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Номер 6, страница 201 - гдз по физике 9 класс учебник Изергин
Авторы: Изергин Э. Т.
Тип: Учебник
Серия: инновационная школа
Издательство: Русское слово
Год издания: 2019 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий
ISBN: 978-5-533-01069-6
Популярные ГДЗ в 9 классе
Глава VI. Гравитация и Вселенная. Параграф 43. Звёзды и созвездия - номер 6, страница 201.
App\Models\Task {#1024 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1439942 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "201" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/43-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#331 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1029 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#342 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1439591 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Гравитация и Вселенная" "field_branch_order" => "VI" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1033 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "184" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1032 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 4169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759162386" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 4169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759162386" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1439591 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Гравитация и Вселенная" "field_branch_order" => "VI" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333} "field_page_start" => "184" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1439591 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Гравитация и Вселенная" "field_branch_order" => "VI" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1066 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" …5 ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "184" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 4169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 4169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1439591 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Гравитация и Вселенная" "field_branch_order" => "VI" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_page_start" => "184" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1098 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1439595 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Звёзды и созвездия" "field_branch_order" => "43" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1100 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "196" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1102 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 4169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 4169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1132 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1439591 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Гравитация и Вселенная" "field_branch_order" => "VI" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "field_page_start" => "184" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1439591 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Гравитация и Вселенная" "field_branch_order" => "VI" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "field_page_start" => "184" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1439595 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Звёзды и созвездия" "field_branch_order" => "43" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_page_start" => "196" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1167 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1707455 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1169 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6139 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6139 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1439942" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>6.</strong> Расскажите об эволюции звезды, масса которой сравнима с массой Солнца.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "6-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1434" "height" => 191 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/izergin-u/0-43/6-1.webp?ts=1759529274" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1707455 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1439942" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>6.</strong> Расскажите об эволюции звезды, масса которой сравнима с массой Солнца.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "6-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1434" "height" => 191 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/izergin-u/0-43/6-1.webp?ts=1759529274" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1175 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1813473 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1177 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6646 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6646 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1439942" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Эволюция звезды, масса которой сравнима с массой Солнца, представляет собой долгий процесс, занимающий миллиарды лет и проходящий через несколько ключевых стадий.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Протозвезда</p><p>Жизненный путь звезды начинается в гигантском молекулярном облаке, состоящем из газа и пыли. Под действием гравитации в наиболее плотных участках облака начинается сжатие вещества, приводящее к образованию вращающегося газового шара — протозвезды. По мере сжатия потенциальная энергия переходит в тепловую, температура и давление в центре протозвезды растут. На этом этапе термоядерные реакции еще не происходят.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Звезда главной последовательности</p><p>Когда температура в ядре достигает примерно 10–15 миллионов Кельвинов, запускается термоядерный синтез — процесс превращения водорода в гелий. Для звёзд типа Солнца это происходит в рамках протон-протонного цикла: $4 \cdot {^1_1 H} \rightarrow {^4_2 He} + 2e^+ + 2\nu_e + \gamma$. Выделяющаяся при этом энергия создает давление газа, которое уравновешивает силу гравитации. Звезда достигает состояния гидростатического равновесия и вступает в самую длительную и стабильную фазу своей жизни — стадию главной последовательности. Наше Солнце сейчас находится на этой стадии и проведет на ней в общей сложности около 10 миллиардов лет.