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Номер 10.2, страница 56 - гдз по физике 8-11 класс учебник, задачник Гельфгат, Генденштейн
Авторы: Гельфгат И. М., Генденштейн Л. Э., Кирик Л. А.
Тип: Учебник, задачник
Издательство: Илекса
Год издания: 2005 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре
ISBN: 978-5-89237-332-6
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Задачи. Молекулярная физика. 10. Пары, жидкости и твердые тела - номер 10.2, страница 56.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1288272 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "56" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/10-2" "field_display_title" => "10.2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1040 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1123 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1125 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1129 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1130 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1131 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1132 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1134 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5158 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Илекса" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ileksa" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5158 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Илекса" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ileksa" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1136 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4102 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Гельфгат" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Илья" "field_patronymic" => "Маркович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4102 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Гельфгат" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Илья" "field_patronymic" => "Маркович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1137 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1138 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4583 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кирик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Леонид" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4583 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кирик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Леонид" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1141 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6673 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник, задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik, zadachnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6673 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник, задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik, zadachnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1143 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1145 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1151 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 35 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "исправленное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "ispravlennoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 35 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "исправленное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "ispravlennoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" "alt" => "" "width" => "1813" "height" => "2441" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1157 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" "alt" => "" "width" => "1813" "height" => "2441" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1159 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1125} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161} "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1164 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287878 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "10. Пары, жидкости и твердые тела" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "56" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1125} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1174 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176 …2} "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176 …2} "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287878 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "10. Пары, жидкости и твердые тела" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165} "field_page_start" => "56" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1103 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1478170 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1104 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5410 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5410 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288272" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>10.2*.