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Номер №1, страница 286 - гдз по физике 8 класс учебник Громов, Родина
Авторы: Громов С. В., Родина Н. А., Белага В. В., Ломаченков И. А., Панебратцев Ю. А.
Тип: Учебник
Серия: классический курс
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2018 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий
ISBN: 978-5-09-052825-2
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Лабораторные работы - номер №1, страница 286.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613059 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "286" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/labrab-1" "field_display_title" => "№1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1612242 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Лабораторные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "286" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1040 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1042 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1044 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1046 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1050 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1051 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1055 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ …8] #original: array:8 [ …8] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1065 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1072 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1612242 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Лабораторные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "286" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1094 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1850580 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1095 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6892 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1096 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] …2 } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6892 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613059" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Лабораторная работа 1</strong></p><p><strong>СРАВНЕНИЕ КОЛИЧЕСТВ ТЕПЛОТЫ ПРИ СМЕШИВАНИИ ВОДЫ РАЗНОЙ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ</strong></p><p><strong><em>Цель работы:</em></strong> изучить явление теплообмена на примере смешивания воды разной температуры и сравнить количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, с количеством теплоты, полученным холодной водой.</p><p><strong><em>Оборудование:</em></strong> калориметр, измерительный цилиндр (мензурка), термометр.</p><p><strong><em>Указания к выполнению работы</em></strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Отмерьте мензуркой 100 мл холодной воды (массой $m = 100\text{ г}$) и перелейте её в калориметр.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Измерьте температуру $t_1$ холодной воды в калориметре.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Налейте в мензурку 100 мл горячей воды.</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Измерьте температуру $t_2$ горячей воды в мензурке.</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Осторожно перелейте горячую воду в калориметр, помешайте термометром полученную смесь и измерьте её температуру $\text{t}$.</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Перенесите таблицу в тетрадь. Результаты измерений занесите в таблицу.</p><div class="table-wrap"><table style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><thead><tr><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$\text{m}$, кг</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t_1$, °С</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t_2$, °С</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$\text{t}$, °С</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong>7.</strong> Рассчитайте количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой.</p><p><strong>8.</strong> Рассчитайте количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой.</p><p><strong>9.</strong> Сравните количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, с количеством теплоты, полученным холодной водой, и сделайте вывод.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1742" "height" => 1692 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-labrab/1-1.webp?ts=1763478052" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1850580 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613059" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Лабораторная работа 1</strong></p><p><strong>СРАВНЕНИЕ КОЛИЧЕСТВ ТЕПЛОТЫ ПРИ СМЕШИВАНИИ ВОДЫ РАЗНОЙ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ</strong></p><p><strong><em>Цель работы:</em></strong> изучить явление теплообмена на примере смешивания воды разной температуры и сравнить количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, с количеством теплоты, полученным холодной водой.</p><p><strong><em>Оборудование:</em></strong> калориметр, измерительный цилиндр (мензурка), термометр.</p><p><strong><em>Указания к выполнению работы</em></strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Отмерьте мензуркой 100 мл холодной воды (массой $m = 100\text{ г}$) и перелейте её в калориметр.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Измерьте температуру $t_1$ холодной воды в калориметре.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Налейте в мензурку 100 мл горячей воды.</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Измерьте температуру $t_2$ горячей воды в мензурке.</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Осторожно перелейте горячую воду в калориметр, помешайте термометром полученную смесь и измерьте её температуру $\text{t}$.</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Перенесите таблицу в тетрадь. Результаты измерений занесите в таблицу.</p><div class="table-wrap"><table style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><thead><tr><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$\text{m}$, кг</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t_1$, °С</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t_2$, °С</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$\text{t}$, °С</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong>7.</strong> Рассчитайте количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой.</p><p><strong>8.</strong> Рассчитайте количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой.</p><p><strong>9.</strong> Сравните количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, с количеством теплоты, полученным холодной водой, и сделайте вывод.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1742" "height" => 1692 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-labrab/1-1.webp?ts=1763478052" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1101 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1900641 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1102 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 7854 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1104 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 7854 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613059" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Для выполнения расчетов и выводов необходимо сначала провести измерения и заполнить таблицу. Так как реальный эксперимент не проводился, мы воспользуемся гипотетическими, но реалистичными данными, которые могли бы быть получены в ходе лабораторной работы.</p><p>Предположим, что в результате измерений были получены следующие значения:</p><ul><li>Масса холодной и горячей воды одинакова: $m_1 = m_2 = 100$ г.</li><li>Начальная температура холодной воды: $t_1 = 20 °C$.</li><li>Начальная температура горячей воды: $t_2 = 80 °C$.</li><li>Температура смеси после установления теплового равновесия: $t = 48 °C$.</li></ul><p>Заполним таблицу на основе этих данных.</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Перенесите таблицу в тетрадь. Результаты измерений занесите в таблицу.</p><div class="table-wrap"><table border="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><thead><tr><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$m, \text{кг}$</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t_1°C$</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t_2°C$</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t°C$</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">0,1</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">20</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">80</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">48</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Теперь выполним требуемые расчеты.</p><p><strong>7.</strong> Рассчитайте количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой.</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$c = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}}$ (удельная теплоемкость воды)<br>$m_2 = 100 \, \text{г}$<br>$t_2 = 80 °C$<br>$t = 48 °C$<br><br><em>Перевод в СИ:</em><br>$m_2 = 100 \, \text{г} = 0,1 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$Q_{отд} \, - \, ?$</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong><br>Количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой при остывании, рассчитывается по формуле:<br>$Q_{отд} = c \cdot m_2 \cdot (t_2 - t)$<br>Подставим наши значения:<br>$Q_{отд} = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}} \cdot 0,1 \, \text{кг} \cdot (80 °C - 48 °C)$<br>$Q_{отд} = 420 \cdot 32 \, \text{Дж} = 13440 \, \text{Дж}$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, составляет $13440 \, \text{Дж}$.</p><p><strong>8.</strong> Рассчитайте количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой.</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$c = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}}$<br>$m_1 = 100 \, \text{г}$<br>$t_1 = 20 °C$<br>$t = 48 °C$<br><br><em>Перевод в СИ:</em><br>$m_1 = 100 \, \text{г} = 0,1 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$Q_{пол} \, - \, ?$</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong><br>Количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой при нагревании, рассчитывается по формуле:<br>$Q_{пол} = c \cdot m_1 \cdot (t - t_1)$<br>Подставим наши значения:<br>$Q_{пол} = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}} \cdot 0,1 \, \text{кг} \cdot (48 °C - 20 °C)$<br>$Q_{пол} = 420 \cdot 28 \, \text{Дж} = 11760 \, \text{Дж}$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой, составляет $11760 \, \text{Дж}$.</p><p><strong>9.</strong> Сравните количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, с количеством теплоты, полученным холодной водой, и сделайте вывод.</p><p>Сравним полученные значения: $Q_{отд} = 13440 \, \text{Дж}$ и $Q_{пол} = 11760 \, \text{Дж}$.<br>Мы видим, что $Q_{отд} > Q_{пол}$. Количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, оказалось больше, чем количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой.</p><p><strong>Вывод:</strong> В идеальных условиях, при отсутствии теплообмена с окружающей средой, количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, должно быть равно количеству теплоты, полученному холодной водой (закон сохранения энергии). Однако в реальном эксперименте всегда существуют тепловые потери: часть тепла от горячей воды передается не только холодной воде, но и калориметру, а также окружающему воздуху. Из-за этих потерь количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой ($Q_{пол}$), оказывается меньше количества теплоты, отданного горячей водой ($Q_{отд}$). Расхождение в результатах ($13440 \, \text{Дж}$ и $11760 \, \text{Дж}$) объясняется именно этими неизбежными теплопотерями. Тем не менее, значения близки по порядку величины, что подтверждает явление теплообмена и справедливость уравнения теплового баланса с учетом погрешностей измерений и теплопотерь.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой ($13440 \, \text{Дж}$), больше количества теплоты, полученного холодной водой ($11760 \, \text{Дж}$), что объясняется неизбежными потерями тепла в окружающую среду и на нагрев калориметра.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1900641 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613059" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Для выполнения расчетов и выводов необходимо сначала провести измерения и заполнить таблицу. Так как реальный эксперимент не проводился, мы воспользуемся гипотетическими, но реалистичными данными, которые могли бы быть получены в ходе лабораторной работы.</p><p>Предположим, что в результате измерений были получены следующие значения:</p><ul><li>Масса холодной и горячей воды одинакова: $m_1 = m_2 = 100$ г.</li><li>Начальная температура холодной воды: $t_1 = 20 °C$.</li><li>Начальная температура горячей воды: $t_2 = 80 °C$.</li><li>Температура смеси после установления теплового равновесия: $t = 48 °C$.</li></ul><p>Заполним таблицу на основе этих данных.</p><p><strong>6.</strong> Перенесите таблицу в тетрадь. Результаты измерений занесите в таблицу.</p><div class="table-wrap"><table border="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);"><thead><tr><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$m, \text{кг}$</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t_1°C$</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t_2°C$</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">$t°C$</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">0,1</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">20</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">80</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">48</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Теперь выполним требуемые расчеты.</p><p><strong>7.</strong> Рассчитайте количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой.</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$c = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}}$ (удельная теплоемкость воды)<br>$m_2 = 100 \, \text{г}$<br>$t_2 = 80 °C$<br>$t = 48 °C$<br><br><em>Перевод в СИ:</em><br>$m_2 = 100 \, \text{г} = 0,1 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$Q_{отд} \, - \, ?$</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong><br>Количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой при остывании, рассчитывается по формуле:<br>$Q_{отд} = c \cdot m_2 \cdot (t_2 - t)$<br>Подставим наши значения:<br>$Q_{отд} = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}} \cdot 0,1 \, \text{кг} \cdot (80 °C - 48 °C)$<br>$Q_{отд} = 420 \cdot 32 \, \text{Дж} = 13440 \, \text{Дж}$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, составляет $13440 \, \text{Дж}$.</p><p><strong>8.</strong> Рассчитайте количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой.</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$c = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}}$<br>$m_1 = 100 \, \text{г}$<br>$t_1 = 20 °C$<br>$t = 48 °C$<br><br><em>Перевод в СИ:</em><br>$m_1 = 100 \, \text{г} = 0,1 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$Q_{пол} \, - \, ?