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Номер 4, страница 62, часть 2 - гдз по Истории России 9 класс учебник Арсентьев, Данилов
Авторы: Арсентьев Н. М., Данилов А. А., Левандовский А. А., Токарева А. Я., Торкунов А. В., Дмитриев А. П.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2023 - 2026
Часть: 2
Цвет обложки: белый, красный с императором
ISBN: 978-5-09-102256-8
Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации
Популярные ГДЗ в 9 классе
Часть 2. Тема IV. Россия в 1880 - 1890-х гг. Культурное пространство империи во второй половине ХIХ в.. Параграф 35. Повседневная жизнь разных слоёв населения во второй половине ХIХ в.. Повторяем и делаем выводы - номер 4, страница 62.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 763549 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/istoriya/arsentev-uchebnik/35-5-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 762953 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1038 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" ] "field_branch_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" "alt" => "часть 2" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1588" ] ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 978 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_publication_number" => "3" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с императором" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "649" "field_priority" => "2" "field_default_folder" => "/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-102256-8" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/istoriya/arsentev-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 978 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} …42 ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 762953 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" ] "field_branch_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" "alt" => "часть 2" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1588" ] ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1380 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1078 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 762953 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1079 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ …7] #original: array:7 [ …7] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" ] "field_branch_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" "alt" => "часть 2" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1588" ] ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1083 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 762953 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" ] "field_branch_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" "alt" => "часть 2" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1588" ] ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1120 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 762954 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Россия в 1880 - 1890-х гг. Культурное пространство империи во второй половине ХIХ в." "field_branch_order" => "IV" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1122 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ …7] #original: array:7 [ …7] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1124 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1161 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 762954 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Россия в 1880 - 1890-х гг. Культурное пространство империи во второй половине ХIХ в." "field_branch_order" => "IV" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121} "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1202 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 762989 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повседневная жизнь разных слоёв населения во второй половине ХIХ в." "field_branch_order" => "35" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1204 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ …7] #original: array:7 [ …7] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "54" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1206 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1243 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 762989 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повседневная жизнь разных слоёв населения во второй половине ХIХ в." "field_branch_order" => "35" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203} "field_page_start" => "54" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Branch {#1289 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 762993 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повторяем и делаем выводы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1290 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1291 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1292 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1328 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1329 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 762993 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Повторяем и делаем выводы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1290} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1291} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1328} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1391 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1401 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 957421 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1410 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1402 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763549" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Какие достижения в развитии науки и образования во второй половине ХIХ в. вы считаете наиболее значительными?</strong></p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1591" "height" => 153 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/0-35-5/4-1.webp?ts=1739648531" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 957421 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1410} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763549" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Какие достижения в развитии науки и образования во второй половине ХIХ в. вы считаете наиболее значительными?</strong></p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1591" "height" => 153 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/0-35-5/4-1.webp?ts=1739648531" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1416 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 957879 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1426 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1417 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763549" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Во второй половине XIX в., просвещение охватило более широкие слои населения. Была создана система начальных школ - церковно-приходских, земских, Министерства народного просвещения. Все это привело к заметному росту числа грамотных людей, которые составляли к концу XIX в. около 20 % населения. Росло количество людей, которые впервые стали приобщаться к книжной культуре, менять свою психологию, взгляды на жизнь. Развивалось среднее образование, которое давали в гимназиях (мужских и женских) и реальных училищах. Мощный рывок вперёд совершило высшее образование. Наряду с университетами (помимо 7 существовавших, были открыты два новых в Одессе и в Томске), всё большее значение приобретали разнообразные технические вузы. Всего число таких высших учебных заведений возросло с 7 в 1861 г. почти до 60 к концу века. Чрезвычайно важным и новым для России явлением стало высшее женское образование. Активно происходила разработка передовых методов обучения и воспитания. Во второй половине XIX в. в связи с быстрым ростом числа читающей публики книжное дело переживало настоящий бум. Резко выросли тиражи изданий, во много раз увеличились темпы книгопечатания.