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Номер 11, страница 23, часть 3 - гдз по физике 9 класс рабочая тетрадь Грачев, Погожев
Авторы: Грачев А. В., Погожев В. А., Боков П. Ю., Вишнякова Е. А.
Тип: рабочая тетрадь
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2021 - 2026
Часть: 3
Цвет обложки: синий
ISBN: 978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)
Популярные ГДЗ в 9 классе
Часть 3. Глава 8. Оптика. Параграф 41. Законы отражения света - номер 11, страница 23.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1435225 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "23" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad/41-11" "field_display_title" => "11" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1036 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 26 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "номер" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "номер" "field_creative_case" => "номером" "field_dative_case" => "номеру" "field_genitive_case" => "номера" "field_nominative_case" => "номер" "field_prepositional_case" => "номере" ] "field_short_name" => "№" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1034 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1434847 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1038 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ …3] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ …3] "field_covers" => array:3 [ …3] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1053 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1061 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ …3] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ …3] "field_covers" => array:3 [ …3] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1434847 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1039} "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1298 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1074 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1434847 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1075 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 31 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Часть" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => "1" "field_short_name" => "ч." ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1079 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ …3] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ …3] "field_covers" => array:3 [ …3] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1091 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ …3] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ …3] "field_covers" => array:3 [ …3] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1434847 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1112 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1434852 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Оптика" "field_branch_order" => "8" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1114 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 29 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Глава" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1116 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ …3] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ …3] "field_covers" => array:3 [ …3] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ …3] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ …3] "field_covers" => array:3 [ …3] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1149 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1434847 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 …2} "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1434847 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => null "field_branch_order" => "3" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 …2} "field_page_start" => "3" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1434852 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Оптика" "field_branch_order" => "8" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113} "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Branch {#1186 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1434855 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Законы отражения света" "field_branch_order" => "41" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1188 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 32 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Параграф" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_page_check_not_needed" => null "field_short_name" => "§" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "20" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1190 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ …3] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ …3] "field_covers" => array:3 [ …3] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1203 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1211 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 …2} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1216 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ …3] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ …3] "field_covers" => array:3 [ …3] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1218 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219 …2} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1220 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1223 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1434852 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Оптика" "field_branch_order" => "8" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 …2} "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1434852 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Оптика" "field_branch_order" => "8" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 …2} "field_page_start" => "15" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" …10 ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1434855 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Законы отражения света" "field_branch_order" => "41" "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1187} "field_page_start" => "20" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1308 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1316 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1698613 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1325 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1317 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435225" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>11.</strong> Какое отражение называют диффузным? Сформулируйте закон идеального диффузного отражения.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "11-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1957" "height" => 282 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/0-41/11-1.webp?ts=1759402825" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1698613 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1325} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435225" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>11.</strong> Какое отражение называют диффузным? Сформулируйте закон идеального диффузного отражения.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "11-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1957" "height" => 282 "path" => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/0-41/11-1.webp?ts=1759402825" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1323 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1734599 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1333 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1324 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ …21] #original: array:21 [ …21] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435225" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Какое отражение называют диффузным?</strong></p><p> Диффузным или рассеянным отражением называют отражение света от поверхности, при котором падающий на нее параллельный пучок лучей отражается по всем возможным направлениям. Это явление является противоположностью зеркальному отражению, при котором весь пучок отражается в одном определённом направлении согласно закону отражения (угол падения равен углу отражения).