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Номер ?2, страница 196, часть 2 - гдз по физике 9 класс учебник Белага, Воронцова
Авторы: Белага В. В., Воронцова Н. И., Ломаченков И. А., Панебратцев Ю. А.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2024 - 2026
Уровень обучения: углублённый
Часть: 2
Цвет обложки: голубой
ISBN: 978-5-09-121759-9
Популярные ГДЗ в 9 классе
Часть 2. Глава 11. Квантовые явления. Параграф 109. Лабораторные и исследовательские работы. Вопросы для обсуждения - номер ?2, страница 196.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1506947 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "196" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik/109vopr-2" "field_display_title" => "?2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1505926 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1038 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "6" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1652 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2024" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "919" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/belaga-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-121759-9" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1652 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2024" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "919" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/belaga-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-121759-9" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1505926 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "6" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1505926 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1127 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "6" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1129 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1652 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1128 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1133 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1135 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1137 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1138 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1139 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1140 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1143 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1145 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1147 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1151 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1153 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1155 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1140} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2024" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "919" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/belaga-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-121759-9" "field_cover" => array:2 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761256721" 1 => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1761256721" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ 0 => "" 1 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761256721" "alt" => "" "width" => "2322" "height" => "3039" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1761256721" "alt" => "" "width" => "2308" "height" => "3035" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1161 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1652 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152} "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2024" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "919" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/belaga-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-121759-9" "field_cover" => array:2 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761256721" 1 => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1761256721" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ 0 => "" 1 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761256721" "alt" => "" "width" => "2322" "height" => "3039" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1761256721" "alt" => "" "width" => "2308" "height" => "3035" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1505926 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130} "field_page_start" => "6" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1163 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1506035 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Квантовые явления" "field_branch_order" => "11" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1165 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "148" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1129} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1506035 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Квантовые явления" "field_branch_order" => "11" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168} "field_page_start" => "148" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1169 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1506071 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Лабораторные и исследовательские работы" "field_branch_order" => "109" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1170 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "191" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1129} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1180 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1506035 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Квантовые явления" "field_branch_order" => "11" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 …2} "field_page_start" => "148" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1506035 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Квантовые явления" "field_branch_order" => "11" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 …2} "field_page_start" => "148" "field_branch_display" => "0" …15 ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1506071 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Лабораторные и исследовательские работы" "field_branch_order" => "109" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173} "field_page_start" => "191" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Branch {#1174 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1506073 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вопросы для обсуждения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "196" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1129} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1189 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1506073 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вопросы для обсуждения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171} "field_page_start" => "196" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1107 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1803927 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1091 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506947" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Чем структурно различаются изотопы $^{\text{235}}\text{U}$ и $^{\text{238}}\text{U}$? Влияет ли это различие на число электронов в атоме урана? Как это различие влияет на использование урана в современной энергетике?