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Номер ?4, страница 122, часть 2 - гдз по физике 9 класс учебник Белага, Воронцова
Авторы: Белага В. В., Воронцова Н. И., Ломаченков И. А., Панебратцев Ю. А.
Тип: Учебник
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2024 - 2026
Уровень обучения: углублённый
Часть: 2
Цвет обложки: голубой
ISBN: 978-5-09-121759-9
Популярные ГДЗ в 9 классе
Часть 2. Глава 9. Геометрическая оптика. Параграф 90. Лабораторные и исследовательские работы. Вопросы для обсуждения - номер ?4, страница 122.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1506803 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "122" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik/90vopr-4" "field_display_title" => "?4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1505926 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1038 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "6" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1652 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2024" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "919" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/belaga-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-121759-9" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1652 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 …2} "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2024" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "919" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/belaga-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-121759-9" "field_cover" => array:2 [ …2] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ …2] "field_covers" => array:2 [ …2] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1505926 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "6" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1202 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1505926 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1203 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "6" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1205 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1652 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1204 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1209 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1211 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1213 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1214 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1215 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1216 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1219 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1221 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1223 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1227 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1229 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1231 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1216} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2024" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "919" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/belaga-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-121759-9" "field_cover" => array:2 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761256721" 1 => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1761256721" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ 0 => "" 1 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761256721" "alt" => "" "width" => "2322" "height" => "3039" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1761256721" "alt" => "" "width" => "2308" "height" => "3035" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1237 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1652 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1228} "field_publication_number" => "2" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1230} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1232} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2024" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "919" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/belaga-u/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-121759-9" "field_cover" => array:2 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761256721" 1 => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1761256721" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:2 [ 0 => "" 1 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1761256721" "alt" => "" "width" => "2322" "height" => "3039" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1761256721" "alt" => "" "width" => "2308" "height" => "3035" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1233} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1234} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1235} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1236} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1505926 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "2" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1206} "field_page_start" => "6" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1240} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1238} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1239 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1505980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Геометрическая оптика" "field_branch_order" => "9" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1241 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "66" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1205} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1505980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Геометрическая оптика" "field_branch_order" => "9" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244} "field_page_start" => "66" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1245 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1506011 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Лабораторные и исследовательские работы" "field_branch_order" => "90" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1246 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "117" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1205} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1327 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1247 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1505980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Геометрическая оптика" "field_branch_order" => "9" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "field_page_start" => "66" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1286 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1505980 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Геометрическая оптика" "field_branch_order" => "9" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1251 …2} "field_page_start" => "66" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1252 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1286 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1506011 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Лабораторные и исследовательские