Номер 5.10, страница 27 - гдз по физике 8 класс задачник Артеменков, Ломаченков

V. Электрический ток - номер 5.10, страница 27.

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App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php
  #connection: "mysql"
  #table: "tasks"
  #primaryKey: "id"
  #keyType: "int"
  +incrementing: true
  #with: []
  #withCount: []
  +preventsLazyLoading: false
  #perPage: 15
  +exists: true
  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
  #attributes: array:24 [
    "id" => 1460200
    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
    "updated_at" => null
    "field_page_start" => "27"
    "field_page_end" => null
    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-10"
    "field_display_title" => "5.10"
    "field_outside_task" => null
    "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037
      #items: array:1 [
        0 => App\Models\Term {#1036
          #connection: "mysql"
          #table: "terms"
          #primaryKey: "id"
          #keyType: "int"
          +incrementing: false
          #with: []
          #withCount: []
          +preventsLazyLoading: false
          #perPage: 15
          +exists: true
          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
          #attributes: array:6 [
            "id" => 26
            "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
            "updated_at" => null
            "name" => "номер"
            "field_cases" => array:6 [
              "field_accusative_case" => "номер"
              "field_creative_case" => "номером"
              "field_dative_case" => "номеру"
              "field_genitive_case" => "номера"
              "field_nominative_case" => "номер"
              "field_prepositional_case" => "номере"
            ]
            "field_short_name" => "№"
          ]
          #original: array:6 [
            "id" => 26
            "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
            "updated_at" => null
            "name" => "номер"
            "field_cases" => array:6 [
              "field_accusative_case" => "номер"
              "field_creative_case" => "номером"
              "field_dative_case" => "номеру"
              "field_genitive_case" => "номера"
              "field_nominative_case" => "номер"
              "field_prepositional_case" => "номере"
            ]
            "field_short_name" => "№"
          ]
          #changes: []
          #casts: []
          #classCastCache: []
          #attributeCastCache: []
          #dateFormat: null
          #appends: []
          #dispatchesEvents: []
          #observables: []
          #relations: []
          #touches: []
          +timestamps: true
          +usesUniqueIds: false
          #hidden: []
          #visible: []
          #fillable: []
          #guarded: array:1 [
            0 => "*"
          ]
        }
      ]
      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
    }
    "field_metatags_title" => null
    "field_metatags_description" => null
    "field_h1" => null
    "field_description_top" => null
    "field_description_bottom" => null
    "field_match" => null
    "breadcrumbs" => []
    "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035
      #items: []
      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
    }
    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073
      #items: array:1 [
        0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034
          #connection: "mysql"
          #table: "branches"
          #primaryKey: "id"
          #keyType: "int"
          +incrementing: true
          #with: []
          #withCount: []
          +preventsLazyLoading: false
          #perPage: 15
          +exists: true
          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
          #attributes: array:24 [
            "id" => 1460048
            "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
            "updated_at" => null
            "field_display_title" => "V. Электрический ток"
            "field_branch_order" => null
            "field_url" => null
            "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_page_start" => "26"
            "field_branch_display" => "0"
            "field_branch_expanded" => "0"
            "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1"
            "field_display_task_interval" => "0"
            "field_display_branch_page" => "1"
            "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0"
            "field_navigation_title" => null
            "field_metatags_title" => null
            "field_metatags_description" => null
            "field_h1" => null
            "field_description_top" => null
            "field_description_bottom" => null
            "field_branch_cover" => []
            "field_branch_covers" => []
            "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Book {#1040
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "books"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:50 [
                    "id" => 1646
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks"
                    "field_pages_status" => null
                    "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1042
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:10 [ …10]
                          #original: array:10 [ …10]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                          #visible: []
                          #fillable: []
                          #guarded: array:1 [ …1]
                        }
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1044
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:6 [ …6]
                          #original: array:6 [ …6]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                          #visible: []
                          #fillable: []
                          #guarded: array:1 [ …1]
                        }
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1046
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:6 [ …6]
                          #original: array:6 [ …6]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                          #visible: []
                          #fillable: []
                          #guarded: array:1 [ …1]
                        }
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047
                      #items: array:3 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1048
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:12 [ …12]
                          #original: array:12 [ …12]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                          #visible: []
                          #fillable: []
                          #guarded: array:1 [ …1]
                        }
                        1 => App\Models\Term {#1049
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:12 [ …12]
                          #original: array:12 [ …12]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                          #visible: []
                          #fillable: []
                          #guarded: array:1 [ …1]
                        }
                        2 => App\Models\Term {#1050
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:12 [ …12]
                          #original: array:12 [ …12]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                          #visible: []
                          #fillable: []
                          #guarded: array:1 [ …1]
                        }
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1053
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:10 [ …10]
                          #original: array:10 [ …10]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                          #visible: []
                          #fillable: []
                          #guarded: array:1 [ …1]
                        }
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1055
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:6 [ …6]
                          #original: array:6 [ …6]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                          #visible: []
                          #fillable: []
                          #guarded: array:1 [ …1]
                        }
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1057
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:6 [ …6]