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Красный гигант</p><p>По исчерпании запасов водорода в ядре термоядерный синтез в нем прекращается. Лишенное источника энергии, гелиевое ядро начинает сжиматься под действием гравитации, что приводит к его разогреву. Температура становится достаточной для того, чтобы зажечь водород в слое, окружающем ядро. Это приводит к резкому увеличению светимости звезды. Ее внешние слои сильно расширяются и остывают, из-за чего звезда приобретает красный цвет и превращается в красного гиганта. Размеры звезды увеличиваются в сотни раз; Солнце на этой стадии поглотит внутренние планеты Солнечной системы.</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Горение гелия в ядре</p><p>Сжатие ядра продолжается до тех пор, пока температура в центре не достигнет 100 миллионов Кельвинов. При этой температуре начинается новая реакция — синтез углерода из гелия (тройной альфа-процесс): $3 \cdot {^4_2 He} \rightarrow {^{12}_6 C} + \gamma$. У звёзд солнечной массы этот процесс начинается очень бурно и называется гелиевой вспышкой. После этого звезда на некоторое время стабилизируется, сжигая гелий в ядре.</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Асимптотическая ветвь гигантов и планетарная туманность</p><p>Когда гелий в ядре также заканчивается, оно, состоящее теперь из углерода и кислорода, вновь начинает сжиматься. Вокруг ядра образуются два слоя термоядерного горения: гелиевый и водородный. Звезда снова расширяется, становясь ещё больше и ярче. На этой стадии, называемой асимптотической ветвью гигантов, звезда становится нестабильной и начинает интенсивно сбрасывать свои внешние оболочки в виде мощного звёздного ветра. Эти сброшенные оболочки ионизируются излучением горячего ядра и образуют светящуюся структуру — планетарную туманность.</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Белый карлик и черный карлик</p><p>После того как внешние слои унесены в космос, от звезды остается только её бывшее ядро — очень горячий и плотный объект, называемый белым карликом. Он состоит из углерода и кислорода и удерживается от дальнейшего коллапса давлением вырожденного электронного газа. Термоядерные реакции в нем больше не идут. Белый карлик светится за счет оставшейся тепловой энергии, медленно остывая в течение миллиардов лет. Теоретически, полностью остыв, он превратится в холодный, невидимый объект — чёрный карлик. Однако времени, прошедшего с момента зарождения Вселенной, недостаточно для того, чтобы хотя бы один белый карлик успел остыть до такой степени.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>Эволюция звезды с массой, сравнимой с солнечной, включает следующие стадии: формирование из газопылевого облака в протозвезду; долгая и стабильная жизнь на главной последовательности, в течение которой водород превращается в гелий; расширение до красного гиганта после исчерпания водорода в ядре; запуск горения гелия в ядре; повторное расширение и сброс внешних оболочек с образованием планетарной туманности; и финальная стадия в виде медленно остывающего белого карлика, который в отдалённом будущем станет чёрным карликом.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1813473 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1439942" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Эволюция звезды, масса которой сравнима с массой Солнца, представляет собой долгий процесс, занимающий миллиарды лет и проходящий через несколько ключевых стадий.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Протозвезда</p><p>Жизненный путь звезды начинается в гигантском молекулярном облаке, состоящем из газа и пыли. Под действием гравитации в наиболее плотных участках облака начинается сжатие вещества, приводящее к образованию вращающегося газового шара — протозвезды. По мере сжатия потенциальная энергия переходит в тепловую, температура и давление в центре протозвезды растут. На этом этапе термоядерные реакции еще не происходят.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Звезда главной последовательности</p><p>Когда температура в ядре достигает примерно 10–15 миллионов Кельвинов, запускается термоядерный синтез — процесс превращения водорода в гелий. Для звёзд типа Солнца это происходит в рамках протон-протонного цикла: $4 \cdot {^1_1 H} \rightarrow {^4_2 He} + 2e^+ + 2\nu_e + \gamma$. Выделяющаяся при этом энергия создает давление газа, которое уравновешивает силу гравитации. Звезда достигает состояния гидростатического равновесия и вступает в самую длительную и стабильную фазу своей жизни — стадию главной последовательности. Наше Солнце сейчас находится на этой стадии и проведет на ней в общей сложности около 10 миллиардов лет.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Красный гигант</p><p>По исчерпании запасов водорода в ядре термоядерный синтез в нем прекращается. Лишенное источника энергии, гелиевое ядро начинает сжиматься под действием гравитации, что приводит к его разогреву. Температура становится достаточной для того, чтобы зажечь водород в слое, окружающем ядро. Это приводит к резкому увеличению светимости звезды. Ее внешние слои сильно расширяются и остывают, из-за чего звезда приобретает красный цвет и превращается в красного гиганта. Размеры звезды увеличиваются в сотни раз; Солнце на этой стадии поглотит внутренние планеты Солнечной системы.</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Горение гелия в ядре</p><p>Сжатие ядра продолжается до тех пор, пока температура в центре не достигнет 100 миллионов Кельвинов. При этой температуре начинается новая реакция — синтез углерода из гелия (тройной альфа-процесс): $3 \cdot {^4_2 He} \rightarrow {^{12}_6 C} + \gamma$. У звёзд солнечной массы этот процесс начинается очень бурно и называется гелиевой вспышкой. После этого звезда на некоторое время стабилизируется, сжигая гелий в ядре.</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Асимптотическая ветвь гигантов и планетарная туманность</p><p>Когда гелий в ядре также заканчивается, оно, состоящее теперь из углерода и кислорода, вновь начинает сжиматься. Вокруг ядра образуются два слоя термоядерного горения: гелиевый и водородный. Звезда снова расширяется, становясь ещё больше и ярче. На этой стадии, называемой асимптотической ветвью гигантов, звезда становится нестабильной и начинает интенсивно сбрасывать свои внешние оболочки в виде мощного звёздного ветра. Эти сброшенные оболочки ионизируются излучением горячего ядра и образуют светящуюся структуру — планетарную туманность.