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Номер 2.7, страница 139 - гдз по физике 8-11 класс учебник, задачник Гельфгат, Генденштейн
Авторы: Гельфгат И. М., Генденштейн Л. Э., Кирик Л. А.
Тип: Учебник, задачник
Издательство: Илекса
Год издания: 2005 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре
ISBN: 978-5-89237-332-6
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Тесты. Второй уровень - номер 2.7, страница 139.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1288875 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/test2-7" "field_display_title" => "2.7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287894 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тесты" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "136" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1053 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "девятый" "field_creative_case" => "девятым" "field_dative_case" => "девятому" "field_genitive_case" => "девятого" "field_nominative_case" => "девятый" "field_prepositional_case" => "девятом" ] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "девятый" "field_creative_case" => "девятым" "field_dative_case" => "девятому" "field_genitive_case" => "девятого" "field_nominative_case" => "девятый" "field_prepositional_case" => "девятом" ] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "десятый" "field_creative_case" => "десятым" "field_dative_case" => "десятому" "field_genitive_case" => "десятого" "field_nominative_case" => "десятый" "field_prepositional_case" => "десятом" ] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5459 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "10" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "десятый" "field_creative_case" => "десятым" "field_dative_case" => "десятому" "field_genitive_case" => "десятого" "field_nominative_case" => "десятый" "field_prepositional_case" => "десятом" ] "field_translit" => "desjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1055 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "одиннадцатый" "field_creative_case" => "одиннадцатым" "field_dative_case" => "одиннадцатому" "field_genitive_case" => "одинадцатого" "field_nominative_case" => "одинадцатый" "field_prepositional_case" => "одиннадцатом" ] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5460 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "11" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "одиннадцатый" "field_creative_case" => "одиннадцатым" "field_dative_case" => "одиннадцатому" "field_genitive_case" => "одинадцатого" "field_nominative_case" => "одинадцатый" "field_prepositional_case" => "одиннадцатом" ] "field_translit" => "odinadcatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5158 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Илекса" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ileksa" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5158 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Илекса" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "ileksa" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1059 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4102 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Гельфгат" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Илья" "field_patronymic" => "Маркович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4102 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Гельфгат" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Илья" "field_patronymic" => "Маркович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4104 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Генденштейн" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Лев" "field_patronymic" => "Элевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Генденштейна" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4583 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кирик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Леонид" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4583 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Кирик" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Леонид" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6673 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник, задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник, задачник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником, задачником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику, задачнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника, задачника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник, задачник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике, задачнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik, zadachnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6673 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник, задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник, задачник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником, задачником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику, задачнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника, задачника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник, задачник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике, задачнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik, zadachnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1066 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1074 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 35 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "исправленное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "ispravlennoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 35 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "исправленное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "ispravlennoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" "alt" => "" "width" => "1813" "height" => "2441" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1080 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 5401 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => "мужчина в красном, летит на черном шаре" "field_publication_year" => "2005" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "1001" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-89237-332-6" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1755898771" "alt" => "" "width" => "1813" "height" => "2441" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287894 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тесты" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_page_start" => "136" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1083} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1123 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287894 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тесты" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "136" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287894 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тесты" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} "field_page_start" => "136" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1127 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1287896 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Второй уровень" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "138" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1287896 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Второй уровень" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128} "field_page_start" => "138" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1104 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1479388 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1105 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5410 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1103 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5410 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288875" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Т 2.7.