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Вариант 1, страница 62 - гдз по физике 8 класс дидактические материалы Марон, Марон
Авторы: Марон А. Е., Марон Е. А.
Тип: Дидактические материалы
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2022 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Цвет обложки: белый
ISBN: 978-5-09-111138-5
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Самостоятельные работы. СР-1. Внутренняя энергия - страница 62.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470250 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp01-1" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1035 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1039 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1041 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null …11 } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1043 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1045 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047 …30} 1 => App\Models\Term {#1048 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1051 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1053 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1055 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1059 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1063 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1069 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1117 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1119 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1120 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1123 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1125 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1127 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5107 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Абрам" "field_patronymic" => "Евсеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5107 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Абрам" "field_patronymic" => "Евсеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1128 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1131 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1133 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1135 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1139 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1141 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1143 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1149 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "белый" "field_creative_case" => "белым" "field_dative_case" => "белому" "field_genitive_case" => "белого" "field_nominative_case" => "белый" "field_prepositional_case" => "белом" ] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "белый" "field_creative_case" => "белым" "field_dative_case" => "белому" "field_genitive_case" => "белого" "field_nominative_case" => "белый" "field_prepositional_case" => "белом" ] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1124} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1152} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1151 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469779 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "СР-1. Внутренняя энергия" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1119} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1035} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469779 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "СР-1. Внутренняя энергия" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1154} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1155} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1092 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1760824 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1090 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1091 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470250" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 1</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Какими двумя способами можно изменить внутреннюю энергию тела?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Кусок свинца можно нагреть разными способами: ударяя по нему молотком, помещая его в пламя горелки или в горячую воду. Можно ли утверждать, что во всех этих случаях увеличилась внутренняя энергия куска свинца?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Молоток будет нагреваться, когда им отбивают косу и когда он лежит на солнце в жаркий летний день. Назовите способы изменения внутренней энергии молотка в обоих случаях.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1406" "height" => 754 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp01/1-1.webp?ts=1760803259" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1760824 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470250" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 1</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Какими двумя способами можно изменить внутреннюю энергию тела?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Кусок свинца можно нагреть разными способами: ударяя по нему молотком, помещая его в пламя горелки или в горячую воду. Можно ли утверждать, что во всех этих случаях увеличилась внутренняя энергия куска свинца?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Молоток будет нагреваться, когда им отбивают косу и когда он лежит на солнце в жаркий летний день. Назовите способы изменения внутренней энергии молотка в обоих случаях.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "1-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1406" "height" => 754 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp01/1-1.webp?ts=1760803259" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1085 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1820239 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1082 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1083 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1081} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470250" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Внутренняя энергия тела — это сумма кинетической энергии хаотического движения всех его молекул (или атомов) и потенциальной энергии их взаимодействия друг с другом. Согласно первому закону термодинамики, изменение внутренней энергии ($\Delta U$) системы равно сумме количества теплоты, переданного системе ($\text{Q}$), и работы, совершённой над системой внешними силами ($\text{A}$): $\Delta U = Q + A$. Из этого следует, что изменить внутреннюю энергию тела можно двумя способами:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> <em>Совершение механической работы</em> над телом или самим телом. Если над телом совершают работу (например, при сжатии газа, трении или ударе), его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Если тело само совершает работу (например, газ расширяется и толкает поршень), его внутренняя энергия уменьшается.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> <em>Теплопередача (или теплообмен)</em>. Это процесс передачи энергии от более нагретого тела к менее нагретому без совершения работы. Теплопередача может осуществляться тремя способами: теплопроводностью, конвекцией и излучением. Если тело получает некоторое количество теплоты, его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Если тело отдает тепло, его внутренняя энергия уменьшается.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Внутреннюю энергию тела можно изменить путем совершения работы и путем теплопередачи.