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Номер 6, страница 34 - гдз по физике 8 класс учебник Изергин
Авторы: Изергин Э. Т.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Русское слово
Год издания: 2019 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий
ISBN: 978-5-533-01067-2
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Глава I. Тепловые явления. Параграф 5. Плавление и кристаллизация - номер 6, страница 34.
App\Models\Task {#1024 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492258 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#335 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1029 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#341 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492157 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => "I" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#331 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1033 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Главу" "field_creative_case" => "Главой" "field_dative_case" => "Главе" "field_genitive_case" => "Главы" "field_nominative_case" => "Глава" "field_prepositional_case" => "Главе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1032 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 4168 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1035 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1037 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1039 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5176 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Русское слово" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "russkoe slovo" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5176 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Русское слово" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "russkoe slovo" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 4491 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Изергин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Эдуард" "field_patronymic" => "Тимофеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 4491 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Изергин" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Эдуард" "field_patronymic" => "Тимофеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1044 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6671 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Учебник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "учебник" "field_creative_case" => "учебником" "field_dative_case" => "учебнику" "field_genitive_case" => "учебника" "field_nominative_case" => "учебник" "field_prepositional_case" => "учебнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "uchebnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1046 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1053 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6706 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (старый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => null "field_end_year" => "2022" "field_start_year" => "2019" "field_translit" => "fgos-old" "field_type" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебник для 8 класса общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "417" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/izergin-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-533-01067-2" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760998278" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760998278" "alt" => "" "width" => "1608" "height" => "2576" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1060 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 4168 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1045} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_publication_number" => null "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2019" 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"/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492157 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => "I" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => 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Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1023} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1063 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492162 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Плавление и кристаллизация" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1065 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "Параграф" "field_creative_case" => "Параграфом" "field_dative_case" => "Параграфу" "field_genitive_case" => "Параграфа" "field_nominative_case" => "Параграф" "field_prepositional_case" => "Параграфе" ] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "29" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1032} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492157 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => "I" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492157 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Тепловые явления" "field_branch_order" => "I" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_page_start" => "4" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492162 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Плавление и кристаллизация" "field_branch_order" => "5" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_page_start" => "29" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1073 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1774425 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1075 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6496 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6496 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492258" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>6*.</strong> Выполните экспериментальное задание 2 на с. 249.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "6-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1005" "height" => 173 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/0-05/6-1.webp?ts=1761329156" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1774425 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492258" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>6*.</strong> Выполните экспериментальное задание 2 на с. 249.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "6-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1005" "height" => 173 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/izergin-u/0-05/6-1.webp?ts=1761329156" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1081 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1851597 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1083 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 7014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 7014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492258" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Экспериментальное задание 2. Определение показателя преломления стекла.