работы" "field_branch_order" => "90" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1249} "field_page_start" => "117" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1327} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Branch {#1325 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1506014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вопросы для обсуждения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1326 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "122" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1328 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1205} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1337 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1336 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1506011 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Лабораторные и исследовательские работы" "field_branch_order" => "90" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1338 …2} "field_page_start" => "117" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1339 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1340 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1506011 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Лабораторные и исследовательские работы" "field_branch_order" => "90" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1338 …2} "field_page_start" => "117" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1339 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1340 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1506014 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Вопросы для обсуждения" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1326} "field_page_start" => "122" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1328} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1337} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1185 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1803781 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1184 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6617 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1179 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6617 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" …14 ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506803" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Предложите технологию изготовления телескопа в домашних условиях. Что для этого необходимо?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1919" "height" => 215 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/0-90vopr/4-1.webp?ts=1762277420" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1803781 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506803" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p>Предложите технологию изготовления телескопа в домашних условиях. Что для этого необходимо?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "4-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1919" "height" => 215 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/belaga-u/0-90vopr/4-1.webp?ts=1762277420" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1180 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1856408 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1177 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506803" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Предложите технологию изготовления телескопа в домашних условиях.</strong></p><p>Простейший телескоп, который можно изготовить дома, – это телескоп-рефрактор по схеме Кеплера. Его оптическая система состоит из двух собирающих линз: длиннофокусного объектива и короткофокусного окуляра. Технология изготовления включает следующие шаги:</p><ol><li><strong>Подготовительный этап: определение фокусных расстояний.</strong> Прежде всего, необходимо точно измерить фокусные расстояния ($F_{об}$ для объектива и $f_{ок}$ для окуляра) имеющихся у вас линз. Это можно сделать, получив на экране (например, листе бумаги) четкое изображение очень удаленного объекта (Солнца, Луны, далекого дома). Расстояние от центра линзы до экрана и будет ее фокусным расстоянием. Для очковой линзы фокусное расстояние $\text{F}$ в метрах можно рассчитать по формуле $F = 1/D$, где $\text{D}$ – оптическая сила в диоптриях.</li><li><strong>Изготовление корпуса.</strong> Корпус телескопа состоит из двух трубок, вставляющихся одна в другую. Основная труба, в которой крепится объектив, должна иметь длину, примерно равную фокусному расстоянию объектива ($L_1 \approx F_{об}$). Внутренний диаметр должен соответствовать диаметру объектива. Окулярная трубка делается короче (15–20 см) и такого диаметра, чтобы она плотно, но подвижно входила в основную трубу. Трубки можно свернуть из плотной бумаги (ватмана) или использовать готовые картонные/пластиковые трубы.</li><li><strong>Чернение и сборка.</strong> Внутренние поверхности обеих трубок необходимо сделать матово-черными. Это можно сделать с помощью черной краски или оклейки черной бумагой. Это ключевой шаг для получения контрастного изображения без бликов. Затем в торец основной трубы устанавливается объектив, а в торец окулярной трубки – окуляр. Линзы должны быть закреплены строго перпендикулярно оптической оси трубы. Для крепления можно использовать картонные кольца и клей.</li><li><strong>Настройка (юстировка).</strong> После сборки телескоп необходимо настроить. Направьте его на яркий удаленный объект и, перемещая окулярную трубку, добейтесь максимальной резкости изображения. Расстояние между линзами при наблюдении за бесконечно удаленными объектами будет равно сумме их фокусных расстояний: $L \approx F_{об} + f_{ок}$.</li></ol><p>Увеличение такого телескопа вычисляется как отношение фокусных расстояний объектива и окуляра: $Г = \frac{F_{об}}{f_{ок}}$.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Технология изготовления телескопа заключается в определении фокусных расстояний двух собирающих линз, изготовлении из подручных материалов (например, картона) двух соосных трубок, чернении их внутренней поверхности, установке линз (объектива и окуляра) на концах трубок и последующей фокусировке путем изменения расстояния между линзами.</p><p><strong>Что для этого необходимо?</strong></p><p>Для реализации описанной технологии потребуются следующие материалы и инструменты:</p><ul><li><strong>Оптические элементы:</strong><ul><li><i>Линза для объектива:</i> длиннофокусная собирающая линза. Оптимальный и доступный вариант – очковая линза для дальнозорких с оптической силой +1 дптр (фокусное расстояние 1 м) или +0.5 дптр (фокусное расстояние 2 м).</li><li><i>Линза для окуляра:</i> короткофокусная собирающая линза. Можно использовать линзу из сильной лупы (увеличением 10x и более), объектив от старого фотоаппарата ("Индустар", "Гелиос") или окуляр от бинокля/микроскопа.</li></ul></li><li><strong>Материалы для корпуса:</strong><ul><li>Плотная бумага (ватман), картон, или легкие пластиковые трубы подходящих диаметров.</li></ul></li><li><strong>Вспомогательные материалы и инструменты:</strong><ul><li>Матовая черная краска (аэрозольная или в банке) или черная бархатная бумага для чернения корпуса.</li><li>Клей (например, ПВА или эпоксидный).</li><li>Скотч.</li><li>Ножницы, канцелярский нож.</li><li>Длинная линейка или рулетка.</li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Для изготовления телескопа необходимы две собирающие линзы (одна длиннофокусная для объектива и одна короткофокусная для окуляра), две трубки, входящие одна в другую для корпуса, а также клей, черная краска и инструменты для резки и измерений.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1856408 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506803" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Предложите технологию изготовления телескопа в домашних условиях.</strong></p><p>Простейший телескоп, который можно изготовить дома, – это телескоп-рефрактор по схеме Кеплера. Его оптическая система состоит из двух собирающих линз: длиннофокусного объектива и короткофокусного окуляра. Технология изготовления включает следующие шаги:</p><ol><li><strong>Подготовительный этап: определение фокусных расстояний.</strong> Прежде всего, необходимо точно измерить фокусные расстояния ($F_{об}$ для объектива и $f_{ок}$ для окуляра) имеющихся у вас линз. Это можно сделать, получив на экране (например, листе бумаги) четкое изображение очень удаленного объекта (Солнца, Луны, далекого дома). Расстояние от центра линзы до экрана и будет ее фокусным расстоянием. Для очковой линзы фокусное расстояние $\text{F}$ в метрах можно рассчитать по формуле $F = 1/D$, где $\text{D}$ – оптическая сила в диоптриях.</li><li><strong>Изготовление корпуса.</strong> Корпус телескопа состоит из двух трубок, вставляющихся одна в другую. Основная труба, в которой крепится объектив, должна иметь длину, примерно равную фокусному расстоянию объектива ($L_1 \approx F_{об}$). Внутренний диаметр должен соответствовать диаметру объектива. Окулярная трубка делается короче (15–20 см) и такого диаметра, чтобы она плотно, но подвижно входила в основную трубу. Трубки можно свернуть из плотной бумаги (ватмана) или использовать готовые картонные/пластиковые трубы.</li><li><strong>Чернение и сборка.</strong> Внутренние поверхности обеих трубок необходимо сделать матово-черными. Это можно сделать с помощью черной краски или оклейки черной бумагой. Это ключевой шаг для получения контрастного изображения без бликов. Затем в торец основной трубы устанавливается объектив, а в торец окулярной трубки – окуляр. Линзы должны быть закреплены строго перпендикулярно оптической оси трубы. Для крепления можно использовать картонные кольца и клей.</li><li><strong>Настройка (юстировка).</strong> После сборки телескоп необходимо настроить. Направьте его на яркий удаленный объект и, перемещая окулярную трубку, добейтесь максимальной резкости изображения. Расстояние между линзами при наблюдении за бесконечно удаленными объектами будет равно сумме их фокусных расстояний: $L \approx F_{об} + f_{ок}$.</li></ol><p>Увеличение такого телескопа вычисляется как отношение фокусных расстояний объектива и окуляра: $Г = \frac{F_{об}}{f_{ок}}$.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Технология изготовления телескопа заключается в определении фокусных расстояний двух собирающих линз, изготовлении из подручных материалов (например, картона) двух соосных трубок, чернении их внутренней поверхности, установке линз (объектива и окуляра) на концах трубок и последующей фокусировке путем изменения расстояния между линзами.</p><p><strong>Что для этого необходимо?</strong></p><p>Для реализации описанной технологии потребуются следующие материалы и инструменты:</p><ul><li><strong>Оптические элементы:</strong><ul><li><i>Линза для объектива:</i> длиннофокусная собирающая линза. Оптимальный и доступный вариант – очковая линза для дальнозорких с оптической силой +1 дптр (фокусное расстояние 1 м) или +0.5 дптр (фокусное расстояние 2 м).</li><li><i>Линза для окуляра:</i> короткофокусная собирающая линза. Можно использовать линзу из сильной лупы (увеличением 10x и более), объектив от старого фотоаппарата ("Индустар", "Гелиос") или окуляр от бинокля/микроскопа.</li></ul></li><li><strong>Материалы для корпуса:</strong><ul><li>Плотная бумага (ватман), картон, или легкие пластиковые трубы подходящих диаметров.</li></ul></li><li><strong>Вспомогательные материалы и инструменты:</strong><ul><li>Матовая черная краска (аэрозольная или в банке) или черная бархатная бумага для чернения корпуса.</li><li>Клей (например, ПВА или эпоксидный).</li><li>Скотч.</li><li>Ножницы, канцелярский нож.</li><li>Длинная линейка или рулетка.</li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Для изготовления телескопа необходимы две собирающие линзы (одна длиннофокусная для объектива и одна короткофокусная для окуляра), две трубки, входящие одна в другую для корпуса, а также клей, черная краска и инструменты для резки и измерений.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506804" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506802" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1205} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1590 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#333 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1507391 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "122" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik/page-2-122" "field_display_title" => "122" "field_folder" => "2" "field_image_name" => "122" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1023 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#342 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1155 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1136 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1507392" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1507390" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 #items: array:14 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1126 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1437 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1448 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1459 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1470 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1489 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 6 => App\Models\Task {#1500 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 7 => App\Models\Task {#1511 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 8 => App\Models\Task {#1522 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true 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[] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 11 => App\Models\Task {#1555 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 12 => App\Models\Task {#1566 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] 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#casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1506803 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "122" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/belaga-uchebnik/90vopr-4" "field_display_title" => "?4" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506804" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1506802" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1507391" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№?4 (с. 122)
Условие. №?4 (с. 122)
скриншот условия
Предложите технологию изготовления телескопа в домашних условиях. Что для этого необходимо?
