. Вероятно, в условии задачи имеется опечатка, и знак неравенства должен быть противоположным.<br>Доказательство неравенства $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &lt; \frac{1}{3} $ приведено выше.<br>Ответ: Утверждение в задаче неверно. Было доказано, что $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &lt; \frac{1}{3} $.</p><p><strong>б)</strong> Требуется доказать неравенство $ \cos 55^\circ \cdot \cos 57^\circ \cdot \cos 59^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{9} $.<br>Все углы находятся в первой четверти, где косинус положителен. Функция $ y = \cos x $ на интервале $ (0^\circ, 90^\circ) $ является убывающей и вогнутой. Свойство вогнутости означает, что график функции лежит выше любой хорды (секущей), соединяющей две точки графика.<br>Рассмотрим хорду, соединяющую точки графика $ y = \cos x $ при $ x_1 = 45^\circ $ и $ x_2 = 60^\circ $.<br>$ A(45^\circ, \cos 45^\circ) = (45^\circ, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}) $<br>$ B(60^\circ, \cos 60^\circ) = (60^\circ, \frac{1}{2}) $<br>Уравнение прямой, проходящей через точки A и B, имеет вид: $ y - y_1 = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1}(x - x_1) $.<br>Для $ x \in (45^\circ, 60^\circ) $ выполняется неравенство $ \cos x &gt; y_{line}(x) $.<br>$ y_{line}(x) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - \frac{1}{2}}{45-60}(x - 60) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{-30}(x-60) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(x-60) $.<br>Все углы $ 55^\circ, 57^\circ, 59^\circ $ лежат в интервале $ (45^\circ, 60^\circ) $. Применим неравенство для каждого из них:<br>$ \cos 55^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(55-60) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{5(1-\sqrt{2})}{30} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{6} = \frac{3-1+\sqrt{2}}{6} = \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{6} $.<br>$ \cos 57^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(57-60) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{3(1-\sqrt{2})}{30} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{10} = \frac{5-1+\sqrt{2}}{10} = \frac{4+\sqrt{2}}{10} $.<br>$ \cos 59^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(59-60) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30} = \frac{15-1+\sqrt{2}}{30} = \frac{14+\sqrt{2}}{30} $.<br>Перемножим полученные неравенства (все части положительны):<br>$ \cos 55^\circ \cdot \cos 57^\circ \cdot \cos 59^\circ &gt; \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{6} \cdot \frac{4+\sqrt{2}}{10} \cdot \frac{14+\sqrt{2}}{30} $.<br>Оценим правую часть:<br>$ \frac{(2+\sqrt{2})(4+\sqrt{2})(14+\sqrt{2})}{1800} = \frac{(8+2\sqrt{2}+4\sqrt{2}+2)(14+\sqrt{2})}{1800} = \frac{(10+6\sqrt{2})(14+\sqrt{2})}{1800} $<br>$ = \frac{140+10\sqrt{2}+84\sqrt{2}+12}{1800} = \frac{152+94\sqrt{2}}{1800} = \frac{76+47\sqrt{2}}{900} $.<br>Теперь докажем, что $ \frac{76+47\sqrt{2}}{900} &gt; \frac{1}{9} $.<br>$ \frac{76+47\sqrt{2}}{900} &gt; \frac{100}{900} $<br>$ 76+47\sqrt{2} &gt; 100 $<br>$ 47\sqrt{2} &gt; 24 $<br>Возведем обе части в квадрат (они положительны):<br>$ (47\sqrt{2})^2 &gt; 24^2 $<br>$ 47^2 \cdot 2 &gt; 576 $<br>$ 2209 \cdot 2 &gt; 576 $<br>$ 4418 &gt; 576 $<br>Это неравенство очевидно истинно. Следовательно, исходное неравенство также истинно.<br>Ответ: Неравенство доказано.</p>"
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            "text" => "<p><strong>a)</strong> Требуется доказать неравенство $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{3} $.<br>Воспользуемся свойством функции синус, а именно формулой приведения $ \sin(180^\circ - x) = \sin x $. Углы $136^\circ, 137^\circ, 138^\circ$ находятся во второй четверти, где синус положителен.<br>$ \sin 136^\circ = \sin(180^\circ - 136^\circ) = \sin 44^\circ $<br>$ \sin 137^\circ = \sin(180^\circ - 137^\circ) = \sin 43^\circ $<br>$ \sin 138^\circ = \sin(180^\circ - 138^\circ) = \sin 42^\circ $<br>Таким образом, неравенство эквивалентно следующему:<br>$ \sin 42^\circ \cdot \sin 43^\circ \cdot \sin 44^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{3} $<br>Проанализируем левую часть. Обозначим произведение $ P = \sin 42^\circ \cdot \sin 43^\circ \cdot \sin 44^\circ $.<br>Можно заметить, что углы представляют собой арифметическую прогрессию с центральным членом $ x = 43^\circ $ и разностью $ d = 1^\circ $.<br>Воспользуемся формулой произведения синусов: $ \sin(x-d)\sin(x+d) = \sin^2 x - \sin^2 d $.<br>Тогда $ \sin 42^\circ \cdot \sin 44^\circ = \sin(43^\circ - 1^\circ)\sin(43^\circ + 1^\circ) = \sin^2 43^\circ - \sin^2 1^\circ $.<br>Следовательно, произведение $ P = (\sin^2 43^\circ - \sin^2 1^\circ) \cdot \sin 43^\circ = (\sin 43^\circ)^3 - \sin 43^\circ \cdot \sin^2 1^\circ $.<br>Так как $ \sin 43^\circ &gt; 0 $ и $ \sin^2 1^\circ &gt; 0 $, то $ P &lt; (\sin 43^\circ)^3 $.<br>Теперь сравним $ (\sin 43^\circ)^3 $ с $ \frac{1}{3} $. Это эквивалентно сравнению $ \sin 43^\circ $ с $ \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} $.<br>Функция $ y = \sin x $ является вогнутой на интервале $ (0^\circ, 180^\circ) $. Это означает, что ее график лежит ниже любой касательной. Проведем касательную к графику в точке $ x_0 = 45^\circ $.<br>Уравнение касательной: $ y = \sin 45^\circ + (\cos 45^\circ)(x - \frac{\pi}{4}) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(x - \frac{\pi}{4}) $.