</strong> В помещение нужно подать $V = 10 \ 000 \text{ м}^3$ воздуха с температурой $t_1 = 18 \text{ °C}$ и относительной влажностью $\varphi_1 = 50\%$. Воздух снаружи имеет температуру $t_2 = 10 \text{ °C}$ и относительную влажность $\varphi_2 = 60\%$. Осушать или увлажнять придется наружный воздух? Сколько воды придется при этом сконденсировать или испарить?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1446" "height" => 365 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-10/2-1.webp?ts=1756049826" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1478170 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288272" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>10.2*.</strong> В помещение нужно подать $V = 10 \ 000 \text{ м}^3$ воздуха с температурой $t_1 = 18 \text{ °C}$ и относительной влажностью $\varphi_1 = 50\%$. Воздух снаружи имеет температуру $t_2 = 10 \text{ °C}$ и относительную влажность $\varphi_2 = 60\%$. Осушать или увлажнять придется наружный воздух? Сколько воды придется при этом сконденсировать или испарить?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1446" "height" => 365 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-10/2-1.webp?ts=1756049826" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1098 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1478672 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1095 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5411 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5411 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288272" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1418" "height" => 521 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/1-10/2-1.webp?ts=1756049891" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1478672 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288272" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "2-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1418" "height" => 521 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/1-10/2-1.webp?ts=1756049891" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1090 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1737965 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1089 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6336 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6336 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288272" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Параметры воздуха в помещении (конечное состояние):<br>Объем, $V = 10 \, 000 \, \text{м}^3$<br>Температура, $t_1 = 18 \text{ °C}$<br>Относительная влажность, $\phi_1 = 50\%$</p><p>Параметры воздуха снаружи (начальное состояние):<br>Температура, $t_2 = 10 \text{ °C}$<br>Относительная влажность, $\phi_2 = 60\%$</p><p>Перевод в систему СИ:<br>$V = 10^4 \, \text{м}^3$<br>$T_1 = 18 + 273 = 291 \, \text{К}$<br>$\phi_1 = 0.5$<br>$T_2 = 10 + 273 = 283 \, \text{К}$<br>$\phi_2 = 0.6$</p><p>Справочные данные:<br>Молярная масса воды, $\mu = 18 \cdot 10^{-3} \, \text{кг/моль}$<br>Универсальная газовая постоянная, $R = 8.31 \, \text{Дж/(моль} \cdot \text{К)}$<br>Давление насыщенного водяного пара при $t_1 = 18 \text{ °C}$, $p_{н1} \approx 2.06 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па}$<br>Давление насыщенного водяного пара при $t_2 = 10 \text{ °C}$, $p_{н2} \approx 1.23 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Нужно осушать или увлажнять воздух?<br>2. Массу воды $\Delta m$, которую нужно сконденсировать или испарить.</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>Осушать или увлажнять придется наружный воздух?</strong></p><p>Чтобы определить, нужно ли осушать или увлажнять воздух, сравним абсолютную влажность (плотность водяного пара) наружного воздуха с требуемой абсолютной влажностью воздуха в помещении.