</p><p>Русская наука второй половины XIX века смогла выйти на мировой уровень. Русским ученым в этом периоде принадлежало большое число открытий в различных областях знаний. Также за русскими учеными числился целый ряд открытий имевших огромное практическое значение и до сих пор остающихся основой жизни человечества. Русские изобретатели и инженеры стали авторами множества технических новинок второй половины XIX века. Физик А. Г. Столетов утвердил электромагнитную теорию света, а также открыл первый закон фотоэффекта. П. П. Яблочков изобрёл первую дуговую электрическую лампу, а А. Н. Лодыгин - электрическую лампу накаливания. М. О. Доливо-Добровольский решил проблему передачи электрического тока по проводам на значительные расстояния. А. С. Попов стал одним из основоположников радиосвязи. 7 мая 1895 г. он первым в мире продемонстрировал работу созданных им радиостанции и радиоприёмника - беспроволочного телеграфа. Учитель физики из Калуги К. Э. Циолковский является основателем отечественной космонавтики. Он разрабатывал теорию движения реактивных ракет и обосновал возможность полётов человека в космос.</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1829" "height" => 2662 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/1-35-5/4-1.webp?ts=1739648499" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1829" "height" => 517 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/1-35-5/4-2.webp?ts=1739648499" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 957879 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1426} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763549" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Во второй половине XIX в., просвещение охватило более широкие слои населения. Была создана система начальных школ - церковно-приходских, земских, Министерства народного просвещения. Все это привело к заметному росту числа грамотных людей, которые составляли к концу XIX в. около 20 % населения. Росло количество людей, которые впервые стали приобщаться к книжной культуре, менять свою психологию, взгляды на жизнь. Развивалось среднее образование, которое давали в гимназиях (мужских и женских) и реальных училищах. Мощный рывок вперёд совершило высшее образование. Наряду с университетами (помимо 7 существовавших, были открыты два новых в Одессе и в Томске), всё большее значение приобретали разнообразные технические вузы. Всего число таких высших учебных заведений возросло с 7 в 1861 г. почти до 60 к концу века. Чрезвычайно важным и новым для России явлением стало высшее женское образование. Активно происходила разработка передовых методов обучения и воспитания. Во второй половине XIX в. в связи с быстрым ростом числа читающей публики книжное дело переживало настоящий бум. Резко выросли тиражи изданий, во много раз увеличились темпы книгопечатания.</p><p>Русская наука второй половины XIX века смогла выйти на мировой уровень. Русским ученым в этом периоде принадлежало большое число открытий в различных областях знаний. Также за русскими учеными числился целый ряд открытий имевших огромное практическое значение и до сих пор остающихся основой жизни человечества. Русские изобретатели и инженеры стали авторами множества технических новинок второй половины XIX века. Физик А. Г. Столетов утвердил электромагнитную теорию света, а также открыл первый закон фотоэффекта. П. П. Яблочков изобрёл первую дуговую электрическую лампу, а А. Н. Лодыгин - электрическую лампу накаливания. М. О. Доливо-Добровольский решил проблему передачи электрического тока по проводам на значительные расстояния. А. С. Попов стал одним из основоположников радиосвязи. 7 мая 1895 г. он первым в мире продемонстрировал работу созданных им радиостанции и радиоприёмника - беспроволочного телеграфа. Учитель физики из Калуги К. Э. Циолковский является основателем отечественной космонавтики. Он разрабатывал теорию движения реактивных ракет и обосновал возможность полётов человека в космос.</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1829" "height" => 2662 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/1-35-5/4-1.webp?ts=1739648499" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1829" "height" => 517 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/1-35-5/4-2.webp?ts=1739648499" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1408 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 957774 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1418 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1409 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763549" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1918" "height" => 472 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/2-35-5/4-1.webp?ts=1739648423" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 957774 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1418} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763549" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1918" "height" => 472 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/2-35-5/4-1.webp?ts=1739648423" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Element {#1424 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 958209 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1434 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1425 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763549" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1926" "height" => 1389 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/3-35-5/4-1.webp?ts=1739648635" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1923" "height" => 321 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/3-35-5/4-2.webp?ts=1739648635" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 958209 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1434} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763549" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1926" "height" => 1389 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/3-35-5/4-1.webp?ts=1739648635" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1923" "height" => 321 "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/3-35-5/4-2.webp?ts=1739648635" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763550" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763548" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1453 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1399 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 978 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1383 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1382 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1381 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1388 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1387 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1386 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1384 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1385 #items: array:6 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1390 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1389 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1397 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1396 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Term {#1398 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Term {#1394 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1392 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1395 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1393 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1432 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1433 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1435 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1436 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1437 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1438 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1439 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1440 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1441 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "3" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1442 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1443 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1444 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1398} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с