</strong></p><p><strong>Цель работы:</strong> экспериментально определить показатель преломления стекла.</p><p><strong>Оборудование:</strong> стеклянная пластинка с параллельными гранями, лист бумаги, карандаш, линейка, транспортир, 4 булавки.</p><p><strong>Ход работы:</strong></p><ol><li>Положим стеклянную пластинку на лист бумаги и обведем ее контур карандашом.</li><li>Уберем пластинку и на одной из длинных сторон полученного прямоугольника (грань АВ) отметим точку падения луча О.</li><li>Через точку О проведем прямую NN', перпендикулярную грани АВ. Эта прямая является нормалью к поверхности.</li><li>С помощью транспортира начертим падающий луч SO, составляющий с нормалью NN' угол падения $\alpha$ (рекомендуется взять угол в диапазоне $30^\circ - 60^\circ$).</li><li>Вдоль начерченного падающего луча SO воткнем в бумагу две булавки (P1 и P2) на некотором расстоянии друг от друга.</li><li>Поместим стеклянную пластинку обратно на ее контур.</li><li>Глядя сквозь пластинку с противоположной стороны (через грань CD), найдем такое положение глаза, при котором изображения булавок P1 и P2 окажутся на одной прямой.</li><li>Не меняя положения глаза, воткнем еще две булавки (P3 и P4) так, чтобы они находились на линии визирования и закрывали собой изображения первых двух булавок.</li><li>Уберем пластинку и булавки. Через точки от булавок P3 и P4 проведем прямую. Это будет вышедший из стекла луч O'K.</li><li>Соединим точку падения луча на первую грань O с точкой выхода луча из второй грани O'. Отрезок OO' представляет собой ход луча внутри стекла.</li><li>С помощью транспортира измерим угол падения $\alpha$ (угол между падающим лучом SO и нормалью NN') и угол преломления $\beta$ (угол между преломленным лучом OO' и нормалью NN').</li><li>Используя закон преломления света, вычислим показатель преломления стекла по формуле $n = \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}$.</li><li>Для повышения точности повторим эксперимент, изменив угол падения, и найдем среднее значение показателя преломления.</li></ol><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>В ходе трехкратного проведения эксперимента были получены следующие результаты измерений:</p><p>Опыт 1: Угол падения $\alpha_1 = 30^\circ$, угол преломления $\beta_1 = 19^\circ$.</p><p>Опыт 2: Угол падения $\alpha_2 = 45^\circ$, угол преломления $\beta_2 = 28^\circ$.</p><p>Опыт 3: Угол падения $\alpha_3 = 60^\circ$, угол преломления $\beta_3 = 35^\circ$.</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Средний показатель преломления стекла $n_{ср}$.</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Абсолютный показатель преломления среды определяется по закону Снеллиуса. Для перехода луча из воздуха в стекло формула имеет вид:</p><p>$n = \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}$</p><p>где $\text{n}$ — показатель преломления стекла, $\alpha$ — угол падения, $\beta$ — угол преломления. Показатель преломления воздуха принят равным 1.</p><p>Рассчитаем значение показателя преломления для каждого опыта:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Для первого опыта:</p><p>$\alpha_1 = 30^\circ \implies \sin\alpha_1 = 0.500$</p><p>$\beta_1 = 19^\circ \implies \sin\beta_1 \approx 0.326$</p><p>$n_1 = \frac{\sin\alpha_1}{\sin\beta_1} = \frac{0.500}{0.326} \approx 1.53$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Для второго опыта:</p><p>$\alpha_2 = 45^\circ \implies \sin\alpha_2 \approx 0.707$</p><p>$\beta_2 = 28^\circ \implies \sin\beta_2 \approx 0.470$</p><p>$n_2 = \frac{\sin\alpha_2}{\sin\beta_2} = \frac{0.707}{0.470} \approx 1.50$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Для третьего опыта:</p><p>$\alpha_3 = 60^\circ \implies \sin\alpha_3 \approx 0.866$</p><p>$\beta_3 = 35^\circ \implies \sin\beta_3 \approx 0.574$</p><p>$n_3 = \frac{\sin\alpha_3}{\sin\beta_3} = \frac{0.866}{0.574} \approx 1.51$</p><p>Теперь найдем среднее значение показателя преломления по результатам трех измерений:</p><p>$n_{ср} = \frac{n_1 + n_2 + n_3}{3} = \frac{1.53 + 1.50 + 1.51}{3} = \frac{4.54}{3} \approx 1.51$</p><p><strong>Вывод:</strong></p><p>В ходе выполнения лабораторной работы был экспериментально определен показатель преломления стекла. Полученное среднее значение $n_{ср} \approx 1.51$. Этот результат близок к табличным значениям для некоторых сортов стекла (например, крон). Небольшой разброс полученных значений $\text{n}$ в разных опытах объясняется погрешностями измерений, основными из которых являются: неточность при обведении контура пластинки, погрешность при проведении лучей через отметки от булавок и погрешность измерения углов с помощью транспортира.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> среднее значение показателя преломления стекла, определенное в ходе эксперимента, составляет $n_{ср} \approx 1.51$.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1851597 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492258" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Экспериментальное задание 2. Определение показателя преломления стекла.</strong></p><p><strong>Цель работы:</strong> экспериментально определить показатель преломления стекла.</p><p><strong>Оборудование:</strong> стеклянная пластинка с параллельными гранями, лист бумаги, карандаш, линейка, транспортир, 4 булавки.</p><p><strong>Ход работы:</strong></p><ol><li>Положим стеклянную пластинку на лист бумаги и обведем ее контур карандашом.</li><li>Уберем пластинку и на одной из длинных сторон полученного прямоугольника (грань АВ) отметим точку падения луча О.</li><li>Через точку О проведем прямую NN', перпендикулярную грани АВ. Эта прямая является нормалью к поверхности.</li><li>С помощью транспортира начертим падающий луч SO, составляющий с нормалью NN' угол падения $\alpha$ (рекомендуется взять угол в диапазоне $30^\circ - 60^\circ$).</li><li>Вдоль начерченного падающего луча SO воткнем в бумагу две булавки (P1 и P2) на некотором расстоянии друг от друга.</li><li>Поместим стеклянную пластинку обратно на ее контур.</li><li>Глядя сквозь пластинку с противоположной стороны (через грань CD), найдем такое положение глаза, при котором изображения булавок P1 и P2 окажутся на одной прямой.</li><li>Не меняя положения глаза, воткнем еще две булавки (P3 и P4) так, чтобы они находились на линии визирования и закрывали собой изображения первых двух булавок.</li><li>Уберем пластинку и булавки. Через точки от булавок P3 и P4 проведем прямую. Это будет вышедший из стекла луч O'K.</li><li>Соединим точку падения луча на первую грань O с точкой выхода луча из второй грани O'. Отрезок OO' представляет собой ход луча внутри стекла.</li><li>С помощью транспортира измерим угол падения $\alpha$ (угол между падающим лучом SO и нормалью NN') и угол преломления $\beta$ (угол между преломленным лучом OO' и нормалью NN').