gdz.top
Номер 1, страница 331 - гдз по химии 10 класс учебник Еремин, Кузьменко
Авторы: Еремин В. В., Кузьменко Н. Е., Теренин В. И., Дроздов А. А., Лунин В. В.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2023 - 2026
Уровень обучения: углублённый
Цвет обложки: белый, зелёный с радугой
Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации
Популярные ГДЗ в 10 классе
Глава 5. Азот- и серосодержащие органические соединения. Параграф 57. Шестичленные гетероциклы. Задания для повторения - номер 1, страница 331.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 663342 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "331" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/57-1-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662753 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Азот- и серосодержащие органические соединения" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "300" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6495 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Химия" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "himiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1063 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1079 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4330 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Еремин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Вадим" "field_patronymic" => "Владимирович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4330 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Еремин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Вадим" "field_patronymic" => "Владимирович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1080 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кузьменко" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Николай" "field_patronymic" => "Егорович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кузьменко" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Николай" "field_patronymic" => "Егорович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1082 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5912 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Теренин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Владимир" "field_patronymic" => "Ильич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5912 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Теренин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Владимир" "field_patronymic" => "Ильич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1078 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4290 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дроздов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Андрей" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4290 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дроздов" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Андрей" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Term {#1081 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5031 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Лунин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Валерий" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Лунина" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5031 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Лунин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Валерий" "field_patronymic" => "Васильевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Лунина" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1075 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1072 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1071 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 39 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "углублённый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "uglublennyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 39 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "углублённый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "uglublennyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1083 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1085 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1081} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1091 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1093 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 47 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "зелёный" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "zelyonyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 47 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "зелёный" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "zelyonyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 500 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1003 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086} "field_publication_number" => "10" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => "доктор химических наук, академика РАН" "field_cover_description" => "с радугой" "field_publication_year" => "2023" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => null "field_allowed" => "Допущено Министерством просвещения Российской Федерации" "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "697" "field_priority" => "10" "field_default_folder" => "/himiya_10/eremin-u23/" "field_isbn" => null "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1738768732" "alt" => "" "width" => "1200" "height" => "1576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => null "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090} "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 381 "subject" => 558 "class_subject" => 500 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662753 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Азот- и серосодержащие органические соединения" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_page_start" => "300" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1132 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662753 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Азот- и серосодержащие органические соединения" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "300" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662753 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Азот- и серосодержащие органические соединения" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133} "field_page_start" => "300" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1136 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662759 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Шестичленные гетероциклы" "field_branch_order" => "57" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1137 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "326" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662759 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Шестичленные гетероциклы" "field_branch_order" => "57" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140} "field_page_start" => "326" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1141 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662761 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задания для повторения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "331" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1151 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 662759 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Шестичленные гетероциклы" "field_branch_order" => "57" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153 …2} "field_page_start" => "326" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662759 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Шестичленные гетероциклы" "field_branch_order" => "57" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153 …2} "field_page_start" => "326" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 662761 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задания для повторения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_page_start" => "331" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1113 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 819177 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1097 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1829 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663342" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Запишите уравнения реакций, иллюстрирующие следующие схемы превращений:</p><p><strong>а)</strong> $C_3H_6$ → 1-хлорпропан → пропанол-1 → X → пропанол-2 → изопропилацетат;</p><p><strong>б)</strong> $C_3H_8$ → $X_1$ → $X_2$ → 1,2-дибромпропан $\xrightarrow{\text{КОН, спирт}}$ $X_3$ → ацетон;</p><p><strong>в)</strong> $CaC_2$ $\xrightarrow{t, C_{\text{акт}}}$ $X_1$ → $X_2$ → толуол → $X_3$ → бензоат натрия;</p><p><strong>г)</strong> этилат натрия → $X_1$ → $C_2H_4O$ → ацетат аммония → $X_2$ → ацетон;</p><p><strong>д)</strong> бензол → $X_1$ → толуол → $X_2$ → бензальдегид $\xrightarrow{\text{Ni, + H}_2}$ $X_3$;</p><p><strong>е)</strong> пропанол-1 → 1-иодпропан → пропан → $X_1$ $\xrightarrow{\text{+ Cl}_2, \text{ hv}}$ кумол $\xrightarrow{\text{КОН, спирт}}$ $X_3$.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "868" "height" => 483 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/0-57-1/1-1.webp?ts=1738779687" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 819177 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663342" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Запишите уравнения реакций, иллюстрирующие следующие схемы превращений:</p><p><strong>а)</strong> $C_3H_6$ → 1-хлорпропан → пропанол-1 → X → пропанол-2 → изопропилацетат;</p><p><strong>б)</strong> $C_3H_8$ → $X_1$ → $X_2$ → 1,2-дибромпропан $\xrightarrow{\text{КОН, спирт}}$ $X_3$ → ацетон;</p><p><strong>в)</strong> $CaC_2$ $\xrightarrow{t, C_{\text{акт}}}$ $X_1$ → $X_2$ → толуол → $X_3$ → бензоат натрия;</p><p><strong>г)</strong> этилат натрия → $X_1$ → $C_2H_4O$ → ацетат аммония → $X_2$ → ацетон;</p><p><strong>д)</strong> бензол → $X_1$ → толуол → $X_2$ → бензальдегид $\xrightarrow{\text{Ni, + H}_2}$ $X_3$;</p><p><strong>е)</strong> пропанол-1 → 1-иодпропан → пропан → $X_1$ $\xrightarrow{\text{+ Cl}_2, \text{ hv}}$ кумол $\xrightarrow{\text{КОН, спирт}}$ $X_3$.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "868" "height" => 483 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/0-57-1/1-1.webp?ts=1738779687" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1108 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 819444 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1106 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1830 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1830 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Ладыко (Торчило)" "field_moderator" => "vadim" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663342" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2130" "height" => 2950 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-57-1/1-1.webp?ts=1738779780" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2119" "height" => 1868 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-57-1/1-2.webp?ts=1738779780" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 819444 