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Номер 7.18, страница 39 - гдз по физике 9 класс задачник Артеменков, Ломаченков
Авторы: Артеменков Д. А., Ломаченков И. А., Панебратцев Ю. А.
Тип: Задачник
Серия: сферы
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2011 - 2026
Цвет обложки: синий
ISBN: 978-5-09-038216-8
Популярные ГДЗ в 9 классе
VII. Квантовые явления - номер 7.18, страница 39.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424309 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-18" "field_display_title" => "7.18" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424070 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "VII. Квантовые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "38" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 2549 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1049 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1052 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "девятый" "field_creative_case" => "девятым" "field_dative_case" => "девятому" "field_genitive_case" => "девятого" "field_nominative_case" => "девятый" "field_prepositional_case" => "девятом" ] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5458 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "9" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "девятый" "field_creative_case" => "девятым" "field_dative_case" => "девятому" "field_genitive_case" => "девятого" "field_nominative_case" => "девятый" "field_prepositional_case" => "девятом" ] "field_translit" => "devjatyj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1054 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1056 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 3745 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Артеменков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Денис" "field_patronymic" => "Александрович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 3745 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Артеменков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Денис" "field_patronymic" => "Александрович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1057 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Ломаченков" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Иван" "field_patronymic" => "Алексеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1058 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5412 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Панебратцев" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Юрий" "field_patronymic" => "Анатольевич" "field_surname_rp" => "Панебратцева" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6518 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "задачник" "field_creative_case" => "задачником" "field_dative_case" => "задачнику" "field_genitive_case" => "задачника" "field_nominative_case" => "задачник" "field_prepositional_case" => "задачнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "zadachnik" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6518 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Задачник" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "задачник" "field_creative_case" => "задачником" "field_dative_case" => "задачнику" "field_genitive_case" => "задачника" "field_nominative_case" => "задачник" "field_prepositional_case" => "задачнике" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "zadachnik" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1063 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1065 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1067 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:8 [ "id" => 4795 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "сферы" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "sfery" ] #original: array:8 [ "id" => 4795 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "сферы" "field_cases" => null "field_foreign_lang_series" => null "field_transcription_eng" => null "field_translit" => "sfery" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1072 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 37 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "переработанное и дополненное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 37 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "переработанное и дополненное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "pererabotannoe i dopolnennoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1058} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2011" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "278" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-038216-8" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1758483621" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1758483621" "alt" => "" "width" => "1888" "height" => "2427" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1078 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 49 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "синий" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "siniy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 2549 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1051} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1055} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2011" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие для общеобразовательных организаций" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "278" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-038216-8" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1758483621" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1758483621" "alt" => "" "width" => "1888" "height" => "2427" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424070 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "VII. Квантовые явления" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1047} "field_page_start" => "38" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1045} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1085 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1673927 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1086 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 5990 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 5990 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424309" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7.18</strong> На рисунке 28 приведён трек электрона в камере Вильсона, помещённой в однородное магнитное поле. В каком направлении двигался электрон, если линии магнитной индукции перпендикулярны рисунку и направлены от нас? Изменится ли ответ, если электрон в условии задачи заменить позитроном?</p><p><em>Рис. 28</em></p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "18-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1174" "height" => 529 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/0-7/18-1.webp?ts=1758726431" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "18-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "581" "height" => 620 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/0-7/18-2.webp?ts=1758726431" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1673927 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424309" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>7.18</strong> На рисунке 28 приведён трек электрона в камере Вильсона, помещённой в однородное магнитное поле. В каком направлении двигался электрон, если линии магнитной индукции перпендикулярны рисунку и направлены от нас? Изменится ли ответ, если электрон в условии задачи заменить позитроном?