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Номер 10, страница 19, часть 2 - гдз по физике 9 класс учебник Генденштейн, Булатова
Авторы: Генденштейн Л. Э., Булатова А. А., Корнильев И. Н., Кошкина А. В.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Бином
Год издания: 2016 - 2026
Часть: 2
Цвет обложки: бирюзовый
ISBN: 978-5-9963-3062-1
Популярные ГДЗ в 9 классе
Часть 2. Квантовая физика. Глава VI. Атомное ядро и ядерная энергетика. Параграф 25. Атомное ядро - номер 10, страница 19.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1433985 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "19" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik/25-10" "field_display_title" => "10" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1433262 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1038 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1433262 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1400 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1073 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1433262 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1074 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1078 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1433262 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1110 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1433263 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Квантовая физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1113 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1145 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1433262 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 …2} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1433262 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 …2} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1433263 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Квантовая физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1181 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1433267 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Атомное ядро и ядерная энергетика" "field_branch_order" => "VI" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1183 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1185 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1213 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1213 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1217 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1433263 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Квантовая физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 …2} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" …14 ] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1433267 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Атомное ядро и ядерная энергетика" "field_branch_order" => "VI" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182} "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Branch {#1288 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1433268 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Атомное ядро" "field_branch_order" => "25" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1289 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1290 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ …7] #original: array:7 [ …7] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1291 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1292 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1323 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1324 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1433268 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Атомное ядро" "field_branch_order" => "25" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1289} "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1291} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1323} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1401 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1411 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1696678 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1420 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1412 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1433985" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>10.</strong> Как изменяются массовое и зарядовое числа ядра при β-распаде?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "10-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1564" "height" => 183 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/0-25/10-1.webp?ts=1759348344" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1696678 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1420} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1433985" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>10.</strong> Как изменяются массовое и зарядовое числа ядра при β-распаде?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "10-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1564" "height" => 183 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/0-25/10-1.webp?ts=1759348344" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1418 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1780748 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1428 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1419 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1433985" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>β-распад (бета-распад) — это тип радиоактивного распада, при котором ядро атома испускает бета-частицу (электрон или позитрон). Так как в вопросе не уточняется тип β-распада, рассмотрим оба основных вида: β⁻-распад и β⁺-распад.</p><p><strong>β⁻-распад (электронный бета-распад)</strong></p><p>Это наиболее распространенный тип бета-распада. В ходе этого процесса один из нейтронов ($\text{n}$) в ядре превращается в протон ($\text{p}$), при этом испускается электрон ($e^−$) и электронное антинейтрино ($\bar{\nu}_e$).<br>Схематически этот процесс внутри ядра можно записать так:<br>$n \rightarrow p + e^− + \bar{\nu}_e$<br>Общее уравнение для β⁻-распада ядра $\text{X}$ с массовым числом $\text{A}$ и зарядовым числом $\text{Z}$ выглядит следующим образом:<br>$^A_Z X \rightarrow ^A_{Z+1} Y + e^− + \bar{\nu}_e$<br>Из этого уравнения видно, как изменяются массовое и зарядовое числа:<br>1. <strong>Массовое число (A)</strong>, которое равно общему числу протонов и нейтронов в ядре, <strong>не изменяется</strong>. Хотя один нейтрон превращается в протон, общее количество нуклонов (протонов и нейтронов) в ядре остается прежним.