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Нагревание тела означает повышение его температуры. Повышение температуры тела (при отсутствии фазовых переходов) всегда свидетельствует об увеличении его внутренней энергии, так как увеличивается кинетическая энергия хаотического движения составляющих его частиц. Рассмотрим все три случая:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Удары молотком по куску свинца — это совершение механической работы над свинцом. Кинетическая энергия молотка при ударе переходит во внутреннюю энергию свинца, что приводит к его нагреву.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Помещение в пламя горелки — это изменение внутренней энергии путем теплопередачи. Кусок свинца получает энергию от пламени за счет теплопроводности и излучения.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Помещение в горячую воду — это также изменение внутренней энергии путем теплопередачи (в основном, за счет теплопроводности) от более нагретой воды к более холодному свинцу.</p><p>Во всех трех описанных случаях кусок свинца нагревается, следовательно, его внутренняя энергия увеличивается.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Да, можно утверждать, что во всех этих случаях внутренняя энергия куска свинца увеличилась.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> В обоих случаях молоток нагревается, то есть его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Однако способы изменения этой энергии различны.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Когда молотком отбивают косу, происходит его соударение с металлом косы. При ударе совершается механическая работа (происходит деформация металла), в результате которой часть механической энергии переходит во внутреннюю энергию как молотка, так и косы. Таким образом, в этом случае внутренняя энергия молотка изменяется за счет <em>совершения работы</em>.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Когда молоток лежит на солнце, он поглощает энергию солнечного излучения. Это процесс <em>теплопередачи</em>, а именно — лучистый теплообмен (излучение). Электромагнитные волны, идущие от Солнца, передают свою энергию молотку, увеличивая его внутреннюю энергию и температуру.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> В первом случае (когда отбивают косу) внутренняя энергия молотка увеличивается за счет совершения механической работы. Во втором случае (когда он лежит на солнце) — за счет теплопередачи путем излучения.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1820239 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470250" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Внутренняя энергия тела — это сумма кинетической энергии хаотического движения всех его молекул (или атомов) и потенциальной энергии их взаимодействия друг с другом. Согласно первому закону термодинамики, изменение внутренней энергии ($\Delta U$) системы равно сумме количества теплоты, переданного системе ($\text{Q}$), и работы, совершённой над системой внешними силами ($\text{A}$): $\Delta U = Q + A$. Из этого следует, что изменить внутреннюю энергию тела можно двумя способами:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> <em>Совершение механической работы</em> над телом или самим телом. Если над телом совершают работу (например, при сжатии газа, трении или ударе), его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Если тело само совершает работу (например, газ расширяется и толкает поршень), его внутренняя энергия уменьшается.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> <em>Теплопередача (или теплообмен)</em>. Это процесс передачи энергии от более нагретого тела к менее нагретому без совершения работы. Теплопередача может осуществляться тремя способами: теплопроводностью, конвекцией и излучением. Если тело получает некоторое количество теплоты, его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Если тело отдает тепло, его внутренняя энергия уменьшается.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Внутреннюю энергию тела можно изменить путем совершения работы и путем теплопередачи.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Нагревание тела означает повышение его температуры. Повышение температуры тела (при отсутствии фазовых переходов) всегда свидетельствует об увеличении его внутренней энергии, так как увеличивается кинетическая энергия хаотического движения составляющих его частиц. Рассмотрим все три случая:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Удары молотком по куску свинца — это совершение механической работы над свинцом. Кинетическая энергия молотка при ударе переходит во внутреннюю энергию свинца, что приводит к его нагреву.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Помещение в пламя горелки — это изменение внутренней энергии путем теплопередачи. Кусок свинца получает энергию от пламени за счет теплопроводности и излучения.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Помещение в горячую воду — это также изменение внутренней энергии путем теплопередачи (в основном, за счет теплопроводности) от более нагретой воды к более холодному свинцу.</p><p>Во всех трех описанных случаях кусок свинца нагревается, следовательно, его внутренняя энергия увеличивается.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Да, можно утверждать, что во всех этих случаях внутренняя энергия куска свинца увеличилась.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> В обоих случаях молоток нагревается, то есть его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Однако способы изменения этой энергии различны.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Когда молотком отбивают косу, происходит его соударение с металлом косы. При ударе совершается механическая работа (происходит деформация металла), в результате которой часть механической энергии переходит во внутреннюю энергию как молотка, так и косы. Таким образом, в этом случае внутренняя энергия молотка изменяется за счет <em>совершения работы</em>.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Когда молоток лежит на солнце, он поглощает энергию солнечного излучения. Это процесс <em>теплопередачи</em>, а именно — лучистый теплообмен (излучение). Электромагнитные волны, идущие от Солнца, передают свою энергию молотку, увеличивая его внутреннюю энергию и температуру.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> В первом случае (когда отбивают косу) внутренняя энергия молотка увеличивается за счет совершения механической работы. Во втором случае (когда он лежит на солнце) — за счет теплопередачи путем излучения.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470251" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470249" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1119} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1278 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1071 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1469666 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/page-62" "field_display_title" => "62" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "62" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1075 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1102 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1096 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1097 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1076 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1108 …30} 1 => App\Models\Term {#1107 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1110 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1111 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1157 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1161 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1163 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1165 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1171 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1099} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1077} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1116} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1112} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1158} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1174 