gdz.top
Номер 5.1, страница 26 - гдз по физике 8 класс задачник Артеменков, Ломаченков
Авторы: Артеменков Д. А., Ломаченков И. А., Панебратцев Ю. А.
Тип: Задачник
Серия: сферы
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2010 - 2026
Цвет обложки: фиолетовый
ISBN: 978-5-09-046040-8
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
V. Электрический ток - номер 5.1, страница 26.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460191 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-1" "field_display_title" => "5.1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460048 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "V. Электрический ток" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "26" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1646 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1056 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 3745 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Артеменков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Денис" "field_patronymic" => "Александрович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 3745 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Артеменков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Денис" "field_patronymic" => "Александрович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1058 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6518 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "задачник" "field_creative_case" => "задачником" "field_dative_case" => "задачнику" "field_genitive_case" => "задачника" "field_nominative_case" => "задачник" "field_prepositional_case" => "задачнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "zadachnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6518 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "задачник" "field_creative_case" => "задачником" "field_dative_case" => "задачнику" "field_genitive_case" => "задачника" "field_nominative_case" => "задачник" "field_prepositional_case" => "задачнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "zadachnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1063 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1065 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1067 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4795 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "сферы" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "sfery" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4795 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "сферы" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "sfery" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "5" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1058} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2010" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "308" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-046040-8" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860" "alt" => "" "width" => "1891" "height" => "2427" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1077 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 48 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "фиолетовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "fioletovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 48 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "фиолетовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "fioletovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1646 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_publication_number" => "5" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2010" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "308" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-046040-8" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860" "alt" => "" "width" => "1891" "height" => "2427" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460048 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "V. Электрический ток" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_page_start" => "26" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1084 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1753689 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1085 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6390 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1086 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6390 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460191" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>5.1</strong> Что называют электрическим током? Электрический ток — это объект или явление? Назовите условия, необходимые для возникновения тока. Какова природа тока в металлах, газах, электролитах?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1736" "height" => 264 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-05/1-1.webp?ts=1760701742" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1753689 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460191" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>5.1</strong> Что называют электрическим током? Электрический ток — это объект или явление? Назовите условия, необходимые для возникновения тока. Какова природа тока в металлах, газах, электролитах?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1736" "height" => 264 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-05/1-1.webp?ts=1760701742" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1091 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1821796 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1092 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6688 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1094 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6688 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460191" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Что называют электрическим током? Электрический ток — это объект или явление?</strong></p><p>Электрическим током называют упорядоченное (направленное) движение заряженных частиц. Такими частицами могут быть электроны, ионы или так называемые «дырки». Сила тока $\text{I}$ — скалярная величина, которая количественно характеризует ток и определяется как отношение заряда $\Delta q$, прошедшего через поперечное сечение проводника за промежуток времени $\Delta t$, к этому промежутку времени: $I = \frac{\Delta q}{\Delta t}$.</p><p>Электрический ток — это физическое <em>явление</em>, а не объект. Явление представляет собой процесс или событие, в данном случае — процесс направленного перемещения зарядов. Объект же — это материальная сущность, которую можно выделить в пространстве. Сами заряженные частицы (например, электроны) являются объектами, но их упорядоченное движение представляет собой процесс, то есть явление.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Электрический ток — это упорядоченное движение заряженных частиц. Ток является физическим явлением.</p><p><strong>Назовите условия, необходимые для возникновения тока.</strong></p><p>Для возникновения и длительного существования электрического тока необходимо выполнение следующих условий:</p><ol><li>Наличие в среде свободных носителей электрического заряда — частиц, которые способны перемещаться по всему объему вещества.</li><li>Наличие электрического поля, которое создает и поддерживает силу, действующую на заряженные частицы и заставляющую их двигаться упорядоченно. Электрическое поле внутри проводника создается источником тока, который поддерживает разность потенциалов на концах проводника.</li><li>Для постоянного протекания тока цепь должна быть замкнутой. Источник тока, являясь частью цепи, перемещает заряды против сил электрического поля, тем самым поддерживая ток в цепи.</li></ol><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Условия, необходимые для возникновения тока: 1) наличие свободных носителей заряда; 2) наличие электрического поля; 3) замкнутость электрической цепи.</p><p><strong>Какова природа тока в металлах, газах, электролитах?</strong></p><p>Природа электрического тока зависит от среды, в которой он протекает, и определяется типом свободных носителей заряда в этой среде.</p><ul><li><strong>В металлах</strong> носителями заряда являются свободные электроны. В кристаллической решетке металла электроны внешних оболочек атомов становятся общими и могут свободно перемещаться по всему объему. Под действием внешнего электрического поля они начинают упорядоченно двигаться (дрейфовать) в направлении, противоположном вектору напряженности поля. Таким образом, электрический ток в металлах — это направленное движение свободных электронов.</li><li><strong>В газах</strong> при обычных условиях свободных носителей заряда практически нет, и газы являются изоляторами. Ток в газе (газовый разряд) возникает только в процессе ионизации, когда под действием внешних факторов (высокой температуры, излучения, сильного поля) нейтральные атомы и молекулы распадаются на положительные ионы и свободные электроны. Иногда электроны могут захватываться нейтральными молекулами, образуя отрицательные ионы. Таким образом, электрический ток в газах — это встречное упорядоченное движение положительных ионов (по полю) и свободных электронов и отрицательных ионов (против поля).</li><li><strong>В электролитах</strong> (растворах или расплавах солей, кислот, щелочей) носителями заряда являются ионы. В процессе электролитической диссоциации молекулы распадаются на положительно заряженные ионы (катионы) и отрицательно заряженные ионы (анионы). Электрический ток в электролитах — это упорядоченное встречное движение ионов: катионы движутся к отрицательному электроду (катоду), а анионы — к положительному электроду (аноду).</li></ul><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Природа тока: в металлах — направленное движение свободных электронов; в газах — встречное движение ионов и электронов; в электролитах — встречное движение положительных и отрицательных ионов.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1821796 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460191" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Что называют электрическим током? Электрический ток — это объект или явление?</strong></p><p>Электрическим током называют упорядоченное (направленное) движение заряженных частиц. Такими частицами могут быть электроны, ионы или так называемые «дырки». Сила тока $\text{I}$ — скалярная величина, которая количественно характеризует ток и определяется как отношение заряда $\Delta q$, прошедшего через поперечное сечение проводника за промежуток времени $\Delta t$, к этому промежутку времени: $I = \frac{\Delta q}{\Delta t}$.</p><p>Электрический ток — это физическое <em>явление</em>, а не объект. Явление представляет собой процесс или событие, в данном случае — процесс направленного перемещения зарядов. Объект же — это материальная сущность, которую можно выделить в пространстве. Сами заряженные частицы (например, электроны) являются объектами, но их упорядоченное движение представляет собой процесс, то есть явление.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Электрический ток — это упорядоченное движение заряженных частиц. Ток является физическим явлением.</p><p><strong>Назовите условия, необходимые для возникновения тока.</strong></p><p>Для возникновения и длительного существования электрического тока необходимо выполнение следующих условий:</p><ol><li>Наличие в среде свободных носителей электрического заряда — частиц, которые способны перемещаться по всему объему вещества.</li><li>Наличие электрического поля, которое создает и поддерживает силу, действующую на заряженные частицы и заставляющую их двигаться упорядоченно. Электрическое поле внутри проводника создается источником тока, который поддерживает разность потенциалов на концах проводника.</li><li>Для постоянного протекания тока цепь должна быть замкнутой. Источник тока, являясь частью цепи, перемещает заряды против сил электрического поля, тем самым поддерживая ток в цепи.</li></ol><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Условия, необходимые для возникновения тока: 1) наличие свободных носителей заряда; 2) наличие электрического поля; 3) замкнутость электрической цепи.</p><p><strong>Какова природа тока в металлах, газах, электролитах?</strong></p><p>Природа электрического тока зависит от среды, в которой он протекает, и определяется типом свободных носителей заряда в этой среде.</p><ul><li><strong>В металлах</strong> носителями заряда являются свободные электроны. В кристаллической решетке металла электроны внешних оболочек атомов становятся общими и могут свободно перемещаться по всему объему. Под действием внешнего электрического поля они начинают упорядоченно двигаться (дрейфовать) в направлении, противоположном вектору напряженности поля. Таким образом, электрический ток в металлах — это направленное движение свободных электронов.</li><li><strong>В газах</strong> при обычных условиях свободных носителей заряда практически нет, и газы являются изоляторами. Ток в газе (газовый разряд) возникает только в процессе ионизации, когда под действием внешних факторов (высокой температуры, излучения, сильного поля) нейтральные атомы и молекулы распадаются на положительные ионы и свободные электроны. Иногда электроны могут захватываться нейтральными молекулами, образуя отрицательные ионы. Таким образом, электрический ток в газах — это встречное упорядоченное движение положительных ионов (по полю) и свободных электронов и отрицательных ионов (против поля).</li><li><strong>В электролитах</strong> (растворах или расплавах солей, кислот, щелочей) носителями заряда являются ионы. В процессе электролитической диссоциации молекулы распадаются на положительно заряженные ионы (катионы) и отрицательно заряженные ионы (анионы). Электрический ток в электролитах — это упорядоченное встречное движение ионов: катионы движутся к отрицательному электроду (катоду), а анионы — к положительному электроду (аноду).</li></ul><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Природа тока: в металлах — направленное движение свободных электронов; в газах — встречное движение ионов и электронов; в электролитах — встречное движение положительных и отрицательных ионов.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460192" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460190" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } 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"/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-1/26-1.webp?ts=1760705538" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1753884 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "26-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1994" "height" => 2505 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-1/26-1.webp?ts=1760705538" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462324" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462322" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 #items: array:8 [ 0 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#dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1205 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460193" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460191" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200 #items: array:1 [ 0 => 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[] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ …7] #original: array:7 [ …7] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1217 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] …14 } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460194" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460192" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection 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"type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460192" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1207 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460194 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-4" "field_display_title" => "5.4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1227 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1229 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460195" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460193" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460194 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-4" "field_display_title" => "5.4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460195" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460193" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1219 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460195 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-5" "field_display_title" => "5.5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1239 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1241 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460196" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460194" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460195 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-5" "field_display_title" => "5.5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460196" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460194" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1231 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460196 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-6" "field_display_title" => "5.6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1251 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1253 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460197" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460195" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460196 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-6" "field_display_title" => "5.6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460197" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460195" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1243 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460197 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-7" "field_display_title" => "5.7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1263 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1265 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460198" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460196" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460197 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-7" "field_display_title" => "5.7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460198" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460196" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1255 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1460198 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-8" "field_display_title" => "5.8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1275 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1277 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460199" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460197" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1272 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460198 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-8" "field_display_title" => "5.8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460199" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460197" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1272} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1462323 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/page-26" "field_display_title" => "26" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "26" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462324" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462322" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1460191 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "26" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-1" "field_display_title" => "5.1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460192" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1460190" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1462323" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№5.1 (с. 26)
Условие. №5.1 (с. 26)
скриншот условия
5.1 Что называют электрическим током? Электрический ток — это объект или явление? Назовите условия, необходимые для возникновения тока. Какова природа тока в металлах, газах, электролитах?
Решение. №5.1 (с. 26)
Что называют электрическим током? Электрический ток — это объект или явление?
Электрическим током называют упорядоченное (направленное) движение заряженных частиц. Такими частицами могут быть электроны, ионы или так называемые «дырки». Сила тока $\text{I}$ — скалярная величина, которая количественно характеризует ток и определяется как отношение заряда $\Delta q$, прошедшего через поперечное сечение проводника за промежуток времени $\Delta t$, к этому промежутку времени: $I = \frac{\Delta q}{\Delta t}$.
Электрический ток — это физическое явление, а не объект. Явление представляет собой процесс или событие, в данном случае — процесс направленного перемещения зарядов. Объект же — это материальная сущность, которую можно выделить в пространстве. Сами заряженные частицы (например, электроны) являются объектами, но их упорядоченное движение представляет собой процесс, то есть явление.
Ответ: Электрический ток — это упорядоченное движение заряженных частиц. Ток является физическим явлением.
Назовите условия, необходимые для возникновения тока.
Для возникновения и длительного существования электрического тока необходимо выполнение следующих условий:
- Наличие в среде свободных носителей электрического заряда — частиц, которые способны перемещаться по всему объему вещества.
- Наличие электрического поля, которое создает и поддерживает силу, действующую на заряженные частицы и заставляющую их двигаться упорядоченно. Электрическое поле внутри проводника создается источником тока, который поддерживает разность потенциалов на концах проводника.
- Для постоянного протекания тока цепь должна быть замкнутой. Источник тока, являясь частью цепи, перемещает заряды против сил электрического поля, тем самым поддерживая ток в цепи.
Ответ: Условия, необходимые для возникновения тока: 1) наличие свободных носителей заряда; 2) наличие электрического поля; 3) замкнутость электрической цепи.
Какова природа тока в металлах, газах, электролитах?
Природа электрического тока зависит от среды, в которой он протекает, и определяется типом свободных носителей заряда в этой среде.
- В металлах носителями заряда являются свободные электроны. В кристаллической решетке металла электроны внешних оболочек атомов становятся общими и могут свободно перемещаться по всему объему. Под действием внешнего электрического поля они начинают упорядоченно двигаться (дрейфовать) в направлении, противоположном вектору напряженности поля. Таким образом, электрический ток в металлах — это направленное движение свободных электронов.
- В газах при обычных условиях свободных носителей заряда практически нет, и газы являются изоляторами. Ток в газе (газовый разряд) возникает только в процессе ионизации, когда под действием внешних факторов (высокой температуры, излучения, сильного поля) нейтральные атомы и молекулы распадаются на положительные ионы и свободные электроны. Иногда электроны могут захватываться нейтральными молекулами, образуя отрицательные ионы. Таким образом, электрический ток в газах — это встречное упорядоченное движение положительных ионов (по полю) и свободных электронов и отрицательных ионов (против поля).
- В электролитах (растворах или расплавах солей, кислот, щелочей) носителями заряда являются ионы. В процессе электролитической диссоциации молекулы распадаются на положительно заряженные ионы (катионы) и отрицательно заряженные ионы (анионы). Электрический ток в электролитах — это упорядоченное встречное движение ионов: катионы движутся к отрицательному электроду (катоду), а анионы — к положительному электроду (аноду).
Ответ: Природа тока: в металлах — направленное движение свободных электронов; в газах — встречное движение ионов и электронов; в электролитах — встречное движение положительных и отрицательных ионов.
Другие задания:
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