$</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong><br>Количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой при нагревании, рассчитывается по формуле:<br>$Q_{пол} = c \cdot m_1 \cdot (t - t_1)$<br>Подставим наши значения:<br>$Q_{пол} = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}} \cdot 0,1 \, \text{кг} \cdot (48 °C - 20 °C)$<br>$Q_{пол} = 420 \cdot 28 \, \text{Дж} = 11760 \, \text{Дж}$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой, составляет $11760 \, \text{Дж}$.</p><p><strong>9.</strong> Сравните количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, с количеством теплоты, полученным холодной водой, и сделайте вывод.</p><p>Сравним полученные значения: $Q_{отд} = 13440 \, \text{Дж}$ и $Q_{пол} = 11760 \, \text{Дж}$.<br>Мы видим, что $Q_{отд} > Q_{пол}$. Количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, оказалось больше, чем количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой.</p><p><strong>Вывод:</strong> В идеальных условиях, при отсутствии теплообмена с окружающей средой, количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, должно быть равно количеству теплоты, полученному холодной водой (закон сохранения энергии). Однако в реальном эксперименте всегда существуют тепловые потери: часть тепла от горячей воды передается не только холодной воде, но и калориметру, а также окружающему воздуху. Из-за этих потерь количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой ($Q_{пол}$), оказывается меньше количества теплоты, отданного горячей водой ($Q_{отд}$). Расхождение в результатах ($13440 \, \text{Дж}$ и $11760 \, \text{Дж}$) объясняется именно этими неизбежными теплопотерями. Тем не менее, значения близки по порядку величины, что подтверждает явление теплообмена и справедливость уравнения теплового баланса с учетом погрешностей измерений и теплопотерь.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой ($13440 \, \text{Дж}$), больше количества теплоты, полученного холодной водой ($11760 \, \text{Дж}$), что объясняется неизбежными потерями тепла в окружающую среду и на нагрев калориметра.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613060" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613058" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1091 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"field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1110 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1113 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1115 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4718 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "классический курс" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "klassicheskiy kurs" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4718 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "классический курс" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "klassicheskiy kurs" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1119 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1089} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 3654 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2018" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "830" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gromov-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-052825-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1763397517" "alt" => "" "width" => "1881" "height" => "2469" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1133 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1613359 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "286" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/page-286" "field_display_title" => "286" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "286" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1091} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1146 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1851070 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1095} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613359" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "286-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1871" "height" => 2552 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-1/286-1.webp?ts=1763478470" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1851070 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613359" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "286-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1871" "height" => 2552 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gromov-u/0-1/286-1.webp?ts=1763478470" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613360" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613358" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1330 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1139 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613059 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "286" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/labrab-1" "field_display_title" => "№1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1140 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1144 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1144 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1186 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1194 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613060" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613058" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1203 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613359" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613059 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "286" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/labrab-1" "field_display_title" => "№1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613060" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613058" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613359" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1236 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1613060 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "286" "field_page_end" => "287" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/gromov-uchebnik/labrab-2" "field_display_title" => "№2" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1238 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1241 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1278 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1241 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1279 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1280 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1288 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613061" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613059" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1296 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1297 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1613359" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1613060 "created_at" => 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№№1 (с. 286)
Условие. №№1 (с. 286)
скриншот условия
Лабораторная работа 1
СРАВНЕНИЕ КОЛИЧЕСТВ ТЕПЛОТЫ ПРИ СМЕШИВАНИИ ВОДЫ РАЗНОЙ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ
Цель работы: изучить явление теплообмена на примере смешивания воды разной температуры и сравнить количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, с количеством теплоты, полученным холодной водой.
Оборудование: калориметр, измерительный цилиндр (мензурка), термометр.
Указания к выполнению работы
1. Отмерьте мензуркой 100 мл холодной воды (массой $m = 100\text{ г}$) и перелейте её в калориметр.