</p><p>Абсолютная влажность $\rho$ связана с относительной влажностью $\phi$ и давлением насыщенного пара $p_н$ по формуле, вытекающей из уравнения Менделеева-Клапейрона: $\phi = \frac{p}{p_н}$, где $\text{p}$ - парциальное давление пара. Из $p V = \frac{m}{\mu} R T$ следует, что плотность пара $\rho = \frac{m}{V} = \frac{p \mu}{R T}$. Подставив $p = \phi \cdot p_н$, получим: $\rho = \frac{\phi \cdot p_н \cdot \mu}{R T}$</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Вычислим требуемую абсолютную влажность в помещении ($\rho_1$): $\rho_1 = \frac{\phi_1 \cdot p_{н1} \cdot \mu}{R T_1} = \frac{0.5 \cdot 2.06 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па} \cdot 18 \cdot 10^{-3} \, \text{кг/моль}}{8.31 \, \text{Дж/(моль} \cdot \text{К)} \cdot 291 \, \text{К}} \approx 0.00767 \, \text{кг/м}^3$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Вычислим абсолютную влажность воздуха снаружи ($\rho_2$): $\rho_2 = \frac{\phi_2 \cdot p_{н2} \cdot \mu}{R T_2} = \frac{0.6 \cdot 1.23 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па} \cdot 18 \cdot 10^{-3} \, \text{кг/моль}}{8.31 \, \text{Дж/(моль} \cdot \text{К)} \cdot 283 \, \text{К}} \approx 0.00565 \, \text{кг/м}^3$</p><p>Сравним полученные значения: $\rho_1 \approx 7.67 \, \text{г/м}^3$ $\rho_2 \approx 5.65 \, \text{г/м}^3$</p><p>Поскольку $\rho_1 > \rho_2$, для достижения требуемых параметров воздух необходимо увлажнять, то есть добавлять в него водяной пар.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Наружный воздух придется увлажнять.</p><p><strong>Сколько воды придется при этом сконденсировать или испарить?</strong></p><p>Так как воздух нужно увлажнять, нам потребуется испарить некоторое количество воды. Найдем эту массу $\Delta m$.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Масса водяного пара, которая должна содержаться в помещении объемом $\text{V}$: $m_1 = \rho_1 \cdot V = 0.00767 \, \text{кг/м}^3 \cdot 10000 \, \text{м}^3 = 76.7 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Теперь найдем, сколько водяного пара уже содержится в том количестве наружного воздуха, из которого будет получен требуемый объем воздуха для помещения. При нагревании воздуха от температуры $T_2$ до $T_1$ при постоянном давлении его объем увеличивается (закон Гей-Люссака). Чтобы в итоге получить объем $\text{V}$ при температуре $T_1$, нужно взять наружный воздух объемом $V_2$: $\frac{V_2}{T_2} = \frac{V}{T_1} \implies V_2 = V \frac{T_2}{T_1}$ $V_2 = 10000 \, \text{м}^3 \cdot \frac{283 \, \text{К}}{291 \, \text{К}} \approx 9725 \, \text{м}^3$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Масса водяного пара, содержащаяся в этом объеме наружного воздуха: $m_2 = \rho_2 \cdot V_2 = 0.00565 \, \text{кг/м}^3 \cdot 9725 \, \text{м}^3 \approx 54.9 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Масса воды, которую необходимо дополнительно испарить, равна разности между необходимой и имеющейся массами водяного пара: $\Delta m = m_1 - m_2 = 76.7 \, \text{кг} - 54.9 \, \text{кг} = 21.8 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Придется испарить примерно $21.8$ кг воды.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1737965 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288272" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Параметры воздуха в помещении (конечное состояние):<br>Объем, $V = 10 \, 000 \, \text{м}^3$<br>Температура, $t_1 = 18 \text{ °C}$<br>Относительная влажность, $\phi_1 = 50\%$</p><p>Параметры воздуха снаружи (начальное состояние):<br>Температура, $t_2 = 10 \text{ °C}$<br>Относительная влажность, $\phi_2 = 60\%$</p><p>Перевод в систему СИ:<br>$V = 10^4 \, \text{м}^3$<br>$T_1 = 18 + 273 = 291 \, \text{К}$<br>$\phi_1 = 0.5$<br>$T_2 = 10 + 273 = 283 \, \text{К}$<br>$\phi_2 = 0.6$</p><p>Справочные данные:<br>Молярная масса воды, $\mu = 18 \cdot 10^{-3} \, \text{кг/моль}$<br>Универсальная газовая постоянная, $R = 8.31 \, \text{Дж/(моль} \cdot \text{К)}$<br>Давление насыщенного водяного пара при $t_1 = 18 \text{ °C}$, $p_{н1} \approx 2.06 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па}$<br>Давление насыщенного водяного пара при $t_2 = 10 \text{ °C}$, $p_{н2} \approx 1.23 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Нужно осушать или увлажнять воздух?<br>2. Массу воды $\Delta m$, которую нужно сконденсировать или испарить.</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>Осушать или увлажнять придется наружный воздух?</strong></p><p>Чтобы определить, нужно ли осушать или увлажнять воздух, сравним абсолютную влажность (плотность водяного пара) наружного воздуха с требуемой абсолютной влажностью воздуха в помещении.</p><p>Абсолютная влажность $\rho$ связана с относительной влажностью $\phi$ и давлением насыщенного пара $p_н$ по формуле, вытекающей из уравнения Менделеева-Клапейрона: $\phi = \frac{p}{p_н}$, где $\text{p}$ - парциальное давление пара. Из $p V = \frac{m}{\mu} R T$ следует, что плотность пара $\rho = \frac{m}{V} = \frac{p \mu}{R T}$. Подставив $p = \phi \cdot p_н$, получим: $\rho = \frac{\phi \cdot p_н \cdot \mu}{R T}$</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Вычислим требуемую абсолютную влажность в помещении ($\rho_1$): $\rho_1 = \frac{\phi_1 \cdot p_{н1} \cdot \mu}{R T_1} = \frac{0.5 \cdot 2.06 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па} \cdot 18 \cdot 10^{-3} \, \text{кг/моль}}{8.31 \, \text{Дж/(моль} \cdot \text{К)} \cdot 291 \, \text{К}} \approx 0.00767 \, \text{кг/м}^3$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Вычислим абсолютную влажность воздуха снаружи ($\rho_2$): $\rho_2 = \frac{\phi_2 \cdot p_{н2} \cdot \mu}{R T_2} = \frac{0.6 \cdot 1.23 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па} \cdot 18 \cdot 10^{-3} \, \text{кг/моль}}{8.31 \, \text{Дж/(моль} \cdot \text{К)} \cdot 283 \, \text{К}} \approx 0.00565 \, \text{кг/м}^3$</p><p>Сравним полученные значения: $\rho_1 \approx 7.67 \, \text{г/м}^3$ $\rho_2 \approx 5.65 \, \text{г/м}^3$</p><p>Поскольку $\rho_1 > \rho_2$, для достижения требуемых параметров воздух необходимо увлажнять, то есть добавлять в него водяной пар.