</strong> Как изменились бы абсолютная температура $\text{T}$ и давление $\text{p}$ газа в герметично закрытом баллоне, если скорость каждой молекулы увеличилась бы вдвое?</p><p><strong>А.</strong> $\text{T}$ и $\text{p}$ увеличились бы в 2 раза.</p><p><strong>Б.</strong> $\text{T}$ увеличилась бы в 2 раза, $\text{p}$ — в 4.</p><p><strong>В.</strong> $\text{T}$ увеличилась бы в 4 раза, $\text{p}$ — в 2.</p><p><strong>Г.</strong> $\text{T}$ и $\text{p}$ увеличились бы в 4 раза.</p><p><strong>Д.</strong> Среди ответов А-Г нет правильного.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1465" "height" => 435 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-test2/7-1.webp?ts=1756050204" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1479388 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288875" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Т 2.7.</strong> Как изменились бы абсолютная температура $\text{T}$ и давление $\text{p}$ газа в герметично закрытом баллоне, если скорость каждой молекулы увеличилась бы вдвое?</p><p><strong>А.</strong> $\text{T}$ и $\text{p}$ увеличились бы в 2 раза.</p><p><strong>Б.</strong> $\text{T}$ увеличилась бы в 2 раза, $\text{p}$ — в 4.</p><p><strong>В.</strong> $\text{T}$ увеличилась бы в 4 раза, $\text{p}$ — в 2.</p><p><strong>Г.</strong> $\text{T}$ и $\text{p}$ увеличились бы в 4 раза.</p><p><strong>Д.</strong> Среди ответов А-Г нет правильного.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1465" "height" => 435 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-test2/7-1.webp?ts=1756050204" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1099 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1479651 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1096 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5411 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1094 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5411 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1095} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "image" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} "field_process_formula" => "" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288875" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "447" "height" => 114 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/1-test2/7-1.webp?ts=1756050274" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1479651 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288875" "type" => "task" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "7-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "447" "height" => 114 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/1-test2/7-1.webp?ts=1756050274" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Element {#1091 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1738568 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1090 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6336 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1088 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6336 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение 2" "field_order" => "3" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "2-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288875" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Газ в герметично закрытом баллоне.</p><p>Начальная скорость молекул: $v_1$.</p><p>Конечная скорость молекул: $v_2 = 2v_1$.</p><p>Начальная температура: $T_1$.</p><p>Начальное давление: $p_1$.</p><p>Процесс изохорный: $V = \text{const}$.</p><p>Количество газа постоянно: $\nu = \text{const}$.</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Во сколько раз изменятся абсолютная температура $\text{T}$ и давление $\text{p}$ газа.</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Изменение абсолютной температуры (T)</p><p>Абсолютная температура газа является мерой средней кинетической энергии поступательного движения его молекул. Средняя кинетическая энергия $\bar{E_k}$ связана с абсолютной температурой $\text{T}$ соотношением:</p><p>$\bar{E_k} = \frac{3}{2}kT$</p><p>где $\text{k}$ – постоянная Больцмана.</p><p>В свою очередь, средняя кинетическая энергия молекулы массой $m_0$ зависит от среднего квадрата скорости $\overline{v^2}$:</p><p>$\bar{E_k} = \frac{m_0 \overline{v^2}}{2}$</p><p>Из этих формул следует прямая пропорциональность между абсолютной температурой и средним квадратом скорости молекул: $T \propto \overline{v^2}$.</p><p>По условию задачи, скорость каждой молекулы увеличилась вдвое ($v_2 = 2v_1$). Это означает, что новый средний квадрат скорости $\overline{v_2^2}$ будет в 4 раза больше исходного $\overline{v_1^2}$:</p><p>$\overline{v_2^2} = \overline{(2v_1)^2} = \overline{4v_1^2} = 4\overline{v_1^2}$</p><p>Поскольку $T \propto \overline{v^2}$, отношение конечной температуры $T_2$ к начальной $T_1$ равно:</p><p>$\frac{T_2}{T_1} = \frac{\overline{v_2^2}}{\overline{v_1^2}} = \frac{4\overline{v_1^2}}{\overline{v_1^2}} = 4$</p><p>Таким образом, абсолютная температура газа увеличится в 4 раза.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Изменение давления (p)</p><p>Давление газа можно найти из основного уравнения молекулярно-кинетической теории:</p><p>$p = \frac{1}{3} n m_0 \overline{v^2}$</p><p>где $\text{n}$ – концентрация молекул. Так как газ находится в герметично закрытом баллоне, его объем $\text{V}$ и число молекул $\text{N}$ не меняются, следовательно, концентрация $n=N/V$ остается постоянной.</p><p>Из уравнения видно, что при постоянных $\text{n}$ и $m_0$ давление прямо пропорционально среднему квадрату скорости: $p \propto \overline{v^2}$.</p><p>Следовательно, отношение давлений будет таким же, как и отношение средних квадратов скоростей:</p><p>$\frac{p_2}{p_1} = \frac{\overline{v_2^2}}{\overline{v_1^2}} = 4$</p><p>Давление газа также увеличится в 4 раза.</p><p>Этот же результат можно получить из уравнения состояния идеального газа $pV = \nu RT$. Для изохорного процесса ($V = \text{const}$) и постоянного количества газа ($\nu = \text{const}$) выполняется закон Шарля:</p><p>$\frac{p}{T} = \text{const} \implies \frac{p_1}{T_1} = \frac{p_2}{T_2}$</p><p>Выразим отсюда $p_2$:</p><p>$p_2 = p_1 \frac{T_2}{T_1}$</p><p>Так как мы уже выяснили, что $\frac{T_2}{T_1} = 4$, то и $\frac{p_2}{p_1} = 4$.</p><p>Итак, и температура, и давление увеличатся в 4 раза, что соответствует варианту ответа Г.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Г. T и p увеличились бы в 4 раза.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1738568 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288875" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Газ в герметично закрытом баллоне.</p><p>Начальная скорость молекул: $v_1$.</p><p>Конечная скорость молекул: $v_2 = 2v_1$.</p><p>Начальная температура: $T_1$.</p><p>Начальное давление: $p_1$.</p><p>Процесс изохорный: $V = \text{const}$.</p><p>Количество газа постоянно: $\nu = \text{const}$.</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Во сколько раз изменятся абсолютная температура $\text{T}$ и давление $\text{p}$ газа.</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Изменение абсолютной температуры (T)</p><p>Абсолютная температура газа является мерой средней кинетической энергии поступательного движения его молекул. Средняя кинетическая энергия $\bar{E_k}$ связана с абсолютной температурой $\text{T}$ соотношением:</p><p>$\bar{E_k} = \frac{3}{2}kT$</p><p>где $\text{k}$ – постоянная Больцмана.