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1761546 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1176 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469666" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "62-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1593" "height" => 2527 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-1/62-1.webp?ts=1760805564" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1761546 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469666" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "62-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1593" "height" => 2527 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-1/62-1.webp?ts=1760805564" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469667" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469665" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1183 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470250 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp01-1" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1187 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1223 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1227 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1232 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1234 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470251" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470249" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1102} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469666" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470250 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp01-1" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 1" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1185} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1231} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470251" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470249" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1242} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469666" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1243 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470251 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp01-2" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1223 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1223 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1227 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1249 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1251 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470252" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470250" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1102} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469666" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470251 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp01-2" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 2" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1247} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1248} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470252" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470250" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1253} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469666" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1254 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470252 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp01-3" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1223 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1223 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1227 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1260 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1262 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470253" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470251" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1102} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469666" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470252 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp01-3" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 3" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1255} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1258} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1259} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470253" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470251" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1264} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469666" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1265 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470253 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => "63" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp01-4" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 4" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1223 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1223 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1227 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1270 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1271 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1273 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470254" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470252" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1275 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1102} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469666" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470253 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "62" "field_page_end" => "63" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp01-4" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 4" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1266} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1267} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1268} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1269} "content" => 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#attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
Вариант 1 (с. 62)
Условие. Вариант 1 (с. 62)
скриншот условия
Вариант 1
1. Какими двумя способами можно изменить внутреннюю энергию тела?
2. Кусок свинца можно нагреть разными способами: ударяя по нему молотком, помещая его в пламя горелки или в горячую воду. Можно ли утверждать, что во всех этих случаях увеличилась внутренняя энергия куска свинца?
3. Молоток будет нагреваться, когда им отбивают косу и когда он лежит на солнце в жаркий летний день. Назовите способы изменения внутренней энергии молотка в обоих случаях.
Решение. Вариант 1 (с. 62)
1. Внутренняя энергия тела — это сумма кинетической энергии хаотического движения всех его молекул (или атомов) и потенциальной энергии их взаимодействия друг с другом. Согласно первому закону термодинамики, изменение внутренней энергии ($\Delta U$) системы равно сумме количества теплоты, переданного системе ($\text{Q}$), и работы, совершённой над системой внешними силами ($\text{A}$): $\Delta U = Q + A$. Из этого следует, что изменить внутреннюю энергию тела можно двумя способами:
1. Совершение механической работы над телом или самим телом. Если над телом совершают работу (например, при сжатии газа, трении или ударе), его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Если тело само совершает работу (например, газ расширяется и толкает поршень), его внутренняя энергия уменьшается.
2. Теплопередача (или теплообмен). Это процесс передачи энергии от более нагретого тела к менее нагретому без совершения работы. Теплопередача может осуществляться тремя способами: теплопроводностью, конвекцией и излучением. Если тело получает некоторