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Номер 10.9, страница 56 - гдз по физике 8-11 класс учебник, задачник Гельфгат, Генденштейн
Авторы: Гельфгат И. М., Генденштейн Л. Э., Кирик Л. А.
Тип: Учебник, задачник
Издательство: Илекса
Год издания: 2005 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре
ISBN: 978-5-89237-332-6
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Задачи. Молекулярная физика. 10. Пары, жидкости и твердые тела - номер 10.9, страница 56.
App\Models\Task {#1024 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1288279 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "56" "field_page_end" => "57" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/10-9" "field_display_title" => "10.9" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#331 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1029 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#342 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1033 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1030 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1032 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1032 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1033} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1067 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1070 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1104 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287866 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Задачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_page_start" => "5" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1141 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287878 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "10. Пары, жидкости и твердые тела" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "56" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1144 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1146 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1148 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1149 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1150 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1151 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1153 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5158 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Илекса" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ileksa" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5158 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Илекса" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ileksa" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1155 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4102 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Гельфгат" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Илья" "field_patronymic" => "Маркович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4102 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Гельфгат" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Илья" "field_patronymic" => "Маркович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1156 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1157 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4583 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кирик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Леонид" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4583 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кирик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Леонид" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1160 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6673 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник, задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik, zadachnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6673 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник, задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik, zadachnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1162 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1164 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1170 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 35 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "исправленное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "ispravlennoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 35 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "исправленное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "ispravlennoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" "alt" => "" "width" => "1813" "height" => "2441" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1176 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 …5 ] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" "alt" => "" "width" => "1813" "height" => "2441" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1178 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Молекулярная физика" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "field_page_start" => "49" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287878 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "10. Пары, жидкости и твердые тела" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_page_start" => "56" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1253 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1478184 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1255 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5410 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5410 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1260 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288279" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>10.9.