</li><li>Используя закон преломления света, вычислим показатель преломления стекла по формуле $n = \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}$.</li><li>Для повышения точности повторим эксперимент, изменив угол падения, и найдем среднее значение показателя преломления.</li></ol><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>В ходе трехкратного проведения эксперимента были получены следующие результаты измерений:</p><p>Опыт 1: Угол падения $\alpha_1 = 30^\circ$, угол преломления $\beta_1 = 19^\circ$.</p><p>Опыт 2: Угол падения $\alpha_2 = 45^\circ$, угол преломления $\beta_2 = 28^\circ$.</p><p>Опыт 3: Угол падения $\alpha_3 = 60^\circ$, угол преломления $\beta_3 = 35^\circ$.</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Средний показатель преломления стекла $n_{ср}$.</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Абсолютный показатель преломления среды определяется по закону Снеллиуса. Для перехода луча из воздуха в стекло формула имеет вид:</p><p>$n = \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}$</p><p>где $\text{n}$ — показатель преломления стекла, $\alpha$ — угол падения, $\beta$ — угол преломления. Показатель преломления воздуха принят равным 1.</p><p>Рассчитаем значение показателя преломления для каждого опыта:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Для первого опыта:</p><p>$\alpha_1 = 30^\circ \implies \sin\alpha_1 = 0.500$</p><p>$\beta_1 = 19^\circ \implies \sin\beta_1 \approx 0.326$</p><p>$n_1 = \frac{\sin\alpha_1}{\sin\beta_1} = \frac{0.500}{0.326} \approx 1.53$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Для второго опыта:</p><p>$\alpha_2 = 45^\circ \implies \sin\alpha_2 \approx 0.707$</p><p>$\beta_2 = 28^\circ \implies \sin\beta_2 \approx 0.470$</p><p>$n_2 = \frac{\sin\alpha_2}{\sin\beta_2} = \frac{0.707}{0.470} \approx 1.50$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Для третьего опыта:</p><p>$\alpha_3 = 60^\circ \implies \sin\alpha_3 \approx 0.866$</p><p>$\beta_3 = 35^\circ \implies \sin\beta_3 \approx 0.574$</p><p>$n_3 = \frac{\sin\alpha_3}{\sin\beta_3} = \frac{0.866}{0.574} \approx 1.51$</p><p>Теперь найдем среднее значение показателя преломления по результатам трех измерений:</p><p>$n_{ср} = \frac{n_1 + n_2 + n_3}{3} = \frac{1.53 + 1.50 + 1.51}{3} = \frac{4.54}{3} \approx 1.51$</p><p><strong>Вывод:</strong></p><p>В ходе выполнения лабораторной работы был экспериментально определен показатель преломления стекла. Полученное среднее значение $n_{ср} \approx 1.51$. Этот результат близок к табличным значениям для некоторых сортов стекла (например, крон). Небольшой разброс полученных значений $\text{n}$ в разных опытах объясняется погрешностями измерений, основными из которых являются: неточность при обведении контура пластинки, погрешность при проведении лучей через отметки от булавок и погрешность измерения углов с помощью транспортира.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> среднее значение показателя преломления стекла, определенное в ходе эксперимента, составляет $n_{ср} \approx 1.51$.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492259" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1492257" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1032} ] 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Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492253 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-1" "field_display_title" => "1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1169 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492254 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492254 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-2" "field_display_title" => "2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1180 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492255 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492255 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-3" "field_display_title" => "3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1191 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492256 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1201 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492256 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-4" "field_display_title" => "4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1201 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1202 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492257 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-5" "field_display_title" => "5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492257 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-5" "field_display_title" => "5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1204 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1213 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492258 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1215 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492258 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-6" "field_display_title" => "6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1215 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1224 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492259 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492259 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-7" "field_display_title" => "7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1227 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1235 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492260 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492260 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-8" "field_display_title" => "8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1237 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1239 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 8 => App\Models\Task {#1246 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1492261 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-9" "field_display_title" => "9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1492261 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/05-9" "field_display_title" => "9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1250 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1491926 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "34" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/izergin-uchebnik/page-34" "field_display_title" => "34" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "34" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} 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№6 (с. 34)
Условие. №6 (с. 34)
скриншот условия
6*. Выполните экспериментальное задание 2 на с. 249.
Решение. №6 (с. 34)
Экспериментальное задание 2. Определение показателя преломления стекла.
Цель работы: экспериментально определить показатель преломления стекла.
Оборудование: стеклянная пластинка с параллельными гранями, лист бумаги, карандаш, линейка, транспортир, 4 булавки.
Ход работы:
- Положим стеклянную пластинку на лист бумаги и обведем ее контур карандашом.
- Уберем пластинку и на одной из длинных сторон полученного прямоугольника (грань АВ) отметим точку падения луча О.
- Через точку О проведем прямую NN', перпендикулярную грани АВ. Эта прямая является нормалью к поверхности.
- С помощью транспортира начертим падающий луч SO, составляющий с нормалью NN' угол падения $\alpha$ (рекомендуется взять угол в диапазоне $30^\circ - 60^\circ$).
- Вдоль начерченного падающего луча SO воткнем в бумагу две булавки (P1 и P2) на некотором расстоянии друг от друга.
- Поместим стеклянную пластинку обратно на ее контур.
- Глядя сквозь пластинку с противоположной стороны (через грань CD), найдем такое положение глаза, при котором изображения булавок P1 и P2 окажутся на одной прямой.
- Не меняя положения глаза, воткнем еще две булавки (P3 и P4) так, чтобы они находились на линии визирования и закрывали собой изображения первых двух булавок.
- Уберем пластинку и булавки. Через точки от булавок P3 и P4 проведем прямую. Это будет вышедший из стекла луч O'K.
- Соединим точку падения луча на первую грань O с точкой выхода луча из второй грани O'. Отрезок OO' представляет собой ход луча внутри стекла.
- С помощью транспортира измерим угол падения $\alpha$ (угол между падающим лучом SO и нормалью NN') и угол преломления $\beta$ (угол между преломленным лучом OO' и нормалью NN').
- Используя закон преломления света, вычислим показатель преломления стекла по формуле $n = \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}$.
- Для повышения точности повторим эксперимент, изменив угол падения, и найдем среднее значение показателя преломления.
Дано:
В ходе трехкратного проведения эксперимента были получены следующие результаты измерений:
Опыт 1: Угол падения $\alpha_1 = 30^\circ$, угол преломления $\beta_1 = 19^\circ$.
Опыт 2: Угол падения $\alpha_2 = 45^\circ$, угол преломления $\beta_2 = 28^\circ$.
Опыт 3: Угол падения $\alpha_3 = 60^\circ$, угол преломления $\beta_3 = 35^\circ$.
Найти:
Средний показатель преломления стекла $n_{ср}$.
Решение:
Абсолютный показатель преломления среды определяется по закону Снеллиуса. Для перехода луча из воздуха в стекло формула имеет вид:
$n = \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}$
где $\text{n}$ — показатель преломления стекла, $\alpha$ — угол падения, $\beta$ — угол преломления. Показатель преломления воздуха принят равным 1.
Рассчитаем значение показателя преломления для каждого опыта:
1. Для первого опыта:
$\alpha_1 = 30^\circ \implies \sin\alpha_1 = 0.500$
$\beta_1 = 19^\circ \implies \sin\beta_1 \approx 0.326$
$n_1 = \frac{\sin\alpha_1}{\sin\beta_1} = \frac{0.500}{0.326} \approx 1.53$
2. Для второго опыта:
$\alpha_2 = 45^\circ \implies \sin\alpha_2 \approx 0.707$
$\beta_2 = 28^\circ \implies \sin\beta_2 \approx 0.470$
$n_2 = \frac{\sin\alpha_2}{\sin\beta_2} = \frac{0.707}{0.470} \approx 1.50$
3. Для третьего опыта:
$\alpha_3 = 60^\circ \implies \sin\alpha_3 \approx 0.866$
$\beta_3 = 35^\circ \implies \sin\beta_3 \approx 0.574$
$n_3 = \frac{\sin\alpha_3}{\sin\beta_3} = \frac{0.866}{0.574} \approx 1.51$
Теперь найдем среднее значение показателя преломления по результатам трех измерений:
$n_{ср} = \frac{n_1 + n_2 + n_3}{3} = \frac{1.53 + 1.50 + 1.51}{3} = \frac{4.54}{3} \approx 1.51$
Вывод:
В ходе выполнения лабораторной работы был экспериментально определен показатель преломления стекла. Полученное среднее значение $n_{ср} \approx 1.51$. Этот результат близок к табличным значениям для некоторых сортов стекла (например, крон). Небольшой разброс полученных значений $\text{n}$ в разных опытах объясняется погрешностями измерений, основными из которых являются: неточность при обведении контура пластинки, погрешность при проведении лучей через отметки от булавок и погрешность измерения углов с помощью транспортира.
Ответ: среднее значение показателя преломления стекла, определенное в ходе эксперимента, составляет $n_{ср} \approx 1.51$.
Другие задания:
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