</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Белый карлик и черный карлик</p><p>После того как внешние слои унесены в космос, от звезды остается только её бывшее ядро — очень горячий и плотный объект, называемый белым карликом. Он состоит из углерода и кислорода и удерживается от дальнейшего коллапса давлением вырожденного электронного газа. Термоядерные реакции в нем больше не идут. Белый карлик светится за счет оставшейся тепловой энергии, медленно остывая в течение миллиардов лет. Теоретически, полностью остыв, он превратится в холодный, невидимый объект — чёрный карлик. Однако времени, прошедшего с момента зарождения Вселенной, недостаточно для того, чтобы хотя бы один белый карлик успел остыть до такой степени.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong></p><p>Эволюция звезды с массой, сравнимой с солнечной, включает следующие стадии: формирование из газопылевого облака в протозвезду; долгая и стабильная жизнь на главной последовательности, в течение которой водород превращается в гелий; расширение до красного гиганта после исчерпания водорода в ядре; запуск горения гелия в ядре; повторное расширение и сброс внешних оболочек с образованием планетарной туманности; и финальная стадия в виде медленно остывающего белого карлика, который в отдалённом будущем станет чёрным карликом.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] 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"id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1201 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4715 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "инновационная школа" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "innovacionnaya shkola" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4715 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "инновационная школа" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "innovacionnaya shkola" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1205 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759162386" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759162386" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2502" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1212 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 4169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759162386" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759162386" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2502" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1226 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1439519 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "201" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/page-201" "field_display_title" => "201" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "201" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1229 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 4169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 4169 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 9 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "388" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01069-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1268 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1707757 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1278 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1707757 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1278 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1439520" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1439518" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1624 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1261 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1439942 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "201" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/43-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1265 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1263 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1309 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1412 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1429 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1439942 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "201" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/43-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1265 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1263 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1309 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1412 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1429 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1459 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1439943 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "201" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/43-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1462 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1463 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1498 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1508 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1525 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1439943 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "201" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/43-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1462 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1463 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1498 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1508 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1525 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1526 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1439944 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "201" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/43-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1527 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1529 …2} "top_parent_branch" => 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№6 (с. 201)
Условие. №6 (с. 201)
скриншот условия
6. Расскажите об эволюции звезды, масса которой сравнима с массой Солнца.
Решение. №6 (с. 201)
Эволюция звезды, масса которой сравнима с массой Солнца, представляет собой долгий процесс, занимающий миллиарды лет и проходящий через несколько ключевых стадий.