</p><p>В свою очередь, средняя кинетическая энергия молекулы массой $m_0$ зависит от среднего квадрата скорости $\overline{v^2}$:</p><p>$\bar{E_k} = \frac{m_0 \overline{v^2}}{2}$</p><p>Из этих формул следует прямая пропорциональность между абсолютной температурой и средним квадратом скорости молекул: $T \propto \overline{v^2}$.</p><p>По условию задачи, скорость каждой молекулы увеличилась вдвое ($v_2 = 2v_1$). Это означает, что новый средний квадрат скорости $\overline{v_2^2}$ будет в 4 раза больше исходного $\overline{v_1^2}$:</p><p>$\overline{v_2^2} = \overline{(2v_1)^2} = \overline{4v_1^2} = 4\overline{v_1^2}$</p><p>Поскольку $T \propto \overline{v^2}$, отношение конечной температуры $T_2$ к начальной $T_1$ равно:</p><p>$\frac{T_2}{T_1} = \frac{\overline{v_2^2}}{\overline{v_1^2}} = \frac{4\overline{v_1^2}}{\overline{v_1^2}} = 4$</p><p>Таким образом, абсолютная температура газа увеличится в 4 раза.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Изменение давления (p)</p><p>Давление газа можно найти из основного уравнения молекулярно-кинетической теории:</p><p>$p = \frac{1}{3} n m_0 \overline{v^2}$</p><p>где $\text{n}$ – концентрация молекул. Так как газ находится в герметично закрытом баллоне, его объем $\text{V}$ и число молекул $\text{N}$ не меняются, следовательно, концентрация $n=N/V$ остается постоянной.</p><p>Из уравнения видно, что при постоянных $\text{n}$ и $m_0$ давление прямо пропорционально среднему квадрату скорости: $p \propto \overline{v^2}$.</p><p>Следовательно, отношение давлений будет таким же, как и отношение средних квадратов скоростей:</p><p>$\frac{p_2}{p_1} = \frac{\overline{v_2^2}}{\overline{v_1^2}} = 4$</p><p>Давление газа также увеличится в 4 раза.</p><p>Этот же результат можно получить из уравнения состояния идеального газа $pV = \nu RT$. Для изохорного процесса ($V = \text{const}$) и постоянного количества газа ($\nu = \text{const}$) выполняется закон Шарля:</p><p>$\frac{p}{T} = \text{const} \implies \frac{p_1}{T_1} = \frac{p_2}{T_2}$</p><p>Выразим отсюда $p_2$:</p><p>$p_2 = p_1 \frac{T_2}{T_1}$</p><p>Так как мы уже выяснили, что $\frac{T_2}{T_1} = 4$, то и $\frac{p_2}{p_1} = 4$.</p><p>Итак, и температура, и давление увеличатся в 4 раза, что соответствует варианту ответа Г.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Г. T и p увеличились бы в 4 раза.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288876" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288874" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1039 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 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"/media/fizika_08/gelfgat-u/0-1/139-1.webp?ts=1756639138" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340491" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340489" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1217 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1288872 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_page_end" => null 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Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1123} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1127} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1247 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1249 …30} 2 => App\Models\Element {#1251 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288874" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288872" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340490" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1288873 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/test2-5" "field_display_title" => "2.5" "field_outside_task" => null 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#visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1228 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1288874 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/test2-6" "field_display_title" => "2.6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1123} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1123} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1127} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1261 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1263 …30} 2 => App\Models\Element {#1265 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288875" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288873" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340490" "type" => "book_page" ] ] 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array:2 [ "refs" => "1340490" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1242 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1288875 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/test2-7" "field_display_title" => "2.7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1123} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1123} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1127} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1104} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1099} 2 => App\Models\Element {#1091} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288876" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288874" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340490" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1288875 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/test2-7" "field_display_title" => "2.7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288876" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288874" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340490" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1254 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1288876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/test2-8" "field_display_title" => "2.8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1273 #items: array:3 [ …3] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288877" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288875" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1279 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340490" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1288876 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/test2-8" "field_display_title" => "2.8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1273} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288877" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288875" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1279} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340490" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1340490 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/page-139" "field_display_title" => "139" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "139" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340491" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340489" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1288875 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "139" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/ileksa-gelfgat-uchebnik/test2-7" "field_display_title" => "2.7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288876" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1288874" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1340490" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№2.7 (с. 139)
Условие. №2.7 (с. 139)
скриншот условия
Т 2.7. Как изменились бы абсолютная температура $\text{T}$ и давление $\text{p}$ газа в герметично закрытом баллоне, если скорость каждой молекулы увеличилась бы вдвое?