2. Измерьте температуру $t_1$ холодной воды в калориметре.
3. Налейте в мензурку 100 мл горячей воды.
4. Измерьте температуру $t_2$ горячей воды в мензурке.
5. Осторожно перелейте горячую воду в калориметр, помешайте термометром полученную смесь и измерьте её температуру $\text{t}$.
6. Перенесите таблицу в тетрадь. Результаты измерений занесите в таблицу.
| $\text{m}$, кг | $t_1$, °С | $t_2$, °С | $\text{t}$, °С |
|---|---|---|---|
7. Рассчитайте количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой.
8. Рассчитайте количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой.
9. Сравните количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, с количеством теплоты, полученным холодной водой, и сделайте вывод.
Решение. №№1 (с. 286)
Для выполнения расчетов и выводов необходимо сначала провести измерения и заполнить таблицу. Так как реальный эксперимент не проводился, мы воспользуемся гипотетическими, но реалистичными данными, которые могли бы быть получены в ходе лабораторной работы.
Предположим, что в результате измерений были получены следующие значения:
- Масса холодной и горячей воды одинакова: $m_1 = m_2 = 100$ г.
- Начальная температура холодной воды: $t_1 = 20 °C$.
- Начальная температура горячей воды: $t_2 = 80 °C$.
- Температура смеси после установления теплового равновесия: $t = 48 °C$.
Заполним таблицу на основе этих данных.
6. Перенесите таблицу в тетрадь. Результаты измерений занесите в таблицу.
| $m, \text{кг}$ | $t_1°C$ | $t_2°C$ | $t°C$ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0,1 | 20 | 80 | 48 |
Теперь выполним требуемые расчеты.
7. Рассчитайте количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой.
Дано:
$c = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}}$ (удельная теплоемкость воды)
$m_2 = 100 \, \text{г}$
$t_2 = 80 °C$
$t = 48 °C$
Перевод в СИ:
$m_2 = 100 \, \text{г} = 0,1 \, \text{кг}$
Найти:
$Q_{отд} \, - \, ?$
Решение:
Количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой при остывании, рассчитывается по формуле:
$Q_{отд} = c \cdot m_2 \cdot (t_2 - t)$
Подставим наши значения:
$Q_{отд} = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}} \cdot 0,1 \, \text{кг} \cdot (80 °C - 48 °C)$
$Q_{отд} = 420 \cdot 32 \, \text{Дж} = 13440 \, \text{Дж}$
Ответ: количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, составляет $13440 \, \text{Дж}$.
8. Рассчитайте количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой.
Дано:
$c = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}}$
$m_1 = 100 \, \text{г}$
$t_1 = 20 °C$
$t = 48 °C$
Перевод в СИ:
$m_1 = 100 \, \text{г} = 0,1 \, \text{кг}$
Найти:
$Q_{пол} \, - \, ?$
Решение:
Количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой при нагревании, рассчитывается по формуле:
$Q_{пол} = c \cdot m_1 \cdot (t - t_1)$
Подставим наши значения:
$Q_{пол} = 4200 \, \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot ^\circ\text{C}} \cdot 0,1 \, \text{кг} \cdot (48 °C - 20 °C)$
$Q_{пол} = 420 \cdot 28 \, \text{Дж} = 11760 \, \text{Дж}$
Ответ: количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой, составляет $11760 \, \text{Дж}$.
9. Сравните количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, с количеством теплоты, полученным холодной водой, и сделайте вывод.
Сравним полученные значения: $Q_{отд} = 13440 \, \text{Дж}$ и $Q_{пол} = 11760 \, \text{Дж}$.
Мы видим, что $Q_{отд} > Q_{пол}$. Количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, оказалось больше, чем количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой.
Вывод: В идеальных условиях, при отсутствии теплообмена с окружающей средой, количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой, должно быть равно количеству теплоты, полученному холодной водой (закон сохранения энергии). Однако в реальном эксперименте всегда существуют тепловые потери: часть тепла от горячей воды передается не только холодной воде, но и калориметру, а также окружающему воздуху. Из-за этих потерь количество теплоты, полученное холодной водой ($Q_{пол}$), оказывается меньше количества теплоты, отданного горячей водой ($Q_{отд}$). Расхождение в результатах ($13440 \, \text{Дж}$ и $11760 \, \text{Дж}$) объясняется именно этими неизбежными теплопотерями. Тем не менее, значения близки по порядку величины, что подтверждает явление теплообмена и справедливость уравнения теплового баланса с учетом погрешностей измерений и теплопотерь.
Ответ: Количество теплоты, отданное горячей водой ($13440 \, \text{Дж}$), больше количества теплоты, полученного холодной водой ($11760 \, \text{Дж}$), что объясняется неизбежными потерями тепла в окружающую среду и на нагрев калориметра.
Другие задания:
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