</p><p><em>Рис. 28</em></p>" "img" => array:2 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "18-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1174" "height" => 529 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/0-7/18-1.webp?ts=1758726431" ] 1 => array:5 [ "name" => "18-2.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "581" "height" => 620 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/artemenkov-z/0-7/18-2.webp?ts=1758726431" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1092 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1695469 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1093 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6166 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6166 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => null "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1097} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424309" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>В каком направлении двигался электрон, если линии магнитной индукции перпендикулярны рисунку и направлены от нас?</strong></p><p>В камере Вильсона заряженная частица, двигаясь в среде (пересыщенный пар), взаимодействует с ее атомами и теряет свою кинетическую энергию. Это приводит к постепенному уменьшению скорости частицы.</p><p>На движущуюся в магнитном поле заряженную частицу действует сила Лоренца, которая является центростремительной и заставляет частицу двигаться по дуге окружности. Радиус кривизны траектории $R$ определяется соотношением, вытекающим из второго закона Ньютона: $|q|vB = \frac{mv^2}{R}$. Отсюда $R = \frac{mv}{|q|B}$, где $m$ — масса частицы, $v$ — ее скорость, $q$ — ее заряд, а $B$ — индукция магнитного поля.</p><p>Из формулы видно, что радиус $R$ прямо пропорционален скорости частицы $v$. Поскольку электрон в камере Вильсона замедляется, радиус кривизны его трека должен уменьшаться. На рисунке мы видим, что трек в верхней части более пологий (имеет больший радиус кривизны), а в нижней — более крутой (имеет меньший радиус кривизны). Следовательно, электрон двигался сверху вниз.</p><p>Для проверки этого вывода используем правило левой руки для отрицательно заряженных частиц. Вектор магнитной индукции $\vec{B}$ направлен в плоскость рисунка (от нас). Скорость $\vec{v}$ в каждой точке направлена по касательной к траектории (в данном случае, в общем направлении сверху вниз). Если расположить левую руку так, чтобы четыре пальца указывали направление скорости $\vec{v}$, а вектор $\vec{B}$ входил в ладонь, то отогнутый на 90 градусов большой палец покажет направление силы Лоренца. Эта сила будет направлена вправо, к центру кривизны траектории, что полностью соответствует наблюдаемому изгибу трека.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Электрон двигался сверху вниз.</p><p><strong>Изменится ли ответ, если электрон в условии задачи заменить позитроном?</strong></p><p>Позитрон — это античастица электрона; он имеет такую же массу, но противоположный (положительный) заряд, $q = +e$.</p><p>Направление силы Лоренца, $\vec{F} = q(\vec{v} \times \vec{B})$, зависит от знака заряда $q$. При смене знака заряда на противоположный, направление силы $\vec{F}$ также изменится на противоположное (при тех же векторах скорости $\vec{v}$ и магнитной индукции $\vec{B}$).</p><p>Это означает, что если бы позитрон двигался в том же направлении, что и электрон (сверху вниз), то сила Лоренца была бы направлена не вправо, а влево, и его трек изгибался бы в левую сторону.</p><p>Чтобы позитрон оставил трек, изогнутый вправо (как на рисунке), он должен двигаться в противоположном направлении — снизу вверх. В этом случае, согласно правилу правой руки для положительных зарядов, при скорости $\vec{v}$, направленной вверх, и магнитном поле $\vec{B}$, направленном от нас, сила Лоренца $\vec{F}$ будет направлена вправо, к центру кривизны траектории.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Да, ответ изменится. Позитрон для создания такого трека должен двигаться снизу вверх.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1695469 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424309" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p><strong>В каком направлении двигался электрон, если линии магнитной индукции перпендикулярны рисунку и направлены от нас?</strong></p><p>В камере Вильсона заряженная частица, двигаясь в среде (пересыщенный пар), взаимодействует с ее атомами и теряет свою кинетическую энергию. Это приводит к постепенному уменьшению скорости частицы.</p><p>На движущуюся в магнитном поле заряженную частицу действует сила Лоренца, которая является центростремительной и заставляет частицу двигаться по дуге окружности. Радиус кривизны траектории $R$ определяется соотношением, вытекающим из второго закона Ньютона: $|q|vB = \frac{mv^2}{R}$. Отсюда $R = \frac{mv}{|q|B}$, где $m$ — масса частицы, $v$ — ее скорость, $q$ — ее заряд, а $B$ — индукция магнитного поля.</p><p>Из формулы видно, что радиус $R$ прямо пропорционален скорости частицы $v$. Поскольку электрон в камере Вильсона замедляется, радиус кривизны его трека должен уменьшаться. На рисунке мы видим, что трек в верхней части более пологий (имеет больший радиус кривизны), а в нижней — более крутой (имеет меньший радиус кривизны). Следовательно, электрон двигался сверху вниз.</p><p>Для проверки этого вывода используем правило левой руки для отрицательно заряженных частиц. Вектор магнитной индукции $\vec{B}$ направлен в плоскость рисунка (от нас). Скорость $\vec{v}$ в каждой точке направлена по касательной к траектории (в данном случае, в общем направлении сверху вниз). Если расположить левую руку так, чтобы четыре пальца указывали направление скорости $\vec{v}$, а вектор $\vec{B}$ входил в ладонь, то отогнутый на 90 градусов большой палец покажет направление силы Лоренца. Эта сила будет направлена вправо, к центру кривизны траектории, что полностью соответствует наблюдаемому изгибу трека.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Электрон двигался сверху вниз.</p><p><strong>Изменится ли ответ, если электрон в условии задачи заменить позитроном?</strong></p><p>Позитрон — это античастица электрона; он имеет такую же массу, но противоположный (положительный) заряд, $q = +e$.</p><p>Направление силы Лоренца, $\vec{F} = q(\vec{v} \times \vec{B})$, зависит от знака заряда $q$. При смене знака заряда на противоположный, направление силы $\vec{F}$ также изменится на противоположное (при тех же векторах скорости $\vec{v}$ и магнитной индукции $\vec{B}$).</p><p>Это означает, что если бы позитрон двигался в том же направлении, что и электрон (сверху вниз), то сила Лоренца была бы направлена не вправо, а влево, и его трек изгибался бы в левую сторону.</p><p>Чтобы позитрон оставил трек, изогнутый вправо (как на рисунке), он должен двигаться в противоположном направлении — снизу вверх. В этом случае, согласно правилу правой руки для положительных зарядов, при скорости $\vec{v}$, направленной вверх, и магнитном поле $\vec{B}$, направленном от нас, сила Лоренца $\vec{F}$ будет направлена вправо, к центру кривизны траектории.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Да, ответ изменится. Позитрон для создания такого трека должен двигаться снизу вверх.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424310" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424308" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1048} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1043 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1080 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false 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#keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1674199 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ …5] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1674199 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ …5] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424390" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424388" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 #items: array:10 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1185 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424302 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-11" "field_display_title" => "7.11" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424303" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424301" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424302 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"book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1192 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424303 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-12" "field_display_title" => "7.12" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424304" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424302" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424303 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"book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1204 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424304 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-13" "field_display_title" => "7.13" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1196 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null 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"book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1228 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424306 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-15" "field_display_title" => "7.15" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424307" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424305" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424306 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-15" "field_display_title" => "7.15" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1229} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424307" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424305" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1240 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424307 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-16" "field_display_title" => "7.16" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424308" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424306" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424307 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-16" "field_display_title" => "7.16" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1241} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424308" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424306" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1252 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424308 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-17" "field_display_title" => "7.17" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424309" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424307" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424308 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-17" "field_display_title" => "7.17" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1254} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424309" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424307" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1264 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424309 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-18" "field_display_title" => "7.18" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1271 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1265 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424310" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424308" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424309 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-18" "field_display_title" => "7.18" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1271} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1265} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424310" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424308" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" …1 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 8 => App\Models\Task {#1276 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424310 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-19" "field_display_title" => "7.19" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1277 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1278 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1279 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1280 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1282 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1288 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424310 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-19" "field_display_title" => "7.19" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1277 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1278 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1279 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1280 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1282 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1288 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 9 => App\Models\Task {#1283 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1424311 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => "40" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-20" "field_display_title" => "7.20" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1281 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1290 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1286 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1284 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1285 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1300 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424311 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => "40" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-20" "field_display_title" => "7.20" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1281 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1290 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1286 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1284 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1285 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1300 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1424389 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/page-39" "field_display_title" => "39" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "39" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424390" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424388" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1424309 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "39" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/artemenkov-zadachnik/7-18" "field_display_title" => "7.18" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424310" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424308" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1424389" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№7.18 (с. 39)
Условие. №7.18 (с. 39)
скриншот условия
7.18 На рисунке 28 приведён трек электрона в камере Вильсона, помещённой в однородное магнитное поле. В каком направлении двигался электрон, если линии магнитной индукции перпендикулярны рисунку и направлены от нас? Изменится ли ответ, если электрон в условии задачи заменить позитроном?
Рис. 28
Решение. №7.18 (с. 39)
Решение
В каком направлении двигался электрон, если линии магнитной индукции перпендикулярны рисунку и направлены от нас?
В камере Вильсона заряженная частица, двигаясь в среде (пересыщенный пар), взаимодействует с ее атомами и теряет свою кинетическую энергию. Это приводит к постепенному уменьшению скорости частицы.
На движущуюся в магнитном поле заряженную частицу действует сила Лоренца, которая является центростремительной и заставляет частицу двигаться по дуге окружности. Радиус кривизны траектории $R$ определяется соотношением, вытекающим из второго закона Ньютона: $|q|vB = \frac{mv^2}{R}$. Отсюда $R = \frac{mv}{|q|B}$, где $m$ — масса частицы, $v$ — ее скорость, $q$ — ее заряд, а $B$ — индукция магнитного поля.
Из формулы видно, что радиус $R$ прямо пропорционален скорости частицы $v$. Поскольку электрон в камере Вильсона замедляется, радиус кривизны его трека должен уменьшаться. На рисунке мы видим, что трек в верхней части более пологий (имеет больший радиус кривизны), а в нижней — более крутой (имеет меньший радиус кривизны). Следовательно, электрон двигался сверху вниз.
Для проверки этого вывода используем правило левой руки для отрицательно заряженных частиц. Вектор магнитной индукции $\vec{B}$ направлен в плоскость рисунка (от нас). Скорость $\vec{v}$ в каждой точке направлена по касательной к траектории (в данном случае, в общем направлении сверху вниз). Если расположить левую руку так, чтобы четыре пальца указывали направление скорости $\vec{v}$, а вектор $\vec{B}$ входил в ладонь, то отогнутый на 90 градусов большой палец покажет направление силы Лоренца. Эта сила будет направлена вправо, к центру кривизны траектории, что полностью соответствует наблюдаемому изгибу трека.
Ответ: Электрон двигался сверху вниз.
Изменится ли ответ, если электрон в условии задачи заменить позитроном?
Позитрон — это античастица электрона; он имеет такую же массу, но противоположный (положительный) заряд, $q = +e$.
Направление силы Лоренца, $\vec{F} = q(\vec{v} \times \vec{B})$, зависит от знака заряда $q$. При смене знака заряда на противоположный, направление силы $\vec{F}$ также изменится на противоположное (при тех же векторах скорости $\vec{v}$ и магнитной индукции $\vec{B}$).
Это означает, что если бы позитрон двигался в том же направлении, что и электрон (сверху вниз), то сила Лоренца была бы направлена не вправо, а влево, и его трек изгибался бы в левую сторону.
Чтобы позитрон оставил трек, изогнутый вправо (как на рисунке), он должен двигаться в противоположном направлении — снизу вверх. В этом случае, согласно правилу правой руки для положительных зарядов, при скорости $\vec{v}$, направленной вверх, и магнитном поле $\vec{B}$, направленном от нас, сила Лоренца $\vec{F}$ будет направлена вправо, к центру кривизны траектории.
Ответ: Да, ответ изменится. Позитрон для создания такого трека должен двигаться снизу вверх.
Другие задания:
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