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Наружный воздух придется увлажнять.</p><p><strong>Сколько воды придется при этом сконденсировать или испарить?</strong></p><p>Так как воздух нужно увлажнять, нам потребуется испарить некоторое количество воды. Найдем эту массу $\Delta m$.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Масса водяного пара, которая должна содержаться в помещении объемом $\text{V}$: $m_1 = \rho_1 \cdot V = 0.00767 \, \text{кг/м}^3 \cdot 10000 \, \text{м}^3 = 76.7 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Теперь найдем, сколько водяного пара уже содержится в том количестве наружного воздуха, из которого будет получен требуемый объем воздуха для помещения. При нагревании воздуха от температуры $T_2$ до $T_1$ при постоянном давлении его объем увеличивается (закон Гей-Люссака). Чтобы в итоге получить объем $\text{V}$ при температуре $T_1$, нужно взять наружный воздух объемом $V_2$: $\frac{V_2}{T_2} = \frac{V}{T_1} \implies V_2 = V \frac{T_2}{T_1}$ $V_2 = 10000 \, \text{м}^3 \cdot \frac{283 \, \text{К}}{291 \, \text{К}} \approx 9725 \, \text{м}^3$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Масса водяного пара, содержащаяся в этом объеме наружного воздуха: $m_2 = \rho_2 \cdot V_2 = 0.00565 \, \text{кг/м}^3 \cdot 9725 \, \text{м}^3 \approx 54.9 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>4.</strong> Масса воды, которую необходимо дополнительно испарить, равна разности между необходимой и имеющейся массами водяного пара: $\Delta m = m_1 - m_2 = 76.7 \, \text{кг} - 54.9 \, \text{кг} = 21.8 \, \text{кг}$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Придется испарить примерно $21.8$ кг воды.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] 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Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1518528 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340408" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340406" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1287 #items: array:9 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1303 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] 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{#1316 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1309 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1288272 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "56" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/10-2" "field_display_title" => "10.2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1308 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" 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№10.2 (с. 56)
Условие. №10.2 (с. 56)
скриншот условия
10.2*. В помещение нужно подать $V = 10 \ 000 \text{ м}^3$ воздуха с температурой $t_1 = 18 \text{ °C}$ и относительной влажностью $\varphi_1 = 50\%$. Воздух снаружи имеет температуру $t_2 = 10 \text{ °C}$ и относительную влажность $\varphi_2 = 60\%$. Осушать или увлажнять придется наружный воздух? Сколько воды придется при этом сконденсировать или испарить?
Решение. №10.2 (с. 56)
Решение 2. №10.2 (с. 56)
Дано:
Параметры воздуха в помещении (конечное состояние):
Объем, $V = 10 \, 000 \, \text{м}^3$
Температура, $t_1 = 18 \text{ °C}$
Относительная влажность, $\phi_1 = 50\%$
Параметры воздуха снаружи (начальное состояние):
Температура, $t_2 = 10 \text{ °C}$
Относительная влажность, $\phi_2 = 60\%$
Перевод в систему СИ:
$V = 10^4 \, \text{м}^3$
$T_1 = 18 + 273 = 291 \, \text{К}$
$\phi_1 = 0.5$
$T_2 = 10 + 273 = 283 \, \text{К}$
$\phi_2 = 0.6$
Справочные данные:
Молярная масса воды, $\mu = 18 \cdot 10^{-3} \, \text{кг/моль}$
Универсальная газовая постоянная, $R = 8.31 \, \text{Дж/(моль} \cdot \text{К)}$
Давление насыщенного водяного пара при $t_1 = 18 \text{ °C}$, $p_{н1} \approx 2.06 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па}$
Давление насыщенного водяного пара при $t_2 = 10 \text{ °C}$, $p_{н2} \approx 1.23 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па}$
Найти:
1. Нужно осушать или увлажнять воздух?
2. Массу воды $\Delta m$, которую нужно сконденсировать или испарить.