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663342" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2130" "height" => 2950 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-57-1/1-1.webp?ts=1738779780" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "2119" "height" => 1868 "path" => "/media/himiya_10/eremin-u23/1-57-1/1-2.webp?ts=1738779780" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1100 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1515740 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1098 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5553 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5553 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663342" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>а) C₃H₆ → 1-хлорпропан → пропанол-1 → X → пропанол-2 → изопропилацетат</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Исходное вещество C₃H₆ — циклопропан. Реакция гидрохлорирования циклопропана с раскрытием цикла:</p><p>$c-(CH_2)_3 + HCl \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-CH_2Cl$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Щелочной гидролиз 1-хлорпропана для получения пропанола-1:</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2Cl + NaOH_{(водн.)} \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-CH_2OH + NaCl$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Внутримолекулярная дегидратация пропанола-1 с образованием пропена (вещество X):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2OH \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4, 170^\circ C} CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2O$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Гидратация пропена (вещества X) по правилу Марковникова для получения пропанола-2:</p><p>$CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2O \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Реакция этерификации пропанола-2 (изопропилового спирта) уксусной кислотой:</p><p>$CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3 + CH_3COOH \rightleftharpoons CH_3-COO-CH(CH_3)_2 + H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Вещество X — пропен. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>б) C₃H₈ → X₁ → X₂ → 1,2-дибромпропан → X₃ → ацетон</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Радикальное хлорирование пропана. Преимущественно образуется 2-хлорпропан (X₁):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} CH_3-CHCl-CH_3 + HCl$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Дегидрогалогенирование 2-хлорпропана спиртовым раствором щелочи с образованием пропена (X₂):</p><p>$CH_3-CHCl-CH_3 + KOH_{(спирт)} \rightarrow CH_2=CH-CH_3 + KCl + H_2O$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Присоединение брома к пропену по двойной связи:</p><p>$CH_2=CH-CH_3 + Br_2 \rightarrow CH_2Br-CHBr-CH_3$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Дегидробромирование 1,2-дибромпропана избытком спиртового раствора щелочи с образованием пропина (X₃):</p><p>$CH_2Br-CHBr-CH_3 + 2KOH_{(спирт)} \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-C\equiv CH + 2KBr + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Гидратация пропина по реакции Кучерова с образованием ацетона:</p><p>$CH_3-C\equiv CH + H_2O \xrightarrow{HgSO_4, H_2SO_4} CH_3-CO-CH_3$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — 2-хлорпропан, X₂ — пропен, X₃ — пропин. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>в) CaC₂ → X₁ → X₂ → толуол → X₃ → бензоат натрия</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Гидролиз карбида кальция с образованием ацетилена (X₁):</p><p>$CaC_2 + 2H_2O \rightarrow C_2H_2 + Ca(OH)_2$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Тримеризация ацетилена над активированным углем при нагревании с образованием бензола (X₂):</p><p>$3C_2H_2 \xrightarrow{C_{акт}, 600^\circ C} C_6H_6$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Алкилирование бензола по реакции Фриделя-Крафтса для получения толуола:</p><p>$C_6H_6 + CH_3Cl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5-CH_3 + HCl$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Окисление толуола перманганатом калия в кислой среде до бензойной кислоты (X₃):</p><p>$5C_6H_5-CH_3 + 6KMnO_4 + 9H_2SO_4 \rightarrow 5C_6H_5-COOH + 3K_2SO_4 + 6MnSO_4 + 14H_2O$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Нейтрализация бензойной кислоты гидроксидом натрия:</p><p>$C_6H_5-COOH + NaOH \rightarrow C_6H_5-COONa + H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — ацетилен, X₂ — бензол, X₃ — бензойная кислота. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>г) этилат натрия → X₁ → C₂H₄O → ацетат аммония → X₂ → ацетон</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Гидролиз этилата натрия с образованием этанола (X₁):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-ONa + H_2O \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-OH + NaOH$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Окисление этанола оксидом меди(II) до этаналя (уксусного альдегида, C₂H₄O):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-OH + CuO \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-CHO + Cu + H_2O$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Реакция "серебряного зеркала" для этаналя с образованием ацетата аммония:</p><p>$CH_3-CHO + 2[Ag(NH_3)_2]OH \rightarrow CH_3-COONH_4 + 2Ag\downarrow + 3NH_3 + H_2O$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Реакция обмена между ацетатом аммония и гидроксидом кальция с образованием ацетата кальция (X₂):</p><p>$2CH_3-COONH_4 + Ca(OH)_2 \rightarrow (CH_3-COO)_2Ca + 2NH_3\uparrow + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Пиролиз (сухая перегонка) ацетата кальция с образованием ацетона:</p><p>$(CH_3-COO)_2Ca \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-CO-CH_3 + CaCO_3$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — этанол, C₂H₄O — этаналь, X₂ — ацетат кальция. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>д) бензол → X₁ → толуол → X₂ → бензальдегид → X₃</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Электрофильное замещение в бензольном кольце (хрорирование) с образованием хлорбензола (X₁):</p><p>$C_6H_6 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{FeCl_3} C_6H_5Cl + HCl$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Синтез толуола по реакции Вюрца-Фиттига:</p><p>$C_6H_5Cl + 2Na + CH_3Cl \rightarrow C_6H_5-CH_3 + 2NaCl$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Радикальное хлорирование толуола "на свету" до бензилиденхлорида (X₂):</p><p>$C_6H_5-CH_3 + 2Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} C_6H_5-CHCl_2 + 2HCl$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Гидролиз бензилиденхлорида водой при нагревании до бензальдегида:</p><p>$C_6H_5-CHCl_2 + H_2O \xrightarrow{t} C_6H_5-CHO + 2HCl$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Каталитическое гидрирование (восстановление) бензальдегида до бензилового спирта (X₃):</p><p>$C_6H_5-CHO + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni, t} C_6H_5-CH_2OH$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — хлорбензол, X₂ — бензилиденхлорид, X₃ — бензиловый спирт. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>е) пропанол-1 → 1-иодпропан → пропан → X₁ → кумол → X₂ → X₃</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Замещение гидроксильной группы в пропаноле-1 на иод с помощью иодида фосфора(III):</p><p>$3CH_3-CH_2-CH_2OH + PI_3 \rightarrow 3CH_3-CH_2-CH_2I + H_3PO_3$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Восстановление 1-иодпропана до пропана (например, цинком в кислой среде):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2I + Zn + HCl \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 + ZnClI$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Каталитическое дегидрирование пропана с получением пропена (X₁):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 \xrightarrow{Pt, t} CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Алкилирование бензола пропеном для получения кумола (изопропилбензола):</p><p>$C_6H_6 + CH_2=CH-CH_3 \xrightarrow{H_3PO_4, t} C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)_2$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Радикальное хлорирование кумола в боковую цепь с образованием 2-хлор-2-фенилпропана (X₂):</p><p>$C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)_2 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} C_6H_5-C(Cl)(CH_3)_2 + HCl$</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Дегидрохлорирование 2-хлор-2-фенилпропана спиртовым раствором щелочи с образованием α-метилстирола (X₃):</p><p>$C_6H_5-C(Cl)(CH_3)_2 + KOH_{(спирт)} \rightarrow C_6H_5-C(CH_3)=CH_2 + KCl + H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — пропен, X₂ — 2-хлор-2-фенилпропан, X₃ — α-метилстирол. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1515740 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663342" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>а) C₃H₆ → 1-хлорпропан → пропанол-1 → X → пропанол-2 → изопропилацетат</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Исходное вещество C₃H₆ — циклопропан. Реакция гидрохлорирования циклопропана с раскрытием цикла:</p><p>$c-(CH_2)_3 + HCl \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-CH_2Cl$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Щелочной гидролиз 1-хлорпропана для получения пропанола-1:</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2Cl + NaOH_{(водн.)} \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-CH_2OH + NaCl$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Внутримолекулярная дегидратация пропанола-1 с образованием пропена (вещество X):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2OH \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4, 170^\circ C} CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2O$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Гидратация пропена (вещества X) по правилу Марковникова для получения пропанола-2:</p><p>$CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2O \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Реакция этерификации пропанола-2 (изопропилового спирта) уксусной кислотой:</p><p>$CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3 + CH_3COOH \rightleftharpoons CH_3-COO-CH(CH_3)_2 + H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Вещество X — пропен. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>б) C₃H₈ → X₁ → X₂ → 1,2-дибромпропан → X₃ → ацетон</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Радикальное хлорирование пропана. Преимущественно образуется 2-хлорпропан (X₁):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} CH_3-CHCl-CH_3 + HCl$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Дегидрогалогенирование 2-хлорпропана спиртовым раствором щелочи с образованием пропена (X₂):</p><p>$CH_3-CHCl-CH_3 + KOH_{(спирт)} \rightarrow CH_2=CH-CH_3 + KCl + H_2O$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Присоединение брома к пропену по двойной связи:</p><p>$CH_2=CH-CH_3 + Br_2 \rightarrow CH_2Br-CHBr-CH_3$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Дегидробромирование 1,2-дибромпропана избытком спиртового раствора щелочи с образованием пропина (X₃):</p><p>$CH_2Br-CHBr-CH_3 + 2KOH_{(спирт)} \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-C\equiv CH + 2KBr + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Гидратация пропина по реакции Кучерова с образованием ацетона:</p><p>$CH_3-C\equiv CH + H_2O \xrightarrow{HgSO_4, H_2SO_4} CH_3-CO-CH_3$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — 2-хлорпропан, X₂ — пропен, X₃ — пропин. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>в) CaC₂ → X₁ → X₂ → толуол → X₃ → бензоат натрия</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Гидролиз карбида кальция с образованием ацетилена (X₁):</p><p>$CaC_2 + 2H_2O \rightarrow C_2H_2 + Ca(OH)_2$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Тримеризация ацетилена над активированным углем при нагревании с образованием бензола (X₂):</p><p>$3C_2H_2 \xrightarrow{C_{акт}, 600^\circ C} C_6H_6$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Алкилирование бензола по реакции Фриделя-Крафтса для получения толуола:</p><p>$C_6H_6 + CH_3Cl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5-CH_3 + HCl$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Окисление толуола перманганатом калия в кислой среде до бензойной кислоты (X₃):</p><p>$5C_6H_5-CH_3 + 6KMnO_4 + 9H_2SO_4 \rightarrow 5C_6H_5-COOH + 3K_2SO_4 + 6MnSO_4 + 14H_2O$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Нейтрализация бензойной кислоты гидроксидом натрия:</p><p>$C_6H_5-COOH + NaOH \rightarrow C_6H_5-COONa + H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — ацетилен, X₂ — бензол, X₃ — бензойная кислота. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>г) этилат натрия → X₁ → C₂H₄O → ацетат аммония → X₂ → ацетон</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Гидролиз этилата натрия с образованием этанола (X₁):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-ONa + H_2O \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-OH + NaOH$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Окисление этанола оксидом меди(II) до этаналя (уксусного альдегида, C₂H₄O):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-OH + CuO \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-CHO + Cu + H_2O$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Реакция "серебряного зеркала" для этаналя с образованием ацетата аммония:</p><p>$CH_3-CHO + 2[Ag(NH_3)_2]OH \rightarrow CH_3-COONH_4 + 2Ag\downarrow + 3NH_3 + H_2O$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Реакция обмена между ацетатом аммония и гидроксидом кальция с образованием ацетата кальция (X₂):</p><p>$2CH_3-COONH_4 + Ca(OH)_2 \rightarrow (CH_3-COO)_2Ca + 2NH_3\uparrow + 2H_2O$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Пиролиз (сухая перегонка) ацетата кальция с образованием ацетона:</p><p>$(CH_3-COO)_2Ca \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-CO-CH_3 + CaCO_3$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — этанол, C₂H₄O — этаналь, X₂ — ацетат кальция. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>д) бензол → X₁ → толуол → X₂ → бензальдегид → X₃</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Электрофильное замещение в бензольном кольце (хрорирование) с образованием хлорбензола (X₁):</p><p>$C_6H_6 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{FeCl_3} C_6H_5Cl + HCl$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Синтез толуола по реакции Вюрца-Фиттига:</p><p>$C_6H_5Cl + 2Na + CH_3Cl \rightarrow C_6H_5-CH_3 + 2NaCl$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Радикальное хлорирование толуола "на свету" до бензилиденхлорида (X₂):</p><p>$C_6H_5-CH_3 + 2Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} C_6H_5-CHCl_2 + 2HCl$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Гидролиз бензилиденхлорида водой при нагревании до бензальдегида:</p><p>$C_6H_5-CHCl_2 + H_2O \xrightarrow{t} C_6H_5-CHO + 2HCl$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Каталитическое гидрирование (восстановление) бензальдегида до бензилового спирта (X₃):</p><p>$C_6H_5-CHO + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni, t} C_6H_5-CH_2OH$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — хлорбензол, X₂ — бензилиденхлорид, X₃ — бензиловый спирт. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p><p><strong>е) пропанол-1 → 1-иодпропан → пропан → X₁ → кумол → X₂ → X₃</strong></p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Замещение гидроксильной группы в пропаноле-1 на иод с помощью иодида фосфора(III):</p><p>$3CH_3-CH_2-CH_2OH + PI_3 \rightarrow 3CH_3-CH_2-CH_2I + H_3PO_3$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Восстановление 1-иодпропана до пропана (например, цинком в кислой среде):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2I + Zn + HCl \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 + ZnClI$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Каталитическое дегидрирование пропана с получением пропена (X₁):</p><p>$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 \xrightarrow{Pt, t} CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Алкилирование бензола пропеном для получения кумола (изопропилбензола):</p><p>$C_6H_6 + CH_2=CH-CH_3 \xrightarrow{H_3PO_4, t} C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)_2$</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Радикальное хлорирование кумола в боковую цепь с образованием 2-хлор-2-фенилпропана (X₂):</p><p>$C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)_2 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} C_6H_5-C(Cl)(CH_3)_2 + HCl$</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Дегидрохлорирование 2-хлор-2-фенилпропана спиртовым раствором щелочи с образованием α-метилстирола (X₃):</p><p>$C_6H_5-C(Cl)(CH_3)_2 + KOH_{(спирт)} \rightarrow C_6H_5-C(CH_3)=CH_2 + KCl + H_2O$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> X₁ — пропен, X₂ — 2-хлор-2-фенилпропан, X₃ — α-метилстирол. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663343" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663341" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1042 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 926227 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "331" "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/page-331" "field_display_title" => "331" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "331" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1057} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1100813 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1100813 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926228" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926226" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233 #items: array:8 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1247 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 663339 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "331" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/57-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1337 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1330 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1329 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 663339 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "331" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/57-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1337 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1330 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1329 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1291 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 663340 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "331" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/57-9" "field_display_title" => "9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1344 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1327 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1328 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1334 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1335 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1315 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 663340 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "331" …20 ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1295 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1318 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1305 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1287 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1284 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1272 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 926227 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "331" "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/page-331" "field_display_title" => "331" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "331" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926228" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926226" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 663342 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "331" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/10-klass/himiya/eremin-uchebnik/57-1-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663343" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "663341" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "926227" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№1 (с. 331)
Условие. №1 (с. 331)
скриншот условия
1. Запишите уравнения реакций, иллюстрирующие следующие схемы превращений:
а) $C_3H_6$ → 1-хлорпропан → пропанол-1 → X → пропанол-2 → изопропилацетат;
б) $C_3H_8$ → $X_1$ → $X_2$ → 1,2-дибромпропан $\xrightarrow{\text{КОН, спирт}}$ $X_3$ → ацетон;
в) $CaC_2$ $\xrightarrow{t, C_{\text{акт}}}$ $X_1$ → $X_2$ → толуол → $X_3$ → бензоат натрия;
г) этилат натрия → $X_1$ → $C_2H_4O$ → ацетат аммония → $X_2$ → ацетон;
д) бензол → $X_1$ → толуол → $X_2$ → бензальдегид $\xrightarrow{\text{Ni, + H}_2}$ $X_3$;
е) пропанол-1 → 1-иодпропан → пропан → $X_1$ $\xrightarrow{\text{+ Cl}_2, \text{ hv}}$ кумол $\xrightarrow{\text{КОН, спирт}}$ $X_3$.
Решение. №1 (с. 331)
Решение 2. №1 (с. 331)
а) C₃H₆ → 1-хлорпропан → пропанол-1 → X → пропанол-2 → изопропилацетат
Решение:
1. Исходное вещество C₃H₆ — циклопропан. Реакция гидрохлорирования циклопропана с раскрытием цикла:
$c-(CH_2)_3 + HCl \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-CH_2Cl$
2. Щелочной гидролиз 1-хлорпропана для получения пропанола-1:
$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2Cl + NaOH_{(водн.)} \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-CH_2OH + NaCl$
3. Внутримолекулярная дегидратация пропанола-1 с образованием пропена (вещество X):
$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2OH \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4, 170^\circ C} CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2O$
4. Гидратация пропена (вещества X) по правилу Марковникова для получения пропанола-2:
$CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2O \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3$
5. Реакция этерификации пропанола-2 (изопропилового спирта) уксусной кислотой:
$CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3 + CH_3COOH \rightleftharpoons CH_3-COO-CH(CH_3)_2 + H_2O$
Ответ: Вещество X — пропен. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.