                          #original: array:6 [ …6]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                          #visible: []
                          #fillable: []
                          #guarded: array:1 [ …1]
                        }
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1059
                          #connection: "mysql"
                          #table: "terms"
                          #primaryKey: "id"
                          #keyType: "int"
                          +incrementing: false
                          #with: []
                          #withCount: []
                          +preventsLazyLoading: false
                          #perPage: 15
                          +exists: true
                          +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                          #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                          #attributes: array:8 [ …8]
                          #original: array:8 [ …8]
                          #changes: []
                          #casts: []
                          #classCastCache: []
                          #attributeCastCache: []
                          #dateFormat: null
                          #appends: []
                          #dispatchesEvents: []
                          #observables: []
                          #relations: []
                          #touches: []
                          +timestamps: true
                          +usesUniqueIds: false
                          #hidden: []
                           …3
                        }
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_publication_number" => "5"
                    "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1050}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null
                    "field_cover_description" => null
                    "field_publication_year" => "2010"
                    "field_publication_year_until" => null
                    "field_part" => ""
                    "field_part_writing" => ""
                    "field_second_foreign_language" => null
                    "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций"
                    "field_allowed" => null
                    "field_reserve_field" => null
                    "field_link_to_source" => null
                    "field_tasks_count" => "308"
                    "field_priority" => null
                    "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/"
                    "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-046040-8"
                    "field_cover" => array:1 [
                      0 => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860"
                    ]
                    "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [
                      0 => ""
                    ]
                    "field_covers" => array:1 [
                      0 => array:4 [
                        "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860"
                        "alt" => ""
                        "width" => "1891"
                        "height" => "2427"
                      ]
                    ]
                    "field_popular_book" => "0"
                    "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik"
                    "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1069 …30}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_metatags_title" => null
                    "field_metatags_description" => null
                    "field_h1" => null
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                    "field_description_bottom" => null
                    "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [
                      "class" => 379
                      "subject" => 556
                      "class_subject" => 492
                    ]
                  ]
                  #original: array:50 [
                    "id" => 1646
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks"
                    "field_pages_status" => null
                    "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041}
                    "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043}
                    "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045}
                    "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047}
                    "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051}
                    "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052}
                    "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054}
                    "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056}
                    "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058}
                    "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060}
                    "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061}
                    "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062}
                    "field_publication_number" => "5"
                    "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063}
                    "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064}
                    "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null
                    "field_cover_description" => null
                    "field_publication_year" => "2010"
                    "field_publication_year_until" => null
                    "field_part" => ""
                    "field_part_writing" => ""
                    "field_second_foreign_language" => null
                    "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций"
                    "field_allowed" => null
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                    "field_tasks_count" => "308"
                    "field_priority" => null
                    "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/"
                    "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-046040-8"
                    "field_cover" => array:1 [
                      0 => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860"
                    ]
                    "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [
                      0 => ""
                    ]
                    "field_covers" => array:1 [
                      0 => array:4 [
                        "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860"
                        "alt" => ""
                        "width" => "1891"
                        "height" => "2427"
                      ]
                    ]
                    "field_popular_book" => "0"
                    "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065}
                    "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066}
                    "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067}
                    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik"
                    "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068}
                    "field_metatags_title" => null
                    "field_metatags_description" => null
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                    "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [
                      "class" => 379
                      "subject" => 556
                      "class_subject" => 492
                    ]
                  ]
                  #changes: []
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                  #dateFormat: null
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                  #touches: []
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                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
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                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
          ]
          #original: array:24 [
            "id" => 1460048
            "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
            "updated_at" => null
            "field_display_title" => "V. Электрический ток"
            "field_branch_order" => null
