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Номер 3.23, страница 17 - гдз по физике 8 класс задачник Артеменков, Ломаченков
Авторы: Артеменков Д. А., Ломаченков И. А., Панебратцев Ю. А.
Тип: Задачник
Серия: сферы
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2010 - 2026
Цвет обложки: фиолетовый
ISBN: 978-5-09-046040-8
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
III. Тепловые двигатели - номер 3.23, страница 17.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460146 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-23" "field_display_title" => "3.23" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460046 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "III. Тепловые двигатели" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1646 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1056 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 3745 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Артеменков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Денис" "field_patronymic" => "Александрович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 3745 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Артеменков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Денис" "field_patronymic" => "Александрович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1058 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6518 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "задачник" "field_creative_case" => "задачником" "field_dative_case" => "задачнику" "field_genitive_case" => "задачника" "field_nominative_case" => "задачник" "field_prepositional_case" => "задачнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "zadachnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6518 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "задачник" "field_creative_case" => "задачником" "field_dative_case" => "задачнику" "field_genitive_case" => "задачника" "field_nominative_case" => "задачник" "field_prepositional_case" => "задачнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "zadachnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1063 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1065 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1067 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4795 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "сферы" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "sfery" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4795 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "сферы" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "sfery" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "5" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1058} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2010" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "308" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-046040-8" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860" "alt" => "" "width" => "1891" "height" => "2427" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1077 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 48 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "фиолетовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "fioletovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 48 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "фиолетовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "fioletovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1646 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_publication_number" => "5" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2010" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "308" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-046040-8" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860" "alt" => "" "width" => "1891" "height" => "2427" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460046 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "III. Тепловые двигатели" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1084 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1753644 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1085 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6390 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1086 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6390 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460146" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>3.23</strong> Определите КПД двигателя легкового автомобиля, если за 1 ч работы он израсходовал 9,5 л бензина, развивая мощность до 25 кВт. Плотность бензина 710 $\text{кг}/\text{м}^3$.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "23-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1745" "height" => 256 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-03/23-1.webp?ts=1760701723" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1753644 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460146" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>3.23</strong> Определите КПД двигателя легкового автомобиля, если за 1 ч работы он израсходовал 9,5 л бензина, развивая мощность до 25 кВт. Плотность бензина 710 $\text{кг}/\text{м}^3$.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "23-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1745" "height" => 256 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-03/23-1.webp?ts=1760701723" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1091 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1821751 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1092 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6688 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1094 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6688 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460146" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$t = 1$ ч</p><p>$V = 9,5$ л</p><p>$P = 25$ кВт</p><p>$\rho = 710$ кг/м³</p><p>Удельная теплота сгорания бензина (справочное значение): $q = 4,6 \cdot 10^7$ Дж/кг</p><p>Переведем все величины в систему СИ:<br>$t = 1 \text{ ч} = 3600 \text{ с}$<br>$V = 9,5 \text{ л} = 9,5 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ м}^3$<br>$P = 25 \text{ кВт} = 25 \cdot 10^3 \text{ Вт}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$\eta$ - ?</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Коэффициент полезного действия (КПД) двигателя определяется как отношение полезной работы $A_{полезная}$, совершенной двигателем, к количеству теплоты $Q_{затраченная}$, полученному от сгорания топлива. Формула для расчета КПД:</p><p>$\eta = \frac{A_{полезная}}{Q_{затраченная}} \cdot 100\%$</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Найдем полезную работу, совершенную двигателем за 1 час. Полезная работа вычисляется по формуле:</p><p>$A_{полезная} = P \cdot t$</p><p>Подставим числовые значения в системе СИ:</p><p>$A_{полезная} = 25 \cdot 10^3 \text{ Вт} \cdot 3600 \text{ с} = 90 \cdot 10^6 \text{ Дж} = 9 \cdot 10^7 \text{ Дж}$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Найдем количество теплоты, которое выделилось при сгорании 9,5 л бензина. Это затраченная энергия.</p><p>$Q_{затраченная} = q \cdot m$</p><p>Массу $\text{m}$ сгоревшего бензина найдем через его объем $\text{V}$ и плотность $\rho$:</p><p>$m = \rho \cdot V$</p><p>$m = 710 \frac{\text{кг}}{\text{м}^3} \cdot 9,5 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ м}^3 = 6,745 \text{ кг}$</p><p>Теперь можем рассчитать затраченную энергию:</p><p>$Q_{затраченная} = 4,6 \cdot 10^7 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг}} \cdot 6,745 \text{ кг} \approx 3,1027 \cdot 10^8 \text{ Дж}$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Наконец, определим КПД двигателя, подставив найденные значения в основную формулу:</p><p>$\eta = \frac{9 \cdot 10^7 \text{ Дж}}{3,1027 \cdot 10^8 \text{ Дж}} \cdot 100\% \approx 0,29 \cdot 100\% = 29\%$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> КПД двигателя легкового автомобиля составляет примерно $29\%$.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1821751 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460146" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$t = 1$ ч</p><p>$V = 9,5$ л</p><p>$P = 25$ кВт</p><p>$\rho = 710$ кг/м³</p><p>Удельная теплота сгорания бензина (справочное значение): $q = 4,6 \cdot 10^7$ Дж/кг</p><p>Переведем все величины в систему СИ:<br>$t = 1 \text{ ч} = 3600 \text{ с}$<br>$V = 9,5 \text{ л} = 9,5 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ м}^3$<br>$P = 25 \text{ кВт} = 25 \cdot 10^3 \text{ Вт}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$\eta$ - ?</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Коэффициент полезного действия (КПД) двигателя определяется как отношение полезной работы $A_{полезная}$, совершенной двигателем, к количеству теплоты $Q_{затраченная}$, полученному от сгорания топлива. Формула для расчета КПД:</p><p>$\eta = \frac{A_{полезная}}{Q_{затраченная}} \cdot 100\%$</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Найдем полезную работу, совершенную двигателем за 1 час. Полезная работа вычисляется по формуле:</p><p>$A_{полезная} = P \cdot t$</p><p>Подставим числовые значения в системе СИ:</p><p>$A_{полезная} = 25 \cdot 10^3 \text{ Вт} \cdot 3600 \text{ с} = 90 \cdot 10^6 \text{ Дж} = 9 \cdot 10^7 \text{ Дж}$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Найдем количество теплоты, которое выделилось при сгорании 9,5 л бензина. Это затраченная энергия.</p><p>$Q_{затраченная} = q \cdot m$</p><p>Массу $\text{m}$ сгоревшего бензина найдем через его объем $\text{V}$ и плотность $\rho$:</p><p>$m = \rho \cdot V$</p><p>$m = 710 \frac{\text{кг}}{\text{м}^3} \cdot 9,5 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ м}^3 = 6,745 \text{ кг}$</p><p>Теперь можем рассчитать затраченную энергию:</p><p>$Q_{затраченная} = 4,6 \cdot 10^7 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг}} \cdot 6,745 \text{ кг} \approx 3,1027 \cdot 10^8 \text{ Дж}$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Наконец, определим КПД двигателя, подставив найденные значения в основную формулу:</p><p>$\eta = \frac{9 \cdot 10^7 \text{ Дж}}{3,1027 \cdot 10^8 \text{ Дж}} \cdot 100\% \approx 0,29 \cdot 100\% = 29\%$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> КПД двигателя легкового автомобиля составляет примерно $29\%$.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460147" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460145" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1079 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1462314 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/page-17" "field_display_title" => "17" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "17" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1111 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1753875 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1085} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "17-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1994" "height" => 2505 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-1/17-1.webp?ts=1760705527" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1753875 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "17-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1994" "height" => 2505 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-1/17-1.webp?ts=1760705527" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462315" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462313" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 #items: array:10 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1183 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460145 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "16" "field_page_end" => "17" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-22" "field_display_title" => "3.22" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1198 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1200 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460146" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460144" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462313" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460145 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "16" "field_page_end" => "17" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-22" "field_display_title" => "3.22" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460146" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460144" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462313" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1190 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460146 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-23" "field_display_title" => "3.23" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460147" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460145" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460146 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-23" "field_display_title" => "3.23" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460147" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460145" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1202 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460147 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-24" "field_display_title" => "3.24" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460148" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460146" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460147 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-24" "field_display_title" => "3.24" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460148" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460146" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1209 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460148 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-25" "field_display_title" => "3.25" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460149" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460147" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460148 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-25" "field_display_title" => "3.25" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460149" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460147" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1221 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460149 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-26" "field_display_title" => "3.26" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1213 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460150" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460148" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460149 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-26" "field_display_title" => "3.26" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1213} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460150" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460148" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1233 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460150 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-27" "field_display_title" => "3.27" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460151" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460149" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460150 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-27" "field_display_title" => "3.27" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460151" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460149" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1245 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460151 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-28" "field_display_title" => "3.28" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460152" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460150" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460151 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-28" "field_display_title" => "3.28" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460152" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460150" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1257 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460152 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-29" "field_display_title" => "3.29" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460153" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460151" "type" => "task" ] "book" => 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"refs" => "1460153" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460151" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1274} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 8 => App\Models\Task {#1269 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-30" "field_display_title" => "3.30" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1261 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1276 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1272 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1271 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460154" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460152" "type" => "task" ] "book" => 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"refs" => "1460154" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460152" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1286} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462314" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 9 => App\Models\Task {#1281 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460154 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "17" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/03-31" "field_display_title" => 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true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№3.23 (с. 17)
Условие. №3.23 (с. 17)
скриншот условия
3.23 Определите КПД двигателя легкового автомобиля, если за 1 ч работы он израсходовал 9,5 л бензина, развивая мощность до 25 кВт. Плотность бензина 710 $\text{кг}/\text{м}^3$.
Решение. №3.23 (с. 17)
Дано:
$t = 1$ ч
$V = 9,5$ л
$P = 25$ кВт
$\rho = 710$ кг/м³
Удельная теплота сгорания бензина (справочное значение): $q = 4,6 \cdot 10^7$ Дж/кг
Переведем все величины в систему СИ:
$t = 1 \text{ ч} = 3600 \text{ с}$
$V = 9,5 \text{ л} = 9,5 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ м}^3$
$P = 25 \text{ кВт} = 25 \cdot 10^3 \text{ Вт}$
Найти:
$\eta$ - ?
Решение:
Коэффициент полезного действия (КПД) двигателя определяется как отношение полезной работы $A_{полезная}$, совершенной двигателем, к количеству теплоты $Q_{затраченная}$, полученному от сгорания топлива. Формула для расчета КПД:
$\eta = \frac{A_{полезная}}{Q_{затраченная}} \cdot 100\%$
1. Найдем полезную работу, совершенную двигателем за 1 час. Полезная работа вычисляется по формуле:
$A_{полезная} = P \cdot t$
Подставим числовые значения в системе СИ:
$A_{полезная} = 25 \cdot 10^3 \text{ Вт} \cdot 3600 \text{ с} = 90 \cdot 10^6 \text{ Дж} = 9 \cdot 10^7 \text{ Дж}$
2. Найдем количество теплоты, которое выделилось при сгорании 9,5 л бензина. Это затраченная энергия.
$Q_{затраченная} = q \cdot m$
Массу $\text{m}$ сгоревшего бензина найдем через его объем $\text{V}$ и плотность $\rho$:
$m = \rho \cdot V$
$m = 710 \frac{\text{кг}}{\text{м}^3} \cdot 9,5 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ м}^3 = 6,745 \text{ кг}$
Теперь можем рассчитать затраченную энергию:
$Q_{затраченная} = 4,6 \cdot 10^7 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг}} \cdot 6,745 \text{ кг} \approx 3,1027 \cdot 10^8 \text{ Дж}$
3. Наконец, определим КПД двигателя, подставив найденные значения в основную формулу:
$\eta = \frac{9 \cdot 10^7 \text{ Дж}}{3,1027 \cdot 10^8 \text{ Дж}} \cdot 100\% \approx 0,29 \cdot 100\% = 29\%$
Ответ: КПД двигателя легкового автомобиля составляет примерно $29\%$.
Другие задания:
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