1. Протозвезда
Жизненный путь звезды начинается в гигантском молекулярном облаке, состоящем из газа и пыли. Под действием гравитации в наиболее плотных участках облака начинается сжатие вещества, приводящее к образованию вращающегося газового шара — протозвезды. По мере сжатия потенциальная энергия переходит в тепловую, температура и давление в центре протозвезды растут. На этом этапе термоядерные реакции еще не происходят.
2. Звезда главной последовательности
Когда температура в ядре достигает примерно 10–15 миллионов Кельвинов, запускается термоядерный синтез — процесс превращения водорода в гелий. Для звёзд типа Солнца это происходит в рамках протон-протонного цикла: $4 \cdot {^1_1 H} \rightarrow {^4_2 He} + 2e^+ + 2\nu_e + \gamma$. Выделяющаяся при этом энергия создает давление газа, которое уравновешивает силу гравитации. Звезда достигает состояния гидростатического равновесия и вступает в самую длительную и стабильную фазу своей жизни — стадию главной последовательности. Наше Солнце сейчас находится на этой стадии и проведет на ней в общей сложности около 10 миллиардов лет.
3. Красный гигант
По исчерпании запасов водорода в ядре термоядерный синтез в нем прекращается. Лишенное источника энергии, гелиевое ядро начинает сжиматься под действием гравитации, что приводит к его разогреву. Температура становится достаточной для того, чтобы зажечь водород в слое, окружающем ядро. Это приводит к резкому увеличению светимости звезды. Ее внешние слои сильно расширяются и остывают, из-за чего звезда приобретает красный цвет и превращается в красного гиганта. Размеры звезды увеличиваются в сотни раз; Солнце на этой стадии поглотит внутренние планеты Солнечной системы.
4. Горение гелия в ядре
Сжатие ядра продолжается до тех пор, пока температура в центре не достигнет 100 миллионов Кельвинов. При этой температуре начинается новая реакция — синтез углерода из гелия (тройной альфа-процесс): $3 \cdot {^4_2 He} \rightarrow {^{12}_6 C} + \gamma$. У звёзд солнечной массы этот процесс начинается очень бурно и называется гелиевой вспышкой. После этого звезда на некоторое время стабилизируется, сжигая гелий в ядре.
5. Асимптотическая ветвь гигантов и планетарная туманность
Когда гелий в ядре также заканчивается, оно, состоящее теперь из углерода и кислорода, вновь начинает сжиматься. Вокруг ядра образуются два слоя термоядерного горения: гелиевый и водородный. Звезда снова расширяется, становясь ещё больше и ярче. На этой стадии, называемой асимптотической ветвью гигантов, звезда становится нестабильной и начинает интенсивно сбрасывать свои внешние оболочки в виде мощного звёздного ветра. Эти сброшенные оболочки ионизируются излучением горячего ядра и образуют светящуюся структуру — планетарную туманность.
6. Белый карлик и черный карлик
После того как внешние слои унесены в космос, от звезды остается только её бывшее ядро — очень горячий и плотный объект, называемый белым карликом. Он состоит из углерода и кислорода и удерживается от дальнейшего коллапса давлением вырожденного электронного газа. Термоядерные реакции в нем больше не идут. Белый карлик светится за счет оставшейся тепловой энергии, медленно остывая в течение миллиардов лет. Теоретически, полностью остыв, он превратится в холодный, невидимый объект — чёрный карлик. Однако времени, прошедшего с момента зарождения Вселенной, недостаточно для того, чтобы хотя бы один белый карлик успел остыть до такой степени.
Ответ:
Эволюция звезды с массой, сравнимой с солнечной, включает следующие стадии: формирование из газопылевого облака в протозвезду; долгая и стабильная жизнь на главной последовательности, в течение которой водород превращается в гелий; расширение до красного гиганта после исчерпания водорода в ядре; запуск горения гелия в ядре; повторное расширение и сброс внешних оболочек с образованием планетарной туманности; и финальная стадия в виде медленно остывающего белого карлика, который в отдалённом будущем станет чёрным карликом.
Другие задания:
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