<br>2. <strong>Зарядовое число (Z)</strong>, которое равно числу протонов в ядре, <strong>увеличивается на единицу</strong> ($Z \rightarrow Z+1$). Это происходит потому, что в ядре появляется новый протон. В результате образуется ядро нового химического элемента ($\text{Y}$), который в таблице Менделеева смещен на одну клетку вправо относительно исходного элемента ($\text{X}$).</p><p><strong>β⁺-распад (позитронный бета-распад)</strong></p><p>В ходе этого процесса один из протонов ($\text{p}$) в ядре превращается в нейтрон ($\text{n}$), при этом испускается позитрон ($e^+$) и электронное нейтрино ($\nu_e$).<br>Схематически: $p \rightarrow n + e^+ + \nu_e$<br>Общее уравнение: $^A_Z X \rightarrow ^A_{Z-1} Y + e^+ + \nu_e$<br>В этом случае изменения чисел следующие:<br>1. <strong>Массовое число (A)</strong> также <strong>не изменяется</strong>, так как общее число нуклонов остается постоянным.<br>2. <strong>Зарядовое число (Z)</strong><strong>уменьшается на единицу</strong> ($Z \rightarrow Z-1$), так как один протон превратился в нейтрон. Образуется ядро элемента, смещенного на одну клетку влево в таблице Менделеева.</p><p>Таким образом, при любом виде β-распада массовое число ядра сохраняется, а зарядовое число изменяется на единицу.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> При β-распаде массовое число ядра не изменяется. Зарядовое число при электронном β⁻-распаде увеличивается на единицу, а при позитронном β⁺-распаде — уменьшается на единицу.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1780748 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1428} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1433985" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>β-распад (бета-распад) — это тип радиоактивного распада, при котором ядро атома испускает бета-частицу (электрон или позитрон). Так как в вопросе не уточняется тип β-распада, рассмотрим оба основных вида: β⁻-распад и β⁺-распад.</p><p><strong>β⁻-распад (электронный бета-распад)</strong></p><p>Это наиболее распространенный тип бета-распада. В ходе этого процесса один из нейтронов ($\text{n}$) в ядре превращается в протон ($\text{p}$), при этом испускается электрон ($e^−$) и электронное антинейтрино ($\bar{\nu}_e$).<br>Схематически этот процесс внутри ядра можно записать так:<br>$n \rightarrow p + e^− + \bar{\nu}_e$<br>Общее уравнение для β⁻-распада ядра $\text{X}$ с массовым числом $\text{A}$ и зарядовым числом $\text{Z}$ выглядит следующим образом:<br>$^A_Z X \rightarrow ^A_{Z+1} Y + e^− + \bar{\nu}_e$<br>Из этого уравнения видно, как изменяются массовое и зарядовое числа:<br>1. <strong>Массовое число (A)</strong>, которое равно общему числу протонов и нейтронов в ядре, <strong>не изменяется</strong>. Хотя один нейтрон превращается в протон, общее количество нуклонов (протонов и нейтронов) в ядре остается прежним.<br>2. <strong>Зарядовое число (Z)</strong>, которое равно числу протонов в ядре, <strong>увеличивается на единицу</strong> ($Z \rightarrow Z+1$). Это происходит потому, что в ядре появляется новый протон. В результате образуется ядро нового химического элемента ($\text{Y}$), который в таблице Менделеева смещен на одну клетку вправо относительно исходного элемента ($\text{X}$).</p><p><strong>β⁺-распад (позитронный бета-распад)</strong></p><p>В ходе этого процесса один из протонов ($\text{p}$) в ядре превращается в нейтрон ($\text{n}$), при этом испускается позитрон ($e^+$) и электронное нейтрино ($\nu_e$).<br>Схематически: $p \rightarrow n + e^+ + \nu_e$<br>Общее уравнение: $^A_Z X \rightarrow ^A_{Z-1} Y + e^+ + \nu_e$<br>В этом случае изменения чисел следующие:<br>1. <strong>Массовое число (A)</strong> также <strong>не изменяется</strong>, так как общее число нуклонов остается постоянным.<br>2. <strong>Зарядовое число (Z)</strong><strong>уменьшается на единицу</strong> ($Z \rightarrow Z-1$), так как один протон превратился в нейтрон. Образуется ядро элемента, смещенного на одну клетку влево в таблице Менделеева.</p><p>Таким образом, при любом виде β-распада массовое число ядра сохраняется, а зарядовое число изменяется на единицу.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> При β-распаде массовое число ядра не изменяется. Зарядовое число при электронном β⁻-распаде увеличивается на единицу, а при позитронном β⁺-распаде — уменьшается на единицу.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1433986" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1433984" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1452 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1408 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1402 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1403 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1410 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1406 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1404 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1407 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1405 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1426 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1427 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1429 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1430 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1431 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1432 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1433 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1434 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1435 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1436 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1437 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1438 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1439 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1440 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1441 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1442 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1443 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1444 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759256052" 1 => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1759256052" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ 0 => "" 1 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759256052" "alt" => "" "width" => "1863" "height" => "2813" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1759256052" "alt" => "" "width" => "1863" "height" => "2809" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1445 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1446 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1447 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1448 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1449 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 