</p><p> Причиной диффузного отражения является микроскопическая шероховатость поверхности. Если размеры неровностей поверхности сопоставимы с длиной волны падающего света или превышают её, то свет отражается от каждого микроучастка поверхности зеркально, но так как эти микроучастки ориентированы в пространстве хаотично, отражённые лучи расходятся во все стороны.</p><p> Большинство окружающих нас предметов, не являющихся источниками света, мы видим именно благодаря диффузному отражению от их поверхностей. Примерами могут служить бумага, матовая краска, ткань, дерево, снег.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Диффузное отражение – это отражение света от шероховатой поверхности, в результате которого лучи рассеиваются в различных направлениях.</p><p><strong>Сформулируйте закон идеального диффузного отражения.</strong></p><p> Закон, описывающий идеальное диффузное отражение, называется законом Ламберта. Поверхность, которая отражает свет в полном соответствии с этим законом, называется идеально рассеивающей или ламбертовской.</p><p> Закон Ламберта можно сформулировать так: яркость идеально рассеивающей поверхности одинакова во всех направлениях.</p><p> Это означает, что, хотя сила света $dI$, отражаемая элементом поверхности $dS$ в направлении, составляющем угол $\theta$ с нормалью (перпендикуляром) к поверхности, пропорциональна косинусу этого угла, видимая яркость остается постоянной. Математически зависимость силы света от угла выражается формулой:</p><p> $dI(\theta) = I_0 \cos\theta$</p><p> где $I_0$ — сила света, отражаемая в направлении нормали (при $\theta = 0$).</p><p> Яркость $L$ определяется как отношение силы света к площади проекции излучающей поверхности на плоскость, перпендикулярную направлению наблюдения ($dS_{\text{proj}} = dS \cos\theta$). Поэтому для ламбертовской поверхности яркость не зависит от угла:</p><p> $L = \frac{dI(\theta)}{dS \cos\theta} = \frac{I_0 \cos\theta}{dS \cos\theta} = \frac{I_0}{dS} = \text{const}$</p><p> Таким образом, уменьшение силы света с увеличением угла наблюдения в точности компенсируется уменьшением видимой для наблюдателя площади излучающего элемента.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Закон идеального диффузного отражения (закон Ламберта) гласит, что яркость идеально рассеивающей поверхности одинакова для наблюдателя независимо от угла зрения. Математически это выражается в том, что сила света, отражаемая элементом поверхности, пропорциональна косинусу угла между направлением наблюдения и нормалью к поверхности.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1734599 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1333} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435225" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Какое отражение называют диффузным?</strong></p><p> Диффузным или рассеянным отражением называют отражение света от поверхности, при котором падающий на нее параллельный пучок лучей отражается по всем возможным направлениям. Это явление является противоположностью зеркальному отражению, при котором весь пучок отражается в одном определённом направлении согласно закону отражения (угол падения равен углу отражения).</p><p> Причиной диффузного отражения является микроскопическая шероховатость поверхности. Если размеры неровностей поверхности сопоставимы с длиной волны падающего света или превышают её, то свет отражается от каждого микроучастка поверхности зеркально, но так как эти микроучастки ориентированы в пространстве хаотично, отражённые лучи расходятся во все стороны.</p><p> Большинство окружающих нас предметов, не являющихся источниками света, мы видим именно благодаря диффузному отражению от их поверхностей. Примерами могут служить бумага, матовая краска, ткань, дерево, снег.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Диффузное отражение – это отражение света от шероховатой поверхности, в результате которого лучи рассеиваются в различных направлениях.</p><p><strong>Сформулируйте закон идеального диффузного отражения.</strong></p><p> Закон, описывающий идеальное диффузное отражение, называется законом Ламберта. Поверхность, которая отражает свет в полном соответствии с этим законом, называется идеально рассеивающей или ламбертовской.</p><p> Закон Ламберта можно сформулировать так: яркость идеально рассеивающей поверхности одинакова во всех направлениях.</p><p> Это означает, что, хотя сила света $dI$, отражаемая элементом поверхности $dS$ в направлении, составляющем угол $\theta$ с нормалью (перпендикуляром) к поверхности, пропорциональна косинусу этого угла, видимая яркость остается постоянной. Математически зависимость силы света от угла выражается формулой:</p><p> $dI(\theta) = I_0 \cos\theta$</p><p> где $I_0$ — сила света, отражаемая в направлении нормали (при $\theta = 0$).</p><p> Яркость $L$ определяется как отношение силы света к площади проекции излучающей поверхности на плоскость, перпендикулярную направлению наблюдения ($dS_{\text{proj}} = dS \cos\theta$). Поэтому для ламбертовской поверхности яркость не зависит от угла:</p><p> $L = \frac{dI(\theta)}{dS \cos\theta} = \frac{I_0 \cos\theta}{dS \cos\theta} = \frac{I_0}{dS} = \text{const}$</p><p> Таким образом, уменьшение силы света с увеличением угла наблюдения в точности компенсируется уменьшением видимой для наблюдателя площади излучающего элемента.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Закон идеального диффузного отражения (закон Ламберта) гласит, что яркость идеально рассеивающей поверхности одинакова для наблюдателя независимо от угла зрения. Математически это выражается в том, что сила света, отражаемая элементом поверхности, пропорциональна косинусу угла между направлением наблюдения и нормалью к поверхности.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435226" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435224" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1350 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1313 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1300 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1299 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1297 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1305 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1304 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1303 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1301 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1302 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1307 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Term {#1306 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Term {#1315 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1311 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1309 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1312 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1310 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1331 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1332 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1334 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1335 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1336 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1337 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1338 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1339 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1340 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1341 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1342 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759003248" 1 => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1759003248" 2 => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover3.webp?ts=1759003248" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ 0 => "" 1 => "" 2 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759003248" "alt" => "" "width" => "2293" "height" => "2989" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1759003248" "alt" => "" "width" => "2265" "height" => "3003" ] 2 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover3.webp?ts=1759003248" "alt" => "" "width" => "2241" "height" => "2999" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1343 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1344 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1345 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1346 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1347 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1203 