</strong> Начальный объем воздуха $V_0 = 2,0 м^3$, температура $t = 18 °C$, относительная влажность $\varphi_0 = 50\%$. Воздух подвергается изотермическому сжатию. При каком объеме $\text{V}$ воздуха начнется конденсация водяного пара? Какая масса $\text{m}$ росы выпадет, если конечный объем равен $V_0/4$?</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1425" "height" => 248 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-10/9-1.webp?ts=1756049843" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1427" "height" => 190 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-10/9-2.webp?ts=1756049843" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1478184 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288279" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>10.9.</strong> Начальный объем воздуха $V_0 = 2,0 м^3$, температура $t = 18 °C$, относительная влажность $\varphi_0 = 50\%$. Воздух подвергается изотермическому сжатию. При каком объеме $\text{V}$ воздуха начнется конденсация водяного пара? Какая масса $\text{m}$ росы выпадет, если конечный объем равен $V_0/4$?</p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1425" "height" => 248 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-10/9-1.webp?ts=1756049843" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1427" "height" => 190 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-10/9-2.webp?ts=1756049843" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1261 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1478685 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1263 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5411 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5411 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267 …2} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288279" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1157" "height" => 173 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/1-10/9-1.webp?ts=1756049907" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1478685 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1262} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288279" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1157" "height" => 173 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/1-10/9-1.webp?ts=1756049907" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1269 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1737972 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1271 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6336 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1272 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1274 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1275 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1276 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6336 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1272 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1274 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1275 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1276 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288279" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$V_0 = 2,0 \text{ м}^3$</p><p>$t = 18^\circ\text{C}$</p><p>$\phi_0 = 50\%$</p><p>$V_к = V_0/4$</p><p>Перевод в СИ:</p><p>$T = t + 273,15 = 18 + 273,15 = 291,15 \text{ К}$</p><p>$\phi_0 = 0,5$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$V_1$ – объем, при котором начнется конденсация</p><p>$\text{m}$ – масса выпавшей росы</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>При каком объеме V воздуха начнется конденсация водяного пара?</strong></p><p>Процесс сжатия воздуха является изотермическим, то есть температура $\text{T}$ остается постоянной. Конденсация водяного пара начнется, когда пар станет насыщенным. Это произойдет, когда относительная влажность $\phi_1$ достигнет $100\%$, или $\text{1}$.</p><p>Относительная влажность определяется как отношение парциального давления водяного пара $\text{p}$ к давлению насыщенного пара $p_{нп}$ при данной температуре: $\phi = \frac{p}{p_{нп}}$.</p><p>В начальном состоянии парциальное давление пара $p_0$ равно: $p_0 = \phi_0 \cdot p_{нп}$.</p><p>В момент начала конденсации парциальное давление пара $p_1$ становится равным давлению насыщенного пара: $p_1 = p_{нп}$.</p><p>Поскольку процесс изотермический, для водяного пара (пока он не начал конденсироваться) можно применить закон Бойля-Мариотта: $p_0 V_0 = p_1 V_1$.</p><p>Подставим выражения для давлений:</p><p>$(\phi_0 \cdot p_{нп}) \cdot V_0 = p_{нп} \cdot V_1$</p><p>Отсюда находим объем $V_1$, при котором начнется конденсация:</p><p>$V_1 = \phi_0 \cdot V_0$</p><p>Подставим числовые значения:</p><p>$V_1 = 0,5 \cdot 2,0 \text{ м}^3 = 1,0 \text{ м}^3$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Конденсация водяного пара начнется при объеме $V = 1,0 \text{ м}^3$.</p><p><strong>Какая масса m росы выпадет, если конечный объем равен V₀/4?</strong></p><p>Масса выпавшей росы $\text{m}$ равна разности между начальной массой водяного пара в воздухе $m_0$ и конечной массой водяного пара $m_к$ после сжатия до объема $V_к = V_0/4$.</p><p>$m = m_0 - m_к$</p><p>Массу пара можно выразить через его плотность $\rho$ и объем $\text{V}$ как $m = \rho \cdot V$. Относительная влажность также определяется через плотность: $\phi = \frac{\rho}{\rho_{нп}}$, где $\rho_{нп}$ — плотность насыщенного водяного пара при данной температуре.</p><p>Начальная масса пара:</p><p>$m_0 = \rho_0 \cdot V_0 = (\phi_0 \cdot \rho_{нп}) \cdot V_0$</p><p>При сжатии до конечного объема $V_к = V_0/4 = 2,0/4 = 0,5 \text{ м}^3$, который меньше объема начала конденсации $V_1 = 1,0 \text{ м}^3$, часть пара сконденсируется. Оставшийся в объеме $V_к$ пар будет насыщенным, то есть его плотность будет равна $\rho_{нп}$.</p><p>Конечная масса пара:</p><p>$m_к = \rho_к \cdot V_к = \rho_{нп} \cdot V_к = \rho_{нп} \cdot \frac{V_0}{4}$</p><p>Теперь найдем массу выпавшей росы:</p><p>$m = m_0 - m_к = \phi_0 \cdot \rho_{нп} \cdot V_0 - \rho_{нп} \cdot \frac{V_0}{4} = \rho_{нп} V_0 (\phi_0 - \frac{1}{4})$</p><p>Найдем в справочных таблицах плотность насыщенного водяного пара при температуре $t = 18^\circ\text{C}$: $\rho_{нп} = 15,4 \text{ г/м}^3 = 15,4 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3$.</p><p>Вычислим массу росы:</p><p>$m = 15,4 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3 \cdot 2,0 \text{ м}^3 \cdot (0,5 - \frac{1}{4}) = 15,4 \cdot 10^{-3} \cdot 2,0 \cdot (0,5 - 0,25) \text{ кг}$</p><p>$m = 30,8 \cdot 10^{-3} \cdot 0,25 \text{ кг} = 7,7 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг} = 7,7 \text{ г}$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Выпадет $m = 7,7 \text{ г}$ росы.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1737972 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288279" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>$V_0 = 2,0 \text{ м}^3$</p><p>$t = 18^\circ\text{C}$</p><p>$\phi_0 = 50\%$</p><p>$V_к = V_0/4$</p><p>Перевод в СИ:</p><p>$T = t + 273,15 = 18 + 273,15 = 291,15 \text{ К}$</p><p>$\phi_0 = 0,5$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>$V_1$ – объем, при котором начнется конденсация</p><p>$\text{m}$ – масса выпавшей росы</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>При каком объеме V воздуха начнется конденсация водяного пара?</strong></p><p>Процесс сжатия воздуха является изотермическим, то есть температура $\text{T}$ остается постоянной. Конденсация водяного пара начнется, когда пар станет насыщенным. Это произойдет, когда относительная влажность $\phi_1$ достигнет $100\%$, или $\text{1}$.</p><p>Относительная влажность определяется как отношение парциального давления водяного пара $\text{p}$ к давлению насыщенного пара $p_{нп}$ при данной температуре: $\phi = \frac{p}{p_{нп}}$.</p><p>В начальном состоянии парциальное давление пара $p_0$ равно: $p_0 = \phi_0 \cdot p_{нп}$.</p><p>В момент начала конденсации парциальное давление пара $p_1$ становится равным давлению насыщенного пара: $p_1 = p_{нп}$.</p><p>Поскольку процесс изотермический, для водяного пара (пока он не начал конденсироваться) можно применить закон Бойля-Мариотта: $p_0 V_0 = p_1 V_1$.</p><p>Подставим выражения для давлений:</p><p>$(\phi_0 \cdot p_{нп}) \cdot V_0 = p_{нп} \cdot V_1$</p><p>Отсюда находим объем $V_1$, при котором начнется конденсация:</p><p>$V_1 = \phi_0 \cdot V_0$</p><p>Подставим числовые значения:</p><p>$V_1 = 0,5 \cdot 2,0 \text{ м}^3 = 1,0 \text{ м}^3$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Конденсация водяного пара начнется при объеме $V = 1,0 \text{ м}^3$.</p><p><strong>Какая масса m росы выпадет, если конечный объем равен V₀/4?</strong></p><p>Масса выпавшей росы $\text{m}$ равна разности между начальной массой водяного пара в воздухе $m_0$ и конечной массой водяного пара $m_к$ после сжатия до объема $V_к = V_0/4$.</p><p>$m = m_0 - m_к$</p><p>Массу пара можно выразить через его плотность $\rho$ и объем $\text{V}$ как $m = \rho \cdot V$. Относительная влажность также определяется через плотность: $\phi = \frac{\rho}{\rho_{нп}}$, где $\rho_{нп}$ — плотность насыщенного водяного пара при данной температуре.</p><p>Начальная масса пара:</p><p>$m_0 = \rho_0 \cdot V_0 = (\phi_0 \cdot \rho_{нп}) \cdot V_0$</p><p>При сжатии до конечного объема $V_к = V_0/4 = 2,0/4 = 0,5 \text{ м}^3$, который меньше объема начала конденсации $V_1 = 1,0 \text{ м}^3$, часть пара сконденсируется. Оставшийся в объеме $V_к$ пар будет насыщенным, то есть его плотность будет равна $\rho_{нп}$.</p><p>Конечная масса пара:</p><p>$m_к = \rho_к \cdot V_к = \rho_{нп} \cdot V_к = \rho_{нп} \cdot \frac{V_0}{4}$</p><p>Теперь найдем массу выпавшей росы:</p><p>$m = m_0 - m_к = \phi_0 \cdot \rho_{нп} \cdot V_0 - \rho_{нп} \cdot \frac{V_0}{4} = \rho_{нп} V_0 (\phi_0 - \frac{1}{4})$</p><p>Найдем в справочных таблицах плотность насыщенного водяного пара при температуре $t = 18^\circ\text{C}$: $\rho_{нп} = 15,4 \text{ г/м}^3 = 15,4 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3$.</p><p>Вычислим массу росы:</p><p>$m = 15,4 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3 \cdot 2,0 \text{ м}^3 \cdot (0,5 - \frac{1}{4}) = 15,4 \cdot 10^{-3} \cdot 2,0 \cdot (0,5 - 0,25) \text{ кг}$</p><p>$m = 30,8 \cdot 10^{-3} \cdot 0,25 \text{ кг} = 7,7 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг} = 7,7 \text{ г}$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Выпадет $m = 7,7 \text{ г}$ росы.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null 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+usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№10.9 (с. 56)
Условие. №10.9 (с. 56)
скриншот условия
10.9. Начальный объем воздуха $V_0 = 2,0 м^3$, температура $t = 18 °C$, относительная влажность $\varphi_0 = 50\%$. Воздух подвергается изотермическому сжатию. При каком объеме $\text{V}$ воздуха начнется конденсация водяного пара? Какая масса $\text{m}$ росы выпадет, если конечный объем равен $V_0/4$?
Решение. №10.9 (с. 56)
Решение 2. №10.9 (с. 56)
Дано:
$V_0 = 2,0 \text{ м}^3$
$t = 18^\circ\text{C}$
$\phi_0 = 50\%$
$V_к = V_0/4$
Перевод в СИ:
$T = t + 273,15 = 18 + 273,15 = 291,15 \text{ К}$
$\phi_0 = 0,5$
Найти:
$V_1$ – объем, при котором начнется конденсация
$\text{m}$ – масса выпавшей росы
Решение:
При каком объеме V воздуха начнется конденсация водяного пара?