б) C₃H₈ → X₁ → X₂ → 1,2-дибромпропан → X₃ → ацетон
Решение:
1. Радикальное хлорирование пропана. Преимущественно образуется 2-хлорпропан (X₁):
$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} CH_3-CHCl-CH_3 + HCl$
2. Дегидрогалогенирование 2-хлорпропана спиртовым раствором щелочи с образованием пропена (X₂):
$CH_3-CHCl-CH_3 + KOH_{(спирт)} \rightarrow CH_2=CH-CH_3 + KCl + H_2O$
3. Присоединение брома к пропену по двойной связи:
$CH_2=CH-CH_3 + Br_2 \rightarrow CH_2Br-CHBr-CH_3$
4. Дегидробромирование 1,2-дибромпропана избытком спиртового раствора щелочи с образованием пропина (X₃):
$CH_2Br-CHBr-CH_3 + 2KOH_{(спирт)} \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-C\equiv CH + 2KBr + 2H_2O$
5. Гидратация пропина по реакции Кучерова с образованием ацетона:
$CH_3-C\equiv CH + H_2O \xrightarrow{HgSO_4, H_2SO_4} CH_3-CO-CH_3$
Ответ: X₁ — 2-хлорпропан, X₂ — пропен, X₃ — пропин. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.
в) CaC₂ → X₁ → X₂ → толуол → X₃ → бензоат натрия
Решение:
1. Гидролиз карбида кальция с образованием ацетилена (X₁):
$CaC_2 + 2H_2O \rightarrow C_2H_2 + Ca(OH)_2$
2. Тримеризация ацетилена над активированным углем при нагревании с образованием бензола (X₂):
$3C_2H_2 \xrightarrow{C_{акт}, 600^\circ C} C_6H_6$
3. Алкилирование бензола по реакции Фриделя-Крафтса для получения толуола:
$C_6H_6 + CH_3Cl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5-CH_3 + HCl$
4. Окисление толуола перманганатом калия в кислой среде до бензойной кислоты (X₃):
$5C_6H_5-CH_3 + 6KMnO_4 + 9H_2SO_4 \rightarrow 5C_6H_5-COOH + 3K_2SO_4 + 6MnSO_4 + 14H_2O$
5. Нейтрализация бензойной кислоты гидроксидом натрия:
$C_6H_5-COOH + NaOH \rightarrow C_6H_5-COONa + H_2O$
Ответ: X₁ — ацетилен, X₂ — бензол, X₃ — бензойная кислота. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.
г) этилат натрия → X₁ → C₂H₄O → ацетат аммония → X₂ → ацетон
Решение:
1. Гидролиз этилата натрия с образованием этанола (X₁):
$CH_3-CH_2-ONa + H_2O \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-OH + NaOH$
2. Окисление этанола оксидом меди(II) до этаналя (уксусного альдегида, C₂H₄O):
$CH_3-CH_2-OH + CuO \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-CHO + Cu + H_2O$
3. Реакция "серебряного зеркала" для этаналя с образованием ацетата аммония:
$CH_3-CHO + 2[Ag(NH_3)_2]OH \rightarrow CH_3-COONH_4 + 2Ag\downarrow + 3NH_3 + H_2O$
4. Реакция обмена между ацетатом аммония и гидроксидом кальция с образованием ацетата кальция (X₂):
$2CH_3-COONH_4 + Ca(OH)_2 \rightarrow (CH_3-COO)_2Ca + 2NH_3\uparrow + 2H_2O$
5. Пиролиз (сухая перегонка) ацетата кальция с образованием ацетона:
$(CH_3-COO)_2Ca \xrightarrow{t} CH_3-CO-CH_3 + CaCO_3$
Ответ: X₁ — этанол, C₂H₄O — этаналь, X₂ — ацетат кальция. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.
д) бензол → X₁ → толуол → X₂ → бензальдегид → X₃
Решение:
1. Электрофильное замещение в бензольном кольце (хрорирование) с образованием хлорбензола (X₁):
$C_6H_6 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{FeCl_3} C_6H_5Cl + HCl$
2. Синтез толуола по реакции Вюрца-Фиттига:
$C_6H_5Cl + 2Na + CH_3Cl \rightarrow C_6H_5-CH_3 + 2NaCl$
3. Радикальное хлорирование толуола "на свету" до бензилиденхлорида (X₂):
$C_6H_5-CH_3 + 2Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} C_6H_5-CHCl_2 + 2HCl$
4. Гидролиз бензилиденхлорида водой при нагревании до бензальдегида:
$C_6H_5-CHCl_2 + H_2O \xrightarrow{t} C_6H_5-CHO + 2HCl$
5. Каталитическое гидрирование (восстановление) бензальдегида до бензилового спирта (X₃):
$C_6H_5-CHO + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni, t} C_6H_5-CH_2OH$
Ответ: X₁ — хлорбензол, X₂ — бензилиденхлорид, X₃ — бензиловый спирт. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.
е) пропанол-1 → 1-иодпропан → пропан → X₁ → кумол → X₂ → X₃
Решение:
1. Замещение гидроксильной группы в пропаноле-1 на иод с помощью иодида фосфора(III):
$3CH_3-CH_2-CH_2OH + PI_3 \rightarrow 3CH_3-CH_2-CH_2I + H_3PO_3$
2. Восстановление 1-иодпропана до пропана (например, цинком в кислой среде):
$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2I + Zn + HCl \rightarrow CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 + ZnClI$
3. Каталитическое дегидрирование пропана с получением пропена (X₁):
$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3 \xrightarrow{Pt, t} CH_2=CH-CH_3 + H_2$
4. Алкилирование бензола пропеном для получения кумола (изопропилбензола):
$C_6H_6 + CH_2=CH-CH_3 \xrightarrow{H_3PO_4, t} C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)_2$
5. Радикальное хлорирование кумола в боковую цепь с образованием 2-хлор-2-фенилпропана (X₂):
$C_6H_5-CH(CH_3)_2 + Cl_2 \xrightarrow{h\nu} C_6H_5-C(Cl)(CH_3)_2 + HCl$
6. Дегидрохлорирование 2-хлор-2-фенилпропана спиртовым раствором щелочи с образованием α-метилстирола (X₃):
$C_6H_5-C(Cl)(CH_3)_2 + KOH_{(спирт)} \rightarrow C_6H_5-C(CH_3)=CH_2 + KCl + H_2O$
Ответ: X₁ — пропен, X₂ — 2-хлор-2-фенилпропан, X₃ — α-метилстирол. Уравнения реакций приведены выше.
Другие задания:
Помогло решение? Оставьте отзыв в комментариях ниже.
Присоединяйтесь к Телеграм-группе @top_gdz
ПрисоединитьсяМы подготовили для вас ответ c подробным объяснением домашего задания по химии за 10 класс, для упражнения номер 1 расположенного на странице 331 к учебнику 2023 года издания для учащихся школ и гимназий.
Теперь на нашем сайте ГДЗ.ТОП вы всегда легко и бесплатно найдёте условие с правильным ответом на вопрос «Как решить ДЗ» и «Как сделать» задание по химии к упражнению №1 (с. 331), авторов: Еремин (Вадим Владимирович), Кузьменко (Николай Егорович), Теренин (Владимир Ильич), Дроздов (Андрей Анатольевич), Лунин (Валерий Васильевич), ФГОС (старый) углублённый уровень обучения учебного пособия издательства Просвещение.