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1300} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1297} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1304} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1301} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1311} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1309} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1310} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1332} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1335} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1336} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1337} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1338} "field_publication_number" => "6" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1340} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1342} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2021" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "1, 2, 3" "field_part_writing" => "Часть" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное издание" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "594" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_09/grachev-rt/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-098826-1 (ч.1) 978-5-09-098880-3 (ч.2) 978-5-09-098881-0 (ч.3)" "field_cover" => array:3 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759003248" 1 => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1759003248" 2 => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover3.webp?ts=1759003248" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:3 [ 0 => "" 1 => "" 2 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1759003248" "alt" => "" "width" => "2293" "height" => "2989" ] 1 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover2.webp?ts=1759003248" "alt" => "" "width" => "2265" "height" => "3003" ] 2 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_09/grachev-rt/covers/cover3.webp?ts=1759003248" "alt" => "" "width" => "2241" "height" => "2999" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1343} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1344} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1345} "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1346} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 380 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 493 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1605 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1032 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1435658 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "23" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad/page-3-23" "field_display_title" => "23" "field_folder" => "3" "field_image_name" => "23" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1023 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1026 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1385 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1352 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1386 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1387 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1388 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435659" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435657" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1396 #items: array:6 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1397 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1536 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1547 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1558 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1581 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1592 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ …24] #original: array:24 [ …24] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1435658 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "23" "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad/page-3-23" "field_display_title" => "23" "field_folder" => "3" "field_image_name" => "23" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1023} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1385} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1386} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1387} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435659" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435657" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1396} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1435225 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "23" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/9-klass/fizika/grachev-rabochaya-tetrad/41-11" "field_display_title" => "11" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1035} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1298} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1308} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435226" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435224" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1350} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1435658" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
№11 (с. 23)
Условие. №11 (с. 23)
скриншот условия
11. Какое отражение называют диффузным? Сформулируйте закон идеального диффузного отражения.
Решение. №11 (с. 23)
Какое отражение называют диффузным?
Диффузным или рассеянным отражением называют отражение света от поверхности, при котором падающий на нее параллельный пучок лучей отражается по всем возможным направлениям. Это явление является противоположностью зеркальному отражению, при котором весь пучок отражается в одном определённом направлении согласно закону отражения (угол падения равен углу отражения).
Причиной диффузного отражения является микроскопическая шероховатость поверхности. Если размеры неровностей поверхности сопоставимы с длиной волны падающего света или превышают её, то свет отражается от каждого микроучастка поверхности зеркально, но так как эти микроучастки ориентированы в пространстве хаотично, отражённые лучи расходятся во все стороны.
Большинство окружающих нас предметов, не являющихся источниками света, мы видим именно благодаря диффузному отражению от их поверхностей. Примерами могут служить бумага, матовая краска, ткань, дерево, снег.
Ответ: Диффузное отражение – это отражение света от шероховатой поверхности, в результате которого лучи рассеиваются в различных направлениях.
Сформулируйте закон идеального диффузного отражения.
Закон, описывающий идеальное диффузное отражение, называется законом Ламберта. Поверхность, которая отражает свет в полном соответствии с этим законом, называется идеально рассеивающей или ламбертовской.
Закон Ламберта можно сформулировать так: яркость идеально рассеивающей поверхности одинакова во всех направлениях.
Это означает, что, хотя сила света $dI$, отражаемая элементом поверхности $dS$ в направлении, составляющем угол $\theta$ с нормалью (перпендикуляром) к поверхности, пропорциональна косинусу этого угла, видимая яркость остается постоянной. Математически зависимость силы света от угла выражается формулой:
$dI(\theta) = I_0 \cos\theta$
где $I_0$ — сила света, отражаемая в направлении нормали (при $\theta = 0$).
Яркость $L$ определяется как отношение силы света к площади проекции излучающей поверхности на плоскость, перпендикулярную направлению наблюдения ($dS_{\text{proj}} = dS \cos\theta$). Поэтому для ламбертовской поверхности яркость не зависит от угла:
$L = \frac{dI(\theta)}{dS \cos\theta} = \frac{I_0 \cos\theta}{dS \cos\theta} = \frac{I_0}{dS} = \text{const}$
Таким образом, уменьшение силы света с увеличением угла наблюдения в точности компенсируется уменьшением видимой для наблюдателя площади излучающего элемента.
Ответ: Закон идеального диффузного отражения (закон Ламберта) гласит, что яркость идеально рассеивающей поверхности одинакова для наблюдателя независимо от угла зрения. Математически это выражается в том, что сила света, отражаемая элементом поверхности, пропорциональна косинусу угла между направлением наблюдения и нормалью к поверхности.
Другие задания:
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Теперь на нашем сайте ГДЗ.ТОП вы всегда легко и бесплатно найдёте условие с правильным ответом на вопрос «Как решить ДЗ» и «Как сделать» задание по физике к упражнению №11 (с. 23), авторов: Грачев (Александр Васильевич), Погожев (Владимир Александрович), Боков (Павел Юрьевич), Вишнякова (Екатерина Анатольевна), 3-й части ФГОС (старый) учебного пособия издательства Просвещение.