Процесс сжатия воздуха является изотермическим, то есть температура $\text{T}$ остается постоянной. Конденсация водяного пара начнется, когда пар станет насыщенным. Это произойдет, когда относительная влажность $\phi_1$ достигнет $100\%$, или $\text{1}$.
Относительная влажность определяется как отношение парциального давления водяного пара $\text{p}$ к давлению насыщенного пара $p_{нп}$ при данной температуре: $\phi = \frac{p}{p_{нп}}$.
В начальном состоянии парциальное давление пара $p_0$ равно: $p_0 = \phi_0 \cdot p_{нп}$.
В момент начала конденсации парциальное давление пара $p_1$ становится равным давлению насыщенного пара: $p_1 = p_{нп}$.
Поскольку процесс изотермический, для водяного пара (пока он не начал конденсироваться) можно применить закон Бойля-Мариотта: $p_0 V_0 = p_1 V_1$.
Подставим выражения для давлений:
$(\phi_0 \cdot p_{нп}) \cdot V_0 = p_{нп} \cdot V_1$
Отсюда находим объем $V_1$, при котором начнется конденсация:
$V_1 = \phi_0 \cdot V_0$
Подставим числовые значения:
$V_1 = 0,5 \cdot 2,0 \text{ м}^3 = 1,0 \text{ м}^3$
Ответ: Конденсация водяного пара начнется при объеме $V = 1,0 \text{ м}^3$.
Какая масса m росы выпадет, если конечный объем равен V₀/4?
Масса выпавшей росы $\text{m}$ равна разности между начальной массой водяного пара в воздухе $m_0$ и конечной массой водяного пара $m_к$ после сжатия до объема $V_к = V_0/4$.
$m = m_0 - m_к$
Массу пара можно выразить через его плотность $\rho$ и объем $\text{V}$ как $m = \rho \cdot V$. Относительная влажность также определяется через плотность: $\phi = \frac{\rho}{\rho_{нп}}$, где $\rho_{нп}$ — плотность насыщенного водяного пара при данной температуре.
Начальная масса пара:
$m_0 = \rho_0 \cdot V_0 = (\phi_0 \cdot \rho_{нп}) \cdot V_0$
При сжатии до конечного объема $V_к = V_0/4 = 2,0/4 = 0,5 \text{ м}^3$, который меньше объема начала конденсации $V_1 = 1,0 \text{ м}^3$, часть пара сконденсируется. Оставшийся в объеме $V_к$ пар будет насыщенным, то есть его плотность будет равна $\rho_{нп}$.
Конечная масса пара:
$m_к = \rho_к \cdot V_к = \rho_{нп} \cdot V_к = \rho_{нп} \cdot \frac{V_0}{4}$
Теперь найдем массу выпавшей росы:
$m = m_0 - m_к = \phi_0 \cdot \rho_{нп} \cdot V_0 - \rho_{нп} \cdot \frac{V_0}{4} = \rho_{нп} V_0 (\phi_0 - \frac{1}{4})$
Найдем в справочных таблицах плотность насыщенного водяного пара при температуре $t = 18^\circ\text{C}$: $\rho_{нп} = 15,4 \text{ г/м}^3 = 15,4 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3$.
Вычислим массу росы:
$m = 15,4 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3 \cdot 2,0 \text{ м}^3 \cdot (0,5 - \frac{1}{4}) = 15,4 \cdot 10^{-3} \cdot 2,0 \cdot (0,5 - 0,25) \text{ кг}$
$m = 30,8 \cdot 10^{-3} \cdot 0,25 \text{ кг} = 7,7 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг} = 7,7 \text{ г}$
Ответ: Выпадет $m = 7,7 \text{ г}$ росы.
Другие задания:
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ПрисоединитьсяМы подготовили для вас ответ c подробным объяснением домашего задания по физике за 8-11 класс, для упражнения номер 10.9 расположенного на странице 56 к учебнику, задачнику 2005 года издания для учащихся школ и гимназий.
Теперь на нашем сайте ГДЗ.ТОП вы всегда легко и бесплатно найдёте условие с правильным ответом на вопрос «Как решить ДЗ» и «Как сделать» задание по физике к упражнению №10.9 (с. 56), авторов: Гельфгат (Илья Маркович), Генденштейн (Лев Элевич), Кирик (Леонид Анатольевич), учебного пособия издательства Илекса.