Решение:
Осушать или увлажнять придется наружный воздух?
Чтобы определить, нужно ли осушать или увлажнять воздух, сравним абсолютную влажность (плотность водяного пара) наружного воздуха с требуемой абсолютной влажностью воздуха в помещении.
Абсолютная влажность $\rho$ связана с относительной влажностью $\phi$ и давлением насыщенного пара $p_н$ по формуле, вытекающей из уравнения Менделеева-Клапейрона: $\phi = \frac{p}{p_н}$, где $\text{p}$ - парциальное давление пара. Из $p V = \frac{m}{\mu} R T$ следует, что плотность пара $\rho = \frac{m}{V} = \frac{p \mu}{R T}$. Подставив $p = \phi \cdot p_н$, получим: $\rho = \frac{\phi \cdot p_н \cdot \mu}{R T}$
1. Вычислим требуемую абсолютную влажность в помещении ($\rho_1$): $\rho_1 = \frac{\phi_1 \cdot p_{н1} \cdot \mu}{R T_1} = \frac{0.5 \cdot 2.06 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па} \cdot 18 \cdot 10^{-3} \, \text{кг/моль}}{8.31 \, \text{Дж/(моль} \cdot \text{К)} \cdot 291 \, \text{К}} \approx 0.00767 \, \text{кг/м}^3$
2. Вычислим абсолютную влажность воздуха снаружи ($\rho_2$): $\rho_2 = \frac{\phi_2 \cdot p_{н2} \cdot \mu}{R T_2} = \frac{0.6 \cdot 1.23 \cdot 10^3 \, \text{Па} \cdot 18 \cdot 10^{-3} \, \text{кг/моль}}{8.31 \, \text{Дж/(моль} \cdot \text{К)} \cdot 283 \, \text{К}} \approx 0.00565 \, \text{кг/м}^3$
Сравним полученные значения: $\rho_1 \approx 7.67 \, \text{г/м}^3$ $\rho_2 \approx 5.65 \, \text{г/м}^3$
Поскольку $\rho_1 > \rho_2$, для достижения требуемых параметров воздух необходимо увлажнять, то есть добавлять в него водяной пар.
Ответ: Наружный воздух придется увлажнять.
Сколько воды придется при этом сконденсировать или испарить?
Так как воздух нужно увлажнять, нам потребуется испарить некоторое количество воды. Найдем эту массу $\Delta m$.
1. Масса водяного пара, которая должна содержаться в помещении объемом $\text{V}$: $m_1 = \rho_1 \cdot V = 0.00767 \, \text{кг/м}^3 \cdot 10000 \, \text{м}^3 = 76.7 \, \text{кг}$
2. Теперь найдем, сколько водяного пара уже содержится в том количестве наружного воздуха, из которого будет получен требуемый объем воздуха для помещения. При нагревании воздуха от температуры $T_2$ до $T_1$ при постоянном давлении его объем увеличивается (закон Гей-Люссака). Чтобы в итоге получить объем $\text{V}$ при температуре $T_1$, нужно взять наружный воздух объемом $V_2$: $\frac{V_2}{T_2} = \frac{V}{T_1} \implies V_2 = V \frac{T_2}{T_1}$ $V_2 = 10000 \, \text{м}^3 \cdot \frac{283 \, \text{К}}{291 \, \text{К}} \approx 9725 \, \text{м}^3$
3. Масса водяного пара, содержащаяся в этом объеме наружного воздуха: $m_2 = \rho_2 \cdot V_2 = 0.00565 \, \text{кг/м}^3 \cdot 9725 \, \text{м}^3 \approx 54.9 \, \text{кг}$
4. Масса воды, которую необходимо дополнительно испарить, равна разности между необходимой и имеющейся массами водяного пара: $\Delta m = m_1 - m_2 = 76.7 \, \text{кг} - 54.9 \, \text{кг} = 21.8 \, \text{кг}$
Ответ: Придется испарить примерно $21.8$ кг воды.
Другие задания:
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