2980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1402} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1410} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1404} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1405} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1431} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1432} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1434} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1436} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1438} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1439} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1440} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1441} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1442} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1443} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2016" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1111" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-9963-3062-1" "field_cover" => array:2 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759256052" 1 => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1759256052" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ 0 => "" 1 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759256052" "alt" => "" "width" => "1863" "height" => "2813" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/gendenshtejn-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1759256052" "alt" => "" "width" => "1863" "height" => "2809" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1445} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1446} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1447} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1448} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1457 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1456 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1434660 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "19" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik/page-2-19" "field_display_title" => "19" "field_folder" => "2" "field_image_name" => "19" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1458 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1073} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1459 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1408} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1470 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1469 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1434661" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1434659" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1884 #items: array:6 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1896 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1903 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1915 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1927 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1934 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1946 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1434660 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "19" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik/page-2-19" "field_display_title" => "19" "field_folder" => "2" "field_image_name" => "19" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1458} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1459} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1470} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1434661" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1434659" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1884} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1433985 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "19" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/gendenshtejn-uchebnik/25-10" "field_display_title" => "10" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1400} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1401} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1433986" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1433984" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1452} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1434660" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№10 (с. 19)
Условие. №10 (с. 19)
скриншот условия
10. Как изменяются массовое и зарядовое числа ядра при β-распаде?
Решение. №10 (с. 19)
Решение
β-распад (бета-распад) — это тип радиоактивного распада, при котором ядро атома испускает бета-частицу (электрон или позитрон). Так как в вопросе не уточняется тип β-распада, рассмотрим оба основных вида: β⁻-распад и β⁺-распад.
β⁻-распад (электронный бета-распад)
Это наиболее распространенный тип бета-распада. В ходе этого процесса один из нейтронов ($\text{n}$) в ядре превращается в протон ($\text{p}$), при этом испускается электрон ($e^−$) и электронное антинейтрино ($\bar{\nu}_e$).
Схематически этот процесс внутри ядра можно записать так:
$n \rightarrow p + e^− + \bar{\nu}_e$
Общее уравнение для β⁻-распада ядра $\text{X}$ с массовым числом $\text{A}$ и зарядовым числом $\text{Z}$ выглядит следующим образом:
$^A_Z X \rightarrow ^A_{Z+1} Y + e^− + \bar{\nu}_e$
Из этого уравнения видно, как изменяются массовое и зарядовое числа:
1. Массовое число (A), которое равно общему числу протонов и нейтронов в ядре, не изменяется. Хотя один нейтрон превращается в протон, общее количество нуклонов (протонов и нейтронов) в ядре остается прежним.
2. Зарядовое число (Z), которое равно числу протонов в ядре, увеличивается на единицу ($Z \rightarrow Z+1$). Это происходит потому, что в ядре появляется новый протон. В результате образуется ядро нового химического элемента ($\text{Y}$), который в таблице Менделеева смещен на одну клетку вправо относительно исходного элемента ($\text{X}$).
β⁺-распад (позитронный бета-распад)
В ходе этого процесса один из протонов ($\text{p}$) в ядре превращается в нейтрон ($\text{n}$), при этом испускается позитрон ($e^+$) и электронное нейтрино ($\nu_e$).
Схематически: $p \rightarrow n + e^+ + \nu_e$
Общее уравнение: $^A_Z X \rightarrow ^A_{Z-1} Y + e^+ + \nu_e$
В этом случае изменения чисел следующие:
1. Массовое число (A) также не изменяется, так как общее число нуклонов остается постоянным.
2. Зарядовое число (Z)уменьшается на единицу ($Z \rightarrow Z-1$), так как один протон превратился в нейтрон. Образуется ядро элемента, смещенного на одну клетку влево в таблице Менделеева.
Таким образом, при любом виде β-распада массовое число ядра сохраняется, а зарядовое число изменяется на единицу.
Ответ: При β-распаде массовое число ядра не изменяется. Зарядовое число при электронном β⁻-распаде увеличивается на единицу, а при позитронном β⁺-распаде — уменьшается на единицу.
Другие задания:
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