<br>Для любого $ x $ из интервала, $ \sin x \le \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(x - \frac{\pi}{4}) $.<br>Представим $ 43^\circ $ в радианах: $ 43^\circ = 43 \frac{\pi}{180} = \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{2\pi}{180} = \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{\pi}{90} $.<br>$ \sin 43^\circ \le \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{\pi}{90} - \frac{\pi}{4}) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(1 - \frac{\pi}{90}) $.<br>Используя приближенные значения $ \sqrt{2} \approx 1.4142 $ и $ \pi \approx 3.1416 $, получаем:<br>$ \frac{\pi}{90} \approx \frac{3.1416}{90} \approx 0.0349 $<br>$ \sin 43^\circ \le \frac{1.4142}{2}(1 - 0.0349) = 0.7071 \cdot 0.9651 \approx 0.6824 $.<br>Теперь оценим $ \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} $: $ \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{3}} $. Так как $ 1.44^3 \approx 2.986 &lt; 3 $, то $ 1.44 &lt; \sqrt[3]{3} $. $ \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{3}} &gt; \frac{1}{1.45} \approx 0.689 $. Точное значение $ \sqrt[3]{1/3} \approx 0.6933 $.<br>Таким образом, $ \sin 43^\circ \approx 0.6824 &lt; 0.6933 \approx \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} $.<br>Возведя обе части в куб, получаем $ (\sin 43^\circ)^3 &lt; \frac{1}{3} $.<br>Так как $ P &lt; (\sin 43^\circ)^3 $, то $ P &lt; \frac{1}{3} $.<br>Это означает, что исходное неравенство $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{3} $ неверно. Вероятно, в условии задачи имеется опечатка, и знак неравенства должен быть противоположным.<br>Доказательство неравенства $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &lt; \frac{1}{3} $ приведено выше.<br>Ответ: Утверждение в задаче неверно. Было доказано, что $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ &lt; \frac{1}{3} $.</p><p><strong>б)</strong> Требуется доказать неравенство $ \cos 55^\circ \cdot \cos 57^\circ \cdot \cos 59^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{9} $.<br>Все углы находятся в первой четверти, где косинус положителен. Функция $ y = \cos x $ на интервале $ (0^\circ, 90^\circ) $ является убывающей и вогнутой. Свойство вогнутости означает, что график функции лежит выше любой хорды (секущей), соединяющей две точки графика.<br>Рассмотрим хорду, соединяющую точки графика $ y = \cos x $ при $ x_1 = 45^\circ $ и $ x_2 = 60^\circ $.<br>$ A(45^\circ, \cos 45^\circ) = (45^\circ, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}) $<br>$ B(60^\circ, \cos 60^\circ) = (60^\circ, \frac{1}{2}) $<br>Уравнение прямой, проходящей через точки A и B, имеет вид: $ y - y_1 = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1}(x - x_1) $.<br>Для $ x \in (45^\circ, 60^\circ) $ выполняется неравенство $ \cos x &gt; y_{line}(x) $.<br>$ y_{line}(x) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - \frac{1}{2}}{45-60}(x - 60) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{-30}(x-60) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(x-60) $.<br>Все углы $ 55^\circ, 57^\circ, 59^\circ $ лежат в интервале $ (45^\circ, 60^\circ) $. Применим неравенство для каждого из них:<br>$ \cos 55^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(55-60) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{5(1-\sqrt{2})}{30} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{6} = \frac{3-1+\sqrt{2}}{6} = \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{6} $.<br>$ \cos 57^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(57-60) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{3(1-\sqrt{2})}{30} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{10} = \frac{5-1+\sqrt{2}}{10} = \frac{4+\sqrt{2}}{10} $.<br>$ \cos 59^\circ &gt; \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(59-60) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30} = \frac{15-1+\sqrt{2}}{30} = \frac{14+\sqrt{2}}{30} $.<br>Перемножим полученные неравенства (все части положительны):<br>$ \cos 55^\circ \cdot \cos 57^\circ \cdot \cos 59^\circ &gt; \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{6} \cdot \frac{4+\sqrt{2}}{10} \cdot \frac{14+\sqrt{2}}{30} $.<br>Оценим правую часть:<br>$ \frac{(2+\sqrt{2})(4+\sqrt{2})(14+\sqrt{2})}{1800} = \frac{(8+2\sqrt{2}+4\sqrt{2}+2)(14+\sqrt{2})}{1800} = \frac{(10+6\sqrt{2})(14+\sqrt{2})}{1800} $<br>$ = \frac{140+10\sqrt{2}+84\sqrt{2}+12}{1800} = \frac{152+94\sqrt{2}}{1800} = \frac{76+47\sqrt{2}}{900} $.<br>Теперь докажем, что $ \frac{76+47\sqrt{2}}{900} &gt; \frac{1}{9} $.<br>$ \frac{76+47\sqrt{2}}{900} &gt; \frac{100}{900} $<br>$ 76+47\sqrt{2} &gt; 100 $<br>$ 47\sqrt{2} &gt; 24 $<br>Возведем обе части в квадрат (они положительны):<br>$ (47\sqrt{2})^2 &gt; 24^2 $<br>$ 47^2 \cdot 2 &gt; 576 $<br>$ 2209 \cdot 2 &gt; 576 $<br>$ 4418 &gt; 576 $<br>Это неравенство очевидно истинно. Следовательно, исходное неравенство также истинно.<br>Ответ: Неравенство доказано.</p>"
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                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
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                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270
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                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1276
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                    0 => "*"
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                }
                1 => App\Models\Task {#1269
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "tasks"
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                  #keyType: "int"
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                    "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268
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                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1273
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
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                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1272
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                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1290
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                    0 => "*"
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                }
                2 => App\Models\Task {#1274
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "tasks"
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                    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1291
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1287
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
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                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1285
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                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1288
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
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                    0 => "*"
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                }
                3 => App\Models\Task {#1286
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "tasks"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
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                      #items: []
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                    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1301
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1302
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
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                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1305
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                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1311
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                    0 => "*"
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                }
                4 => App\Models\Task {#1304
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "tasks"
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                  #keyType: "int"
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                    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1312
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
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                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1308
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
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                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1307
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                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
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                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1325
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                    0 => "*"
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                }
                5 => App\Models\Task {#1309
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "tasks"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: true
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                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1322
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                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1321
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                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1339
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№628 (с. 182)
Условие. №628 (с. 182)
скриншот условия
Алгебра, 9 класс Учебник, авторы: Солтан Генадий Николаевич, Солтан Алла Евгеньевна, Жумадилова Аманбала Жумадиловна, издательство Кокшетау, Алматы, 2019, страница 182, номер 628, Условие

628. Используя свойства функций $y = \sin x$ и $y = \cos x$, докажите, что:

a) $\sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ > \frac{1}{3};$

б) $\cos 55^\circ \cdot \cos 57^\circ \cdot \cos 59^\circ > \frac{1}{9}.$

Решение. №628 (с. 182)
Алгебра, 9 класс Учебник, авторы: Солтан Генадий Николаевич, Солтан Алла Евгеньевна, Жумадилова Аманбала Жумадиловна, издательство Кокшетау, Алматы, 2019, страница 182, номер 628, Решение
Алгебра, 9 класс Учебник, авторы: Солтан Генадий Николаевич, Солтан Алла Евгеньевна, Жумадилова Аманбала Жумадиловна, издательство Кокшетау, Алматы, 2019, страница 182, номер 628, Решение (продолжение 2)
Решение 2 (rus). №628 (с. 182)

a) Требуется доказать неравенство $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ > \frac{1}{3} $.
Воспользуемся свойством функции синус, а именно формулой приведения $ \sin(180^\circ - x) = \sin x $. Углы $136^\circ, 137^\circ, 138^\circ$ находятся во второй четверти, где синус положителен.
$ \sin 136^\circ = \sin(180^\circ - 136^\circ) = \sin 44^\circ $
$ \sin 137^\circ = \sin(180^\circ - 137^\circ) = \sin 43^\circ $
$ \sin 138^\circ = \sin(180^\circ - 138^\circ) = \sin 42^\circ $
Таким образом, неравенство эквивалентно следующему:
$ \sin 42^\circ \cdot \sin 43^\circ \cdot \sin 44^\circ > \frac{1}{3} $
Проанализируем левую часть. Обозначим произведение $ P = \sin 42^\circ \cdot \sin 43^\circ \cdot \sin 44^\circ $.
Можно заметить, что углы представляют собой арифметическую прогрессию с центральным членом $ x = 43^\circ $ и разностью $ d = 1^\circ $.
Воспользуемся формулой произведения синусов: $ \sin(x-d)\sin(x+d) = \sin^2 x - \sin^2 d $.
Тогда $ \sin 42^\circ \cdot \sin 44^\circ = \sin(43^\circ - 1^\circ)\sin(43^\circ + 1^\circ) = \sin^2 43^\circ - \sin^2 1^\circ $.
Следовательно, произведение $ P = (\sin^2 43^\circ - \sin^2 1^\circ) \cdot \sin 43^\circ = (\sin 43^\circ)^3 - \sin 43^\circ \cdot \sin^2 1^\circ $.
Так как $ \sin 43^\circ > 0 $ и $ \sin^2 1^\circ > 0 $, то $ P < (\sin 43^\circ)^3 $.
Теперь сравним $ (\sin 43^\circ)^3 $ с $ \frac{1}{3} $. Это эквивалентно сравнению $ \sin 43^\circ $ с $ \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} $.
Функция $ y = \sin x $ является вогнутой на интервале $ (0^\circ, 180^\circ) $. Это означает, что ее график лежит ниже любой касательной. Проведем касательную к графику в точке $ x_0 = 45^\circ $.
Уравнение касательной: $ y = \sin 45^\circ + (\cos 45^\circ)(x - \frac{\pi}{4}) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(x - \frac{\pi}{4}) $.
Для любого $ x $ из интервала, $ \sin x \le \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(x - \frac{\pi}{4}) $.
Представим $ 43^\circ $ в радианах: $ 43^\circ = 43 \frac{\pi}{180} = \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{2\pi}{180} = \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{\pi}{90} $.
$ \sin 43^\circ \le \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{\pi}{90} - \frac{\pi}{4}) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}(1 - \frac{\pi}{90}) $.
Используя приближенные значения $ \sqrt{2} \approx 1.4142 $ и $ \pi \approx 3.1416 $, получаем:
$ \frac{\pi}{90} \approx \frac{3.1416}{90} \approx 0.0349 $
$ \sin 43^\circ \le \frac{1.4142}{2}(1 - 0.0349) = 0.7071 \cdot 0.9651 \approx 0.6824 $.
Теперь оценим $ \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} $: $ \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{3}} $. Так как $ 1.44^3 \approx 2.986 < 3 $, то $ 1.44 < \sqrt[3]{3} $. $ \frac{1}{\sqrt[3]{3}} > \frac{1}{1.45} \approx 0.689 $. Точное значение $ \sqrt[3]{1/3} \approx 0.6933 $.
Таким образом, $ \sin 43^\circ \approx 0.6824 < 0.6933 \approx \sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{3}} $.
Возведя обе части в куб, получаем $ (\sin 43^\circ)^3 < \frac{1}{3} $.
Так как $ P < (\sin 43^\circ)^3 $, то $ P < \frac{1}{3} $.
Это означает, что исходное неравенство $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ > \frac{1}{3} $ неверно. Вероятно, в условии задачи имеется опечатка, и знак неравенства должен быть противоположным.
Доказательство неравенства $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ < \frac{1}{3} $ приведено выше.
Ответ: Утверждение в задаче неверно. Было доказано, что $ \sin 136^\circ \cdot \sin 137^\circ \cdot \sin 138^\circ < \frac{1}{3} $.

б) Требуется доказать неравенство $ \cos 55^\circ \cdot \cos 57^\circ \cdot \cos 59^\circ > \frac{1}{9} $.
Все углы находятся в первой четверти, где косинус положителен. Функция $ y = \cos x $ на интервале $ (0^\circ, 90^\circ) $ является убывающей и вогнутой. Свойство вогнутости означает, что график функции лежит выше любой хорды (секущей), соединяющей две точки графика.
Рассмотрим хорду, соединяющую точки графика $ y = \cos x $ при $ x_1 = 45^\circ $ и $ x_2 = 60^\circ $.
$ A(45^\circ, \cos 45^\circ) = (45^\circ, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}) $
$ B(60^\circ, \cos 60^\circ) = (60^\circ, \frac{1}{2}) $
Уравнение прямой, проходящей через точки A и B, имеет вид: $ y - y_1 = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1}(x - x_1) $.
Для $ x \in (45^\circ, 60^\circ) $ выполняется неравенство $ \cos x > y_{line}(x) $.
$ y_{line}(x) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - \frac{1}{2}}{45-60}(x - 60) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{-30}(x-60) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(x-60) $.
Все углы $ 55^\circ, 57^\circ, 59^\circ $ лежат в интервале $ (45^\circ, 60^\circ) $. Применим неравенство для каждого из них:
$ \cos 55^\circ > \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(55-60) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{5(1-\sqrt{2})}{30} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{6} = \frac{3-1+\sqrt{2}}{6} = \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{6} $.
$ \cos 57^\circ > \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(57-60) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{3(1-\sqrt{2})}{30} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{10} = \frac{5-1+\sqrt{2}}{10} = \frac{4+\sqrt{2}}{10} $.
$ \cos 59^\circ > \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30}(59-60) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1-\sqrt{2}}{30} = \frac{15-1+\sqrt{2}}{30} = \frac{14+\sqrt{2}}{30} $.
Перемножим полученные неравенства (все части положительны):
$ \cos 55^\circ \cdot \cos 57^\circ \cdot \cos 59^\circ > \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{6} \cdot \frac{4+\sqrt{2}}{10} \cdot \frac{14+\sqrt{2}}{30} $.
Оценим правую часть:
$ \frac{(2+\sqrt{2})(4+\sqrt{2})(14+\sqrt{2})}{1800} = \frac{(8+2\sqrt{2}+4\sqrt{2}+2)(14+\sqrt{2})}{1800} = \frac{(10+6\sqrt{2})(14+\sqrt{2})}{1800} $
$ = \frac{140+10\sqrt{2}+84\sqrt{2}+12}{1800} = \frac{152+94\sqrt{2}}{1800} = \frac{76+47\sqrt{2}}{900} $.
Теперь докажем, что $ \frac{76+47\sqrt{2}}{900} > \frac{1}{9} $.
$ \frac{76+47\sqrt{2}}{900} > \frac{100}{900} $
$ 76+47\sqrt{2} > 100 $
$ 47\sqrt{2} > 24 $
Возведем обе части в квадрат (они положительны):
$ (47\sqrt{2})^2 > 24^2 $
$ 47^2 \cdot 2 > 576 $
$ 2209 \cdot 2 > 576 $
$ 4418 > 576 $
Это неравенство очевидно истинно. Следовательно, исходное неравенство также истинно.
Ответ: Неравенство доказано.

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