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            "text" => "<p><strong>5.10</strong> Назовите, из каких частей обычно состоит электрическая цепь. Начертите известные вам условные обозначения элементов электрических цепей.</p>"
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              "type" => "task"
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            "text" => "<p><strong>Назовите, из каких частей обычно состоит электрическая цепь.</strong></p><p>Простейшая электрическая цепь состоит из нескольких обязательных частей, которые обеспечивают её функционирование. К таким частям относятся:<br>1. <strong>Источник тока</strong> – устройство, создающее и поддерживающее электрический ток в цепи за счет преобразования других видов энергии (химической, механической, световой) в электрическую. Примерами являются гальванический элемент, аккумулятор или генератор.<br>2. <strong>Потребитель (нагрузка)</strong> – устройство, которое использует электрическую энергию для выполнения полезной работы, преобразуя её в другие виды энергии, например, в световую (лампа), тепловую (нагреватель) или механическую (электродвигатель).<br>3. <strong>Соединительные провода</strong> – проводники, с помощью которых все элементы цепи соединяются в единое целое, образуя замкнутый путь для электрического тока.<br>4. <strong>Замыкающие и размыкающие устройства</strong> (ключ, выключатель, кнопка) – служат для управления работой цепи, то есть для её включения и выключения путем замыкания или размыкания.<br>Дополнительно в цепь могут включаться измерительные приборы, такие как амперметр (для измерения силы тока) и вольтметр (для измерения напряжения).</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Электрическая цепь обычно состоит из источника тока, потребителя электрической энергии, соединительных проводов и замыкающего/размыкающего устройства (ключа).</p><p><strong>Начертите известные вам условные обозначения элементов электрических цепей.</strong></p><p>На электрических схемах для изображения элементов цепи используются стандартные условные обозначения. Ниже приведены некоторые из них:<br>- <strong>Гальванический элемент</strong>: две параллельные черты, расположенные перпендикулярно проводу. Длинная тонкая черта обозначает положительный полюс (+), а короткая толстая — отрицательный (–).<br>- <strong>Батарея гальванических элементов</strong>: несколько последовательно соединенных гальванических элементов.<br>- <strong>Резистор</strong>: прямоугольник на линии провода.<br>- <strong>Лампа накаливания</strong>: окружность с крестом внутри.<br>- <strong>Ключ (выключатель)</strong>: разрыв в линии провода с подвижным контактом, который в замкнутом положении соединяет концы разрыва.<br>- <strong>Амперметр</strong>: окружность с буквой «А» внутри.<br>- <strong>Вольтметр</strong>: окружность с буквой «V» внутри.<br>- <strong>Электрический звонок</strong>: фигура, напоминающая чашу колокола (полусфера).<br>- <strong>Соединение проводов</strong>: жирная точка на пересечении или в месте ответвления проводников.<br>- <strong>Пересечение проводов без соединения</strong>: проводники на схеме пересекаются без точки соединения; иногда один из проводников изображают с дугой в месте пересечения.<br>- <strong>Конденсатор</strong>: две параллельные одинаковые по длине черты.<br>- <strong>Катушка индуктивности</strong>: ряд петель или дуг, изображающих витки провода.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Условные обозначения элементов цепи представляют собой стандартизированные графические символы: гальванический элемент (две параллельные черты разной длины), резистор (прямоугольник), лампа (круг с крестом), ключ (разрыв с подвижным контактом), амперметр (круг с буквой А), вольтметр (круг с буквой V) и другие.</p>"
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            "id" => 1821805
            "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
            "updated_at" => null
            "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100}
            "task" => array:2 [
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              "type" => "task"
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            "text" => "<p><strong>Назовите, из каких частей обычно состоит электрическая цепь.</strong></p><p>Простейшая электрическая цепь состоит из нескольких обязательных частей, которые обеспечивают её функционирование. К таким частям относятся:<br>1. <strong>Источник тока</strong> – устройство, создающее и поддерживающее электрический ток в цепи за счет преобразования других видов энергии (химической, механической, световой) в электрическую. Примерами являются гальванический элемент, аккумулятор или генератор.<br>2. <strong>Потребитель (нагрузка)</strong> – устройство, которое использует электрическую энергию для выполнения полезной работы, преобразуя её в другие виды энергии, например, в световую (лампа), тепловую (нагреватель) или механическую (электродвигатель).<br>3. <strong>Соединительные провода</strong> – проводники, с помощью которых все элементы цепи соединяются в единое целое, образуя замкнутый путь для электрического тока.<br>4. <strong>Замыкающие и размыкающие устройства</strong> (ключ, выключатель, кнопка) – служат для управления работой цепи, то есть для её включения и выключения путем замыкания или размыкания.<br>Дополнительно в цепь могут включаться измерительные приборы, такие как амперметр (для измерения силы тока) и вольтметр (для измерения напряжения).</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Электрическая цепь обычно состоит из источника тока, потребителя электрической энергии, соединительных проводов и замыкающего/размыкающего устройства (ключа).</p><p><strong>Начертите известные вам условные обозначения элементов электрических цепей.</strong></p><p>На электрических схемах для изображения элементов цепи используются стандартные условные обозначения. Ниже приведены некоторые из них:<br>- <strong>Гальванический элемент</strong>: две параллельные черты, расположенные перпендикулярно проводу. Длинная тонкая черта обозначает положительный полюс (+), а короткая толстая — отрицательный (–).<br>- <strong>Батарея гальванических элементов</strong>: несколько последовательно соединенных гальванических элементов.<br>- <strong>Резистор</strong>: прямоугольник на линии провода.<br>- <strong>Лампа накаливания</strong>: окружность с крестом внутри.<br>- <strong>Ключ (выключатель)</strong>: разрыв в линии провода с подвижным контактом, который в замкнутом положении соединяет концы разрыва.<br>- <strong>Амперметр</strong>: окружность с буквой «А» внутри.<br>- <strong>Вольтметр</strong>: окружность с буквой «V» внутри.<br>- <strong>Электрический звонок</strong>: фигура, напоминающая чашу колокола (полусфера).<br>- <strong>Соединение проводов</strong>: жирная точка на пересечении или в месте ответвления проводников.<br>- <strong>Пересечение проводов без соединения</strong>: проводники на схеме пересекаются без точки соединения; иногда один из проводников изображают с дугой в месте пересечения.<br>- <strong>Конденсатор</strong>: две параллельные одинаковые по длине черты.<br>- <strong>Катушка индуктивности</strong>: ряд петель или дуг, изображающих витки провода.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Условные обозначения элементов цепи представляют собой стандартизированные графические символы: гальванический элемент (две параллельные черты разной длины), резистор (прямоугольник), лампа (круг с крестом), ключ (разрыв с подвижным контактом), амперметр (круг с буквой А), вольтметр (круг с буквой V) и другие.</p>"
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                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Физика"
                    "field_abbreviated_name" => null
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => "физику"
                      "field_creative_case" => "физикой"
                      "field_dative_case" => "физике"
                      "field_genitive_case" => "физики"
                      "field_nominative_case" => "физика"
                      "field_prepositional_case" => "физике"
                    ]
                    "field_foreign_lang_name" => null
                    "field_short_name" => null
                    "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject"
                    "field_translit" => "fizika"
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Term {#1078
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:6 [