императором" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "649" "field_priority" => "2" "field_default_folder" => "/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-102256-8" "field_cover" => array:2 [ 0 => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1739543153" 1 => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ 0 => "часть 1" 1 => "часть 2" ] "field_covers" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1739543153" "alt" => "часть 1" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" "alt" => "часть 2" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1588" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1445 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1446 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1447 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/9-klass/istoriya/arsentev-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1448 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1449 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1450 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 551 "class_subject" => 485 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 978 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1383} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1388} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1386} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1385} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1392} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1395} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1432} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1435} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1437} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1438} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1439} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1440} "field_publication_number" => "3" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1442} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1444} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с императором" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "649" "field_priority" => "2" "field_default_folder" => "/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-102256-8" "field_cover" => array:2 [ 0 => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1739543153" 1 => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ 0 => "часть 1" 1 => "часть 2" ] "field_covers" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1739543153" "alt" => "часть 1" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/istoriya_09/arsentev-u23/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1739543153" "alt" => "часть 2" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1588" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1445} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1446} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1447} "field_url" => "/9-klass/istoriya/arsentev-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1448} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 551 "class_subject" => 485 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1458 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1457 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 941285 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_url" => "/9-klass/istoriya/arsentev-uchebnik/page-2-62" "field_display_title" => "62" "field_folder" => "2" "field_image_name" => "62" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1459 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1078} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1399} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1461 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1471 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1470 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "941286" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "941284" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1885 #items: array:7 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1899 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1906 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1909 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1925 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1928 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1953 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1964 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 941285 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_url" => "/9-klass/istoriya/arsentev-uchebnik/page-2-62" "field_display_title" => "62" "field_folder" => "2" "field_image_name" => "62" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1459} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1461} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1471} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "941286" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "941284" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1885} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 763549 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/istoriya/arsentev-uchebnik/35-5-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1380} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1391} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763550" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "763548" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1453} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "941285" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№4 (с. 62)
Условие. №4 (с. 62)
скриншот условия
Какие достижения в развитии науки и образования во второй половине ХIХ в. вы считаете наиболее значительными?
Решение 1. №4 (с. 62)
скриншот решения
Во второй половине XIX в., просвещение охватило более широкие слои населения. Была создана система начальных школ - церковно-приходских, земских, Министерства народного просвещения. Все это привело к заметному росту числа грамотных людей, которые составляли к концу XIX в. около 20 % населения. Росло количество людей, которые впервые стали приобщаться к книжной культуре, менять свою психологию, взгляды на жизнь. Развивалось среднее образование, которое давали в гимназиях (мужских и женских) и реальных училищах. Мощный рывок вперёд совершило высшее образование. Наряду с университетами (помимо 7 существовавших, были открыты два новых в Одессе и в Томске), всё большее значение приобретали разнообразные технические вузы. Всего число таких высших учебных заведений возросло с 7 в 1861 г. почти до 60 к концу века. Чрезвычайно важным и новым для России явлением стало высшее женское образование. Активно происходила разработка передовых методов обучения и воспитания. Во второй половине XIX в. в связи с быстрым ростом числа читающей публики книжное дело переживало настоящий бум. Резко выросли тиражи изданий, во много раз увеличились темпы книгопечатания.
Русская наука второй половины XIX века смогла выйти на мировой уровень. Русским ученым в этом периоде принадлежало большое число открытий в различных областях знаний. Также за русскими учеными числился целый ряд открытий имевших огромное практическое значение и до сих пор остающихся основой жизни человечества. Русские изобретатели и инженеры стали авторами множества технических новинок второй половины XIX века. Физик А. Г. Столетов утвердил электромагнитную теорию света, а также открыл первый закон фотоэффекта. П. П. Яблочков изобрёл первую дуговую электрическую лампу, а А. Н. Лодыгин - электрическую лампу накаливания. М. О. Доливо-Добровольский решил проблему передачи электрического тока по проводам на значительные расстояния. А. С. Попов стал одним из основоположников радиосвязи. 7 мая 1895 г. он первым в мире продемонстрировал работу созданных им радиостанции и радиоприёмника - беспроволочного телеграфа. Учитель физики из Калуги К. Э. Циолковский является основателем отечественной космонавтики. Он разрабатывал теорию движения реактивных ракет и обосновал возможность полётов человека в космос.
Решение 2 (краткие ответы). №4 (с. 62)
Решение 3 (подробные ответы). №4 (с. 62)
Другие задания:
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