Решение. №?4 (с. 122)
Предложите технологию изготовления телескопа в домашних условиях.
Простейший телескоп, который можно изготовить дома, – это телескоп-рефрактор по схеме Кеплера. Его оптическая система состоит из двух собирающих линз: длиннофокусного объектива и короткофокусного окуляра. Технология изготовления включает следующие шаги:
- Подготовительный этап: определение фокусных расстояний. Прежде всего, необходимо точно измерить фокусные расстояния ($F_{об}$ для объектива и $f_{ок}$ для окуляра) имеющихся у вас линз. Это можно сделать, получив на экране (например, листе бумаги) четкое изображение очень удаленного объекта (Солнца, Луны, далекого дома). Расстояние от центра линзы до экрана и будет ее фокусным расстоянием. Для очковой линзы фокусное расстояние $\text{F}$ в метрах можно рассчитать по формуле $F = 1/D$, где $\text{D}$ – оптическая сила в диоптриях.
- Изготовление корпуса. Корпус телескопа состоит из двух трубок, вставляющихся одна в другую. Основная труба, в которой крепится объектив, должна иметь длину, примерно равную фокусному расстоянию объектива ($L_1 \approx F_{об}$). Внутренний диаметр должен соответствовать диаметру объектива. Окулярная трубка делается короче (15–20 см) и такого диаметра, чтобы она плотно, но подвижно входила в основную трубу. Трубки можно свернуть из плотной бумаги (ватмана) или использовать готовые картонные/пластиковые трубы.
- Чернение и сборка. Внутренние поверхности обеих трубок необходимо сделать матово-черными. Это можно сделать с помощью черной краски или оклейки черной бумагой. Это ключевой шаг для получения контрастного изображения без бликов. Затем в торец основной трубы устанавливается объектив, а в торец окулярной трубки – окуляр. Линзы должны быть закреплены строго перпендикулярно оптической оси трубы. Для крепления можно использовать картонные кольца и клей.
- Настройка (юстировка). После сборки телескоп необходимо настроить. Направьте его на яркий удаленный объект и, перемещая окулярную трубку, добейтесь максимальной резкости изображения. Расстояние между линзами при наблюдении за бесконечно удаленными объектами будет равно сумме их фокусных расстояний: $L \approx F_{об} + f_{ок}$.
Увеличение такого телескопа вычисляется как отношение фокусных расстояний объектива и окуляра: $Г = \frac{F_{об}}{f_{ок}}$.
Ответ: Технология изготовления телескопа заключается в определении фокусных расстояний двух собирающих линз, изготовлении из подручных материалов (например, картона) двух соосных трубок, чернении их внутренней поверхности, установке линз (объектива и окуляра) на концах трубок и последующей фокусировке путем изменения расстояния между линзами.
Что для этого необходимо?
Для реализации описанной технологии потребуются следующие материалы и инструменты:
- Оптические элементы:
- Линза для объектива: длиннофокусная собирающая линза. Оптимальный и доступный вариант – очковая линза для дальнозорких с оптической силой +1 дптр (фокусное расстояние 1 м) или +0.5 дптр (фокусное расстояние 2 м).
- Линза для окуляра: короткофокусная собирающая линза. Можно использовать линзу из сильной лупы (увеличением 10x и более), объектив от старого фотоаппарата ("Индустар", "Гелиос") или окуляр от бинокля/микроскопа.
- Материалы для корпуса:
- Плотная бумага (ватман), картон, или легкие пластиковые трубы подходящих диаметров.
- Вспомогательные материалы и инструменты:
- Матовая черная краска (аэрозольная или в банке) или черная бархатная бумага для чернения корпуса.
- Клей (например, ПВА или эпоксидный).
- Скотч.
- Ножницы, канцелярский нож.
- Длинная линейка или рулетка.
Ответ: Для изготовления телескопа необходимы две собирающие линзы (одна длиннофокусная для объектива и одна короткофокусная для окуляра), две трубки, входящие одна в другую для корпуса, а также клей, черная краска и инструменты для резки и измерений.
Другие задания:
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