А. $\text{T}$ и $\text{p}$ увеличились бы в 2 раза.
Б. $\text{T}$ увеличилась бы в 2 раза, $\text{p}$ — в 4.
В. $\text{T}$ увеличилась бы в 4 раза, $\text{p}$ — в 2.
Г. $\text{T}$ и $\text{p}$ увеличились бы в 4 раза.
Д. Среди ответов А-Г нет правильного.
Решение. №2.7 (с. 139)
Решение 2. №2.7 (с. 139)
Дано:
Газ в герметично закрытом баллоне.
Начальная скорость молекул: $v_1$.
Конечная скорость молекул: $v_2 = 2v_1$.
Начальная температура: $T_1$.
Начальное давление: $p_1$.
Процесс изохорный: $V = \text{const}$.
Количество газа постоянно: $\nu = \text{const}$.
Найти:
Во сколько раз изменятся абсолютная температура $\text{T}$ и давление $\text{p}$ газа.
Решение:
1. Изменение абсолютной температуры (T)
Абсолютная температура газа является мерой средней кинетической энергии поступательного движения его молекул. Средняя кинетическая энергия $\bar{E_k}$ связана с абсолютной температурой $\text{T}$ соотношением:
$\bar{E_k} = \frac{3}{2}kT$
где $\text{k}$ – постоянная Больцмана.
В свою очередь, средняя кинетическая энергия молекулы массой $m_0$ зависит от среднего квадрата скорости $\overline{v^2}$:
$\bar{E_k} = \frac{m_0 \overline{v^2}}{2}$
Из этих формул следует прямая пропорциональность между абсолютной температурой и средним квадратом скорости молекул: $T \propto \overline{v^2}$.
По условию задачи, скорость каждой молекулы увеличилась вдвое ($v_2 = 2v_1$). Это означает, что новый средний квадрат скорости $\overline{v_2^2}$ будет в 4 раза больше исходного $\overline{v_1^2}$:
$\overline{v_2^2} = \overline{(2v_1)^2} = \overline{4v_1^2} = 4\overline{v_1^2}$
Поскольку $T \propto \overline{v^2}$, отношение конечной температуры $T_2$ к начальной $T_1$ равно:
$\frac{T_2}{T_1} = \frac{\overline{v_2^2}}{\overline{v_1^2}} = \frac{4\overline{v_1^2}}{\overline{v_1^2}} = 4$
Таким образом, абсолютная температура газа увеличится в 4 раза.
2. Изменение давления (p)
Давление газа можно найти из основного уравнения молекулярно-кинетической теории:
$p = \frac{1}{3} n m_0 \overline{v^2}$
где $\text{n}$ – концентрация молекул. Так как газ находится в герметично закрытом баллоне, его объем $\text{V}$ и число молекул $\text{N}$ не меняются, следовательно, концентрация $n=N/V$ остается постоянной.
Из уравнения видно, что при постоянных $\text{n}$ и $m_0$ давление прямо пропорционально среднему квадрату скорости: $p \propto \overline{v^2}$.
Следовательно, отношение давлений будет таким же, как и отношение средних квадратов скоростей:
$\frac{p_2}{p_1} = \frac{\overline{v_2^2}}{\overline{v_1^2}} = 4$
Давление газа также увеличится в 4 раза.
Этот же результат можно получить из уравнения состояния идеального газа $pV = \nu RT$. Для изохорного процесса ($V = \text{const}$) и постоянного количества газа ($\nu = \text{const}$) выполняется закон Шарля:
$\frac{p}{T} = \text{const} \implies \frac{p_1}{T_1} = \frac{p_2}{T_2}$
Выразим отсюда $p_2$:
$p_2 = p_1 \frac{T_2}{T_1}$
Так как мы уже выяснили, что $\frac{T_2}{T_1} = 4$, то и $\frac{p_2}{p_1} = 4$.
Итак, и температура, и давление увеличатся в 4 раза, что соответствует варианту ответа Г.
Ответ: Г. T и p увеличились бы в 4 раза.
Другие задания:
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