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1906" "height" => 304 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/0-109vopr/2-1.webp?ts=1762277472" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1803927 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506947" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Чем структурно различаются изотопы $^{\text{235}}\text{U}$ и $^{\text{238}}\text{U}$? Влияет ли это различие на число электронов в атоме урана? Как это различие влияет на использование урана в современной энергетике?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1906" "height" => 304 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/0-109vopr/2-1.webp?ts=1762277472" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1102 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1855699 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1100 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506947" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Чем структурно различаются изотопы $^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$?</strong></p><p>Изотопы одного и того же химического элемента различаются строением атомного ядра. Уран (U) имеет порядковый номер $Z=92$ в таблице Менделеева, что означает, что в ядре любого атома урана содержится 92 протона. Массовое число $\text{A}$, указываемое в обозначении изотопа ($^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$), представляет собой общее число нуклонов (протонов и нейтронов) в ядре.</p><p>Число нейтронов $\text{N}$ в ядре можно найти по формуле $N = A - Z$.</p><p>Для изотопа уран-235 ($^{235}\text{U}$):<br>Число протонов $Z = 92$.<br>Массовое число $A = 235$.<br>Число нейтронов $N = 235 - 92 = 143$.</p><p>Для изотопа уран-238 ($^{238}\text{U}$):<br>Число протонов $Z = 92$.<br>Массовое число $A = 238$.<br>Число нейтронов $N = 238 - 92 = 146$.</p><p>Таким образом, структурное различие между этими изотопами заключается в разном количестве нейтронов в их ядрах: ядро урана-238 содержит на 3 нейтрона больше, чем ядро урана-235.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Изотопы $^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$ различаются количеством нейтронов в ядре. В ядре $^{235}\text{U}$ содержится 143 нейтрона, а в ядре $^{238}\text{U}$ — 146 нейтронов.</p><p><strong>Влияет ли это различие на число электронов в атоме урана?</strong></p><p>В нейтральном атоме число электронов, вращающихся вокруг ядра, равно числу протонов в ядре. Это обеспечивает электронейтральность атома. Поскольку оба изотопа, $^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$, являются изотопами одного и того же элемента, урана, они имеют одинаковое число протонов — 92. Следовательно, в нейтральном состоянии атом каждого из этих изотопов будет иметь 92 электрона. Различие в количестве нейтронов не влияет на заряд ядра и, соответственно, на количество электронов в атоме. Химические свойства изотопов, определяемые электронной оболочкой, практически идентичны.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Нет, это различие не влияет на число электронов в атоме урана. В нейтральном атоме как $^{235}\text{U}$, так и $^{238}\text{U}$ содержится 92 электрона, так как у них одинаковое число протонов (92).</p><p><strong>Как это различие влияет на использование урана в современной энергетике?</strong></p><p>Различие в количестве нейтронов кардинально влияет на ядерные свойства изотопов и их применение в энергетике.</p><p>Изотоп <strong>уран-235</strong> ($^{235}\text{U}$) является делящимся материалом. Его ядро способно делиться при захвате медленного (теплового) нейтрона. Этот процесс, называемый ядерным делением, сопровождается выделением огромного количества энергии и испусканием нескольких новых нейтронов. Эти новые нейтроны могут вызывать деление других ядер $^{235}\text{U}$, что позволяет создать самоподдерживающуюся цепную реакцию. Именно это свойство $^{235}\text{U}$ используется в ядерных реакторах для производства электроэнергии.</p><p>Изотоп <strong>уран-238</strong> ($^{238}\text{U}$), составляющий более 99% природного урана, не способен поддерживать цепную реакцию на тепловых нейтронах. Однако он является "воспроизводящим" или "фертильным" материалом. При поглощении нейтрона ядро $^{238}\text{U}$ превращается в $^{239}\text{U}$, который затем через цепочку бета-распадов превращается в плутоний-239 ($^{239}\text{Pu}$):<br>$^{238}_{92}\text{U} + ^{1}_{0}\text{n} \rightarrow ^{239}_{92}\text{U} \rightarrow ^{239}_{93}\text{Np} + \beta^{-} \rightarrow ^{239}_{94}\text{Pu} + \beta^{-}$<br>Плутоний-239, в свою очередь, является эффективным ядерным топливом, способным к делению под действием тепловых нейтронов, так же как и уран-235.</p><p>Из-за этих различий в ядерных свойствах, для большинства современных атомных электростанций природный уран приходится обогащать, то есть искусственно увеличивать в нем долю $^{235}\text{U}$ (с 0.7% до 3-5%). Уран-238 используется в реакторах-размножителях (бридерах) для производства плутония.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Различие в ядерных свойствах является ключевым для энергетики. $^{235}\text{U}$ способен к цепной реакции деления под действием медленных нейтронов и является основным топливом для АЭС. $^{238}\text{U}$ не поддерживает такую реакцию, но может быть преобразован в делящийся плутоний-239 ($^{239}\text{Pu}$), что позволяет использовать его в качестве сырья для получения нового ядерного топлива.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1855699 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506947" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Чем структурно различаются изотопы $^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$?</strong></p><p>Изотопы одного и того же химического элемента различаются строением атомного ядра. Уран (U) имеет порядковый номер $Z=92$ в таблице Менделеева, что означает, что в ядре любого атома урана содержится 92 протона. Массовое число $\text{A}$, указываемое в обозначении изотопа ($^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$), представляет собой общее число нуклонов (протонов и нейтронов) в ядре.</p><p>Число нейтронов $\text{N}$ в ядре можно найти по формуле $N = A - Z$.</p><p>Для изотопа уран-235 ($^{235}\text{U}$):<br>Число протонов $Z = 92$.<br>Массовое число $A = 235$.<br>Число нейтронов $N = 235 - 92 = 143$.</p><p>Для изотопа уран-238 ($^{238}\text{U}$):<br>Число протонов $Z = 92$.<br>Массовое число $A = 238$.<br>Число нейтронов $N = 238 - 92 = 146$.</p><p>Таким образом, структурное различие между этими изотопами заключается в разном количестве нейтронов в их ядрах: ядро урана-238 содержит на 3 нейтрона больше, чем ядро урана-235.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Изотопы $^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$ различаются количеством нейтронов в ядре. В ядре $^{235}\text{U}$ содержится 143 нейтрона, а в ядре $^{238}\text{U}$ — 146 нейтронов.</p><p><strong>Влияет ли это различие на число электронов в атоме урана?</strong></p><p>В нейтральном атоме число электронов, вращающихся вокруг ядра, равно числу протонов в ядре. Это обеспечивает электронейтральность атома. Поскольку оба изотопа, $^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$, являются изотопами одного и того же элемента, урана, они имеют одинаковое число протонов — 92. Следовательно, в нейтральном состоянии атом каждого из этих изотопов будет иметь 92 электрона. Различие в количестве нейтронов не влияет на заряд ядра и, соответственно, на количество электронов в атоме. Химические свойства изотопов, определяемые электронной оболочкой, практически идентичны.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Нет, это различие не влияет на число электронов в атоме урана. В нейтральном атоме как $^{235}\text{U}$, так и $^{238}\text{U}$ содержится 92 электрона, так как у них одинаковое число протонов (92).</p><p><strong>Как это различие влияет на использование урана в современной энергетике?</strong></p><p>Различие в количестве нейтронов кардинально влияет на ядерные свойства изотопов и их применение в энергетике.</p><p>Изотоп <strong>уран-235</strong> ($^{235}\text{U}$) является делящимся материалом. Его ядро способно делиться при захвате медленного (теплового) нейтрона. Этот процесс, называемый ядерным делением, сопровождается выделением огромного количества энергии и испусканием нескольких новых нейтронов. Эти новые нейтроны могут вызывать деление других ядер $^{235}\text{U}$, что позволяет создать самоподдерживающуюся цепную реакцию. Именно это свойство $^{235}\text{U}$ используется в ядерных реакторах для производства электроэнергии.</p><p>Изотоп <strong>уран-238</strong> ($^{238}\text{U}$), составляющий более 99% природного урана, не способен поддерживать цепную реакцию на тепловых нейтронах. Однако он является "воспроизводящим" или "фертильным" материалом. При поглощении нейтрона ядро $^{238}\text{U}$ превращается в $^{239}\text{U}$, который затем через цепочку бета-распадов превращается в плутоний-239 ($^{239}\text{Pu}$):<br>$^{238}_{92}\text{U} + ^{1}_{0}\text{n} \rightarrow ^{239}_{92}\text{U} \rightarrow ^{239}_{93}\text{Np} + \beta^{-} \rightarrow ^{239}_{94}\text{Pu} + \beta^{-}$<br>Плутоний-239, в свою очередь, является эффективным ядерным топливом, способным к делению под действием тепловых нейтронов, так же как и уран-235.</p><p>Из-за этих различий в ядерных свойствах, для большинства современных атомных электростанций природный уран приходится обогащать, то есть искусственно увеличивать в нем долю $^{235}\text{U}$ (с 0.7% до 3-5%). Уран-238 используется в реакторах-размножителях (бридерах) для производства плутония.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Различие в ядерных свойствах является ключевым для энергетики. $^{235}\text{U}$ способен к цепной реакции деления под действием медленных нейтронов и является основным топливом для АЭС. $^{238}\text{U}$ не поддерживает такую реакцию, но может быть преобразован в делящийся плутоний-239 ($^{239}\text{Pu}$), что позволяет использовать его в качестве сырья для получения нового ядерного топлива.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506948" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506946" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1129} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1492 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#333 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1507465 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "196" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik/page-2-196" "field_display_title" => "196" "field_folder" => "2" "field_image_name" => "196" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1023 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#342 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1111 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1199 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1507466" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1507464" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 #items: array:17 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1208 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1298 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1309 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1320 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1331 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1358 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1369 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1380 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 8 => App\Models\Task {#1391 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 9 => App\Models\Task {#1402 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 10 => App\Models\Task {#1413 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 11 => App\Models\Task {#1424 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 12 => App\Models\Task {#1435 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 13 => App\Models\Task {#1446 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 14 => App\Models\Task {#1457 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 15 => App\Models\Task {#1468 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 16 => App\Models\Task {#1479 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1507465 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "196" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik/page-2-196" "field_display_title" => "196" "field_folder" => "2" "field_image_name" => "196" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1023} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1507466" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1507464" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1506947 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "196" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik/109vopr-2" "field_display_title" => "?2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506948" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506946" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1507465" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№?2 (с. 196)
Условие. №?2 (с. 196)
скриншот условия
Чем структурно различаются изотопы $^{\text{235}}\text{U}$ и $^{\text{238}}\text{U}$? Влияет ли это различие на число электронов в атоме урана? Как это различие влияет на использование урана в современной энергетике?
Решение. №?2 (с. 196)
Чем структурно различаются изотопы $^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$?
Изотопы одного и того же химического элемента различаются строением атомного ядра. Уран (U) имеет порядковый номер $Z=92$ в таблице Менделеева, что означает, что в ядре любого атома урана содержится 92 протона. Массовое число $\text{A}$, указываемое в обозначении изотопа ($^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$), представляет собой общее число нуклонов (протонов и нейтронов) в ядре.
Число нейтронов $\text{N}$ в ядре можно найти по формуле $N = A - Z$.
Для изотопа уран-235 ($^{235}\text{U}$):
Число протонов $Z = 92$.
Массовое число $A = 235$.
Число нейтронов $N = 235 - 92 = 143$.
Для изотопа уран-238 ($^{238}\text{U}$):
Число протонов $Z = 92$.
Массовое число $A = 238$.
Число нейтронов $N = 238 - 92 = 146$.
Таким образом, структурное различие между этими изотопами заключается в разном количестве нейтронов в их ядрах: ядро урана-238 содержит на 3 нейтрона больше, чем ядро урана-235.
Ответ: Изотопы $^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$ различаются количеством нейтронов в ядре. В ядре $^{235}\text{U}$ содержится 143 нейтрона, а в ядре $^{238}\text{U}$ — 146 нейтронов.
Влияет ли это различие на число электронов в атоме урана?
В нейтральном атоме число электронов, вращающихся вокруг ядра, равно числу протонов в ядре. Это обеспечивает электронейтральность атома. Поскольку оба изотопа, $^{235}\text{U}$ и $^{238}\text{U}$, являются изотопами одного и того же элемента, урана, они имеют одинаковое число протонов — 92. Следовательно, в нейтральном состоянии атом каждого из этих изотопов будет иметь 92 электрона. Различие в количестве нейтронов не влияет на заряд ядра и, соответственно, на количество электронов в атоме. Химические свойства изотопов, определяемые электронной оболочкой, практически идентичны.
Ответ: Нет, это различие не влияет на число электронов в атоме урана. В нейтральном атоме как $^{235}\text{U}$, так и $^{238}\text{U}$ содержится 92 электрона, так как у них одинаковое число протонов (92).
Как это различие влияет на использование урана в современной энергетике?
Различие в количестве нейтронов кардинально влияет на ядерные свойства изотопов и их применение в энергетике.
Изотоп уран-235 ($^{235}\text{U}$) является делящимся материалом. Его ядро способно делиться при захвате медленного (теплового) нейтрона. Этот процесс, называемый ядерным делением, сопровождается выделением огромного количества энергии и испусканием нескольких новых нейтронов. Эти новые нейтроны могут вызывать деление других ядер $^{235}\text{U}$, что позволяет создать самоподдерживающуюся цепную реакцию. Именно это свойство $^{235}\text{U}$ используется в ядерных реакторах для производства электроэнергии.
Изотоп уран-238 ($^{238}\text{U}$), составляющий более 99% природного урана, не способен поддерживать цепную реакцию на тепловых нейтронах. Однако он является "воспроизводящим" или "фертильным" материалом. При поглощении нейтрона ядро $^{238}\text{U}$ превращается в $^{239}\text{U}$, который затем через цепочку бета-распадов превращается в плутоний-239 ($^{239}\text{Pu}$):
$^{238}_{92}\text{U} + ^{1}_{0}\text{n} \rightarrow ^{239}_{92}\text{U} \rightarrow ^{239}_{93}\text{Np} + \beta^{-} \rightarrow ^{239}_{94}\text{Pu} + \beta^{-}$
Плутоний-239, в свою очередь, является эффективным ядерным топливом, способным к делению под действием тепловых нейтронов, так же как и уран-235.
Из-за этих различий в ядерных свойствах, для большинства современных атомных электростанций природный уран приходится обогащать, то есть искусственно увеличивать в нем долю $^{235}\text{U}$ (с 0.7% до 3-5%). Уран-238 используется в реакторах-размножителях (бридерах) для производства плутония.
Ответ: Различие в ядерных свойствах является ключевым для энергетики. $^{235}\text{U}$ способен к цепной реакции деления под действием медленных нейтронов и является основным топливом для АЭС. $^{238}\text{U}$ не поддерживает такую реакцию, но может быть преобразован в делящийся плутоний-239 ($^{239}\text{Pu}$), что позволяет использовать его в качестве сырья для получения нового ядерного топлива.
Другие задания:
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