                    "id" => 5457
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "8"
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой"
                      "field_creative_case" => "восьмым"
                      "field_dative_case" => "восьмому"
                      "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого"
                      "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой"
                      "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом"
                    ]
                    "field_translit" => "vosmoj"
                  ]
                  #original: array:6 [
                    "id" => 5457
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "8"
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой"
                      "field_creative_case" => "восьмым"
                      "field_dative_case" => "восьмому"
                      "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого"
                      "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой"
                      "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом"
                    ]
                    "field_translit" => "vosmoj"
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Term {#1079
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:6 [
                    "id" => 5153
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Просвещение"
                    "field_cases" => null
                    "field_translit" => "prosveschenie"
                  ]
                  #original: array:6 [
                    "id" => 5153
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Просвещение"
                    "field_cases" => null
                    "field_translit" => "prosveschenie"
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077
              #items: array:3 [
                0 => App\Models\Term {#1098
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:12 [
                    "id" => 3745
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Артеменков"
                    "field_bio" => null
                    "field_degree_rp" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_name" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null
                    "field_name" => "Денис"
                    "field_patronymic" => "Александрович"
                    "field_surname_rp" => null
                  ]
                  #original: array:12 [
                    "id" => 3745
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Артеменков"
                    "field_bio" => null
                    "field_degree_rp" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_name" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null
                    "field_name" => "Денис"
                    "field_patronymic" => "Александрович"
                    "field_surname_rp" => null
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
                1 => App\Models\Term {#1099
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:12 [
                    "id" => 5014
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Ломаченков"
                    "field_bio" => null
                    "field_degree_rp" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_name" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null
                    "field_name" => "Иван"
                    "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич"
                    "field_surname_rp" => null
                  ]
                  #original: array:12 [
                    "id" => 5014
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Ломаченков"
                    "field_bio" => null
                    "field_degree_rp" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_name" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null
                    "field_name" => "Иван"
                    "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич"
                    "field_surname_rp" => null
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
                2 => App\Models\Term {#1101
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:12 [
                    "id" => 5412
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Панебратцев"
                    "field_bio" => null
                    "field_degree_rp" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_name" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null
                    "field_name" => "Юрий"
                    "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич"
                    "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева"
                  ]
                  #original: array:12 [
                    "id" => 5412
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Панебратцев"
                    "field_bio" => null
                    "field_degree_rp" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_name" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null
                    "field_name" => "Юрий"
                    "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич"
                    "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева"
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Term {#1104
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:10 [
                    "id" => 6518
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Задачник"
                    "field_book_type_foreign" => null
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => "задачник"
                      "field_creative_case" => "задачником"
                      "field_dative_case" => "задачнику"
                      "field_genitive_case" => "задачника"
                      "field_nominative_case" => "задачник"
                      "field_prepositional_case" => "задачнике"
                    ]
                    "field_plural_form" => null
                    "field_short_name" => null
                    "field_short_name_foreign" => null
                    "field_translit" => "zadachnik"
                  ]
                  #original: array:10 [
                    "id" => 6518
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Задачник"
                    "field_book_type_foreign" => null
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => "задачник"
                      "field_creative_case" => "задачником"
                      "field_dative_case" => "задачнику"
                      "field_genitive_case" => "задачника"
                      "field_nominative_case" => "задачник"
                      "field_prepositional_case" => "задачнике"
                    ]
                    "field_plural_form" => null
                    "field_short_name" => null
                    "field_short_name_foreign" => null
                    "field_translit" => "zadachnik"
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Term {#1106
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:6 [
                    "id" => 9
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Россия"
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => null
                      "field_creative_case" => null
                      "field_dative_case" => null
                      "field_genitive_case" => null
                      "field_nominative_case" => null
                      "field_prepositional_case" => null
                    ]
                    "field_translit" => "rossiya"
                  ]
                  #original: array:6 [
                    "id" => 9
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Россия"
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => null
                      "field_creative_case" => null
                      "field_dative_case" => null
                      "field_genitive_case" => null
                      "field_nominative_case" => null
                      "field_prepositional_case" => null
                    ]
                    "field_translit" => "rossiya"
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Term {#1108
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:6 [
                    "id" => 15
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Москва"
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => null
                      "field_creative_case" => null
                      "field_dative_case" => null
                      "field_genitive_case" => null
                      "field_nominative_case" => null
                      "field_prepositional_case" => null
                    ]
                    "field_translit" => "moskva"
                  ]
                  #original: array:6 [
                    "id" => 15
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "Москва"
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => null
                      "field_creative_case" => null
                      "field_dative_case" => null
                      "field_genitive_case" => null
                      "field_nominative_case" => null
                      "field_prepositional_case" => null
                    ]
                    "field_translit" => "moskva"
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Term {#1110
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:8 [
                    "id" => 4795
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "сферы"
                    "field_cases" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_series" => null
                    "field_transcription_eng" => null
                    "field_translit" => "sfery"
                  ]
                  #original: array:8 [
                    "id" => 4795
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "сферы"
                    "field_cases" => null
                    "field_foreign_lang_series" => null
                    "field_transcription_eng" => null
                    "field_translit" => "sfery"
                  ]
                  #changes: []
                  #casts: []
                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
                  #observables: []
                  #relations: []
                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
                  +usesUniqueIds: false
                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_publication_number" => "5"
            "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Term {#1101}
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null
            "field_cover_description" => null
            "field_publication_year" => "2010"
            "field_publication_year_until" => null
            "field_part" => ""
            "field_part_writing" => ""
            "field_second_foreign_language" => null
            "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций"
            "field_allowed" => null
            "field_reserve_field" => null
            "field_link_to_source" => null
            "field_tasks_count" => "308"
            "field_priority" => null
            "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/"
            "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-046040-8"
            "field_cover" => array:1 [
              0 => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860"
            ]
            "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [
              0 => ""
            ]
            "field_covers" => array:1 [
              0 => array:4 [
                "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860"
                "alt" => ""
                "width" => "1891"
                "height" => "2427"
              ]
            ]
            "field_popular_book" => "0"
            "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik"
            "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Term {#1120
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "terms"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: false
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:6 [
                    "id" => 48
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "фиолетовый"
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => null
                      "field_creative_case" => null
                      "field_dative_case" => null
                      "field_genitive_case" => null
                      "field_nominative_case" => null
                      "field_prepositional_case" => null
                    ]
                    "field_translit" => "fioletovyy"
                  ]
                  #original: array:6 [
                    "id" => 48
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "name" => "фиолетовый"
                    "field_cases" => array:6 [
                      "field_accusative_case" => null
                      "field_creative_case" => null
                      "field_dative_case" => null
                      "field_genitive_case" => null
                      "field_nominative_case" => null
                      "field_prepositional_case" => null
                    ]
                    "field_translit" => "fioletovyy"
                  ]
                  #changes: []
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                  #classCastCache: []
                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
                  #appends: []
                  #dispatchesEvents: []
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                  #touches: []
                  +timestamps: true
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                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_metatags_title" => null
            "field_metatags_description" => null
            "field_h1" => null
            "field_description_top" => null
            "field_description_bottom" => null
            "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [
              "class" => 379
              "subject" => 556
              "class_subject" => 492
            ]
          ]
          #original: array:50 [
            "id" => 1646
            "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
            "updated_at" => null
            "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks"
            "field_pages_status" => null
            "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072}
            "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082}
            "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076}
            "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077}
            "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102}
            "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103}
            "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105}
            "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107}
            "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109}
            "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111}
            "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112}
            "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113}
            "field_publication_number" => "5"
            "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114}
            "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115}
            "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null
            "field_cover_description" => null
            "field_publication_year" => "2010"
            "field_publication_year_until" => null
            "field_part" => ""
            "field_part_writing" => ""
            "field_second_foreign_language" => null
            "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций"
            "field_allowed" => null
            "field_reserve_field" => null
            "field_link_to_source" => null
            "field_tasks_count" => "308"
            "field_priority" => null
            "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/"
            "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-046040-8"
            "field_cover" => array:1 [
              0 => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860"
            ]
            "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [
              0 => ""
            ]
            "field_covers" => array:1 [
              0 => array:4 [
                "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760136860"
                "alt" => ""
                "width" => "1891"
                "height" => "2427"
              ]
            ]
            "field_popular_book" => "0"
            "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116}
            "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117}
            "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118}
            "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik"
            "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119}
            "field_metatags_title" => null
            "field_metatags_description" => null
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            "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [
              "class" => 379
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            ]
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            0 => "*"
          ]
        }
      ]
      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
    }
    "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128
      #items: array:1 [
        0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1127
          #connection: "mysql"
          #table: "book_pages"
          #primaryKey: "id"
          #keyType: "int"
          +incrementing: true
          #with: []
          #withCount: []
          +preventsLazyLoading: false
          #perPage: 15
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          #attributes: array:21 [
            "id" => 1462324
            "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
            "updated_at" => null
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            "field_display_title" => "27"
            "field_folder" => "1"
            "field_image_name" => "27"
            "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_weight" => "0"
            "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Book {#1080}
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "field_metatags_title" => null
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            "field_h1" => null
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            "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131
              #items: []
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141
              #items: array:1 [
                0 => App\Models\Element {#1140
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "elements"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: true
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:6 [
                    "id" => 1753885
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Edition {#1084}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "book_page" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1462324"
                      "type" => "book_page"
                    ]
                    "img" => array:1 [
                      0 => array:5 [
                        "name" => "27-1.jpg"
                        "alt" => null
                        "width" => "1994"
                        "height" => 2505
                        "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-1/27-1.webp?ts=1760705538"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    "id" => 1753885
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142}
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                      "refs" => "1462324"
                      "type" => "book_page"
                    ]
                    "img" => array:1 [
                      0 => array:5 [
                        "name" => "27-1.jpg"
                        "alt" => null
                        "width" => "1994"
                        "height" => 2505
                        "path" => "/media/fizika_08/artemenkov-zd/0-1/27-1.webp?ts=1760705538"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
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                  #touches: []
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                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
              ]
              #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
            }
            "next" => array:2 [
              "refs" => "1462325"
              "type" => "book_page"
            ]
            "previous" => array:2 [
              "refs" => "1462323"
              "type" => "book_page"
            ]
            "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225
              #items: array:5 [
                0 => App\Models\Task {#1237
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "tasks"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: true
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:24 [
                    "id" => 1460199
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "field_page_start" => "27"
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                    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-9"
                    "field_display_title" => "5.9"
                    "field_outside_task" => null
                    "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1036}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_metatags_title" => null
                    "field_metatags_description" => null
                    "field_h1" => null
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                    "field_match" => null
                    "breadcrumbs" => []
                    "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243
                      #items: array:2 [
                        0 => App\Models\Element {#1252 …30}
                        1 => App\Models\Element {#1254 …30}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "next" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1460200"
                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "previous" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1460198"
                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Book {#1080}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "page" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1462324"
                      "type" => "book_page"
                    ]
                  ]
                  #original: array:24 [
                    "id" => 1460199
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "field_page_start" => "27"
                    "field_page_end" => null
                    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-9"
                    "field_display_title" => "5.9"
                    "field_outside_task" => null
                    "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238}
                    "field_metatags_title" => null
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                    "breadcrumbs" => []
                    "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239}
                    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240}
                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241}
                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243}
                    "next" => array:2 [
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                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "previous" => array:2 [
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                    ]
                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249}
                    "page" => array:2 [
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                      "type" => "book_page"
                    ]
                  ]
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                  #attributeCastCache: []
                  #dateFormat: null
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                  #touches: []
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                  #hidden: []
                  #visible: []
                  #fillable: []
                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
                1 => App\Models\Task {#1244
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "tasks"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: true
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:24 [
                    "id" => 1460200
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "field_page_start" => "27"
                    "field_page_end" => null
                    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-10"
                    "field_display_title" => "5.10"
                    "field_outside_task" => null
                    "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1036}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_metatags_title" => null
                    "field_metatags_description" => null
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                    "breadcrumbs" => []
                    "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248
                      #items: array:2 [
                        0 => App\Models\Element {#1083}
                        1 => App\Models\Element {#1090}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "next" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1460201"
                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "previous" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1460199"
                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Book {#1080}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "page" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1462324"
                      "type" => "book_page"
                    ]
                  ]
                  #original: array:24 [
                    "id" => 1460200
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "field_page_start" => "27"
                    "field_page_end" => null
                    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-10"
                    "field_display_title" => "5.10"
                    "field_outside_task" => null
                    "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242}
                    "field_metatags_title" => null
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                    "breadcrumbs" => []
                    "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251}
                    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247}
                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245}
                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248}
                    "next" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1460201"
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                    ]
                    "previous" => array:2 [
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                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246}
                    "page" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1462324"
                      "type" => "book_page"
                    ]
                  ]
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                  #dateFormat: null
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                  #guarded: array:1 [
                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
                2 => App\Models\Task {#1256
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "tasks"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: true
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
                  +wasRecentlyCreated: false
                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:24 [
                    "id" => 1460201
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "field_page_start" => "27"
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                    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-11"
                    "field_display_title" => "5.11"
                    "field_outside_task" => null
                    "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1036}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_metatags_title" => null
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                    "breadcrumbs" => []
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                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262
                      #items: array:2 [
                        0 => App\Models\Element {#1271 …30}
                        1 => App\Models\Element {#1273 …30}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "next" => array:2 [
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                    "previous" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1460200"
                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Book {#1080}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "page" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1462324"
                      "type" => "book_page"
                    ]
                  ]
                  #original: array:24 [
                    "id" => 1460201
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "field_page_start" => "27"
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                    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-11"
                    "field_display_title" => "5.11"
                    "field_outside_task" => null
                    "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257}
                    "field_metatags_title" => null
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                    "breadcrumbs" => []
                    "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258}
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                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260}
                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262}
                    "next" => array:2 [
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                    ]
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                      "refs" => "1460200"
                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268}
                    "page" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1462324"
                      "type" => "book_page"
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                  #dateFormat: null
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                  +timestamps: true
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                  #visible: []
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                    0 => "*"
                  ]
                }
                3 => App\Models\Task {#1263
                  #connection: "mysql"
                  #table: "tasks"
                  #primaryKey: "id"
                  #keyType: "int"
                  +incrementing: true
                  #with: []
                  #withCount: []
                  +preventsLazyLoading: false
                  #perPage: 15
                  +exists: true
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                  #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                  #attributes: array:24 [
                    "id" => 1460202
                    "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26"
                    "updated_at" => null
                    "field_page_start" => "27"
                    "field_page_end" => null
                    "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/05-12"
                    "field_display_title" => "5.12"
                    "field_outside_task" => null
                    "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1261
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Term {#1036}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "field_metatags_title" => null
                    "field_metatags_description" => null
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                    "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270
                      #items: []
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1265
                      #items: array:2 [
                        0 => App\Models\Element {#1283 …30}
                        1 => App\Models\Element {#1285 …30}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
                    "next" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1460203"
                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "previous" => array:2 [
                      "refs" => "1460201"
                      "type" => "task"
                    ]
                    "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1280
                      #items: array:1 [
                        0 => App\Models\Book {#1080}
                      ]
                      #escapeWhenCastingToString: false
                    }
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}

№5.10 (с. 27)

Просмотр Редак-ть Редак-ть (переопр)

Условие. №5.10 (с. 27)

Редак-ть Редакция

скриншот условия

5.10 Назовите, из каких частей обычно состоит электрическая цепь. Начертите известные вам условные обозначения элементов электрических цепей.

Решение. №5.10 (с. 27)

Редак-ть Редакция

Назовите, из каких частей обычно состоит электрическая цепь.

Простейшая электрическая цепь состоит из нескольких обязательных частей, которые обеспечивают её функционирование. К таким частям относятся:
1. Источник тока – устройство, создающее и поддерживающее электрический ток в цепи за счет преобразования других видов энергии (химической, механической, световой) в электрическую. Примерами являются гальванический элемент, аккумулятор или генератор.
2. Потребитель (нагрузка) – устройство, которое использует электрическую энергию для выполнения полезной работы, преобразуя её в другие виды энергии, например, в световую (лампа), тепловую (нагреватель) или механическую (электродвигатель).
3. Соединительные провода – проводники, с помощью которых все элементы цепи соединяются в единое целое, образуя замкнутый путь для электрического тока.
4. Замыкающие и размыкающие устройства (ключ, выключатель, кнопка) – служат для управления работой цепи, то есть для её включения и выключения путем замыкания или размыкания.
Дополнительно в цепь могут включаться измерительные приборы, такие как амперметр (для измерения силы тока) и вольтметр (для измерения напряжения).

Ответ: Электрическая цепь обычно состоит из источника тока, потребителя электрической энергии, соединительных проводов и замыкающего/размыкающего устройства (ключа).

Начертите известные вам условные обозначения элементов электрических цепей.

На электрических схемах для изображения элементов цепи используются стандартные условные обозначения. Ниже приведены некоторые из них:
- Гальванический элемент: две параллельные черты, расположенные перпендикулярно проводу. Длинная тонкая черта обозначает положительный полюс (+), а короткая толстая — отрицательный (–).
- Батарея гальванических элементов: несколько последовательно соединенных гальванических элементов.
- Резистор: прямоугольник на линии провода.
- Лампа накаливания: окружность с крестом внутри.
- Ключ (выключатель): разрыв в линии провода с подвижным контактом, который в замкнутом положении соединяет концы разрыва.
- Амперметр: окружность с буквой «А» внутри.
- Вольтметр: окружность с буквой «V» внутри.
- Электрический звонок: фигура, напоминающая чашу колокола (полусфера).
- Соединение проводов: жирная точка на пересечении или в месте ответвления проводников.
- Пересечение проводов без соединения: проводники на схеме пересекаются без точки соединения; иногда один из проводников изображают с дугой в месте пересечения.
- Конденсатор: две параллельные одинаковые по длине черты.
- Катушка индуктивности: ряд петель или дуг, изображающих витки провода.

Ответ: Условные обозначения элементов цепи представляют собой стандартизированные графические символы: гальванический элемент (две параллельные черты разной длины), резистор (прямоугольник), лампа (круг с крестом), ключ (разрыв с подвижным контактом), амперметр (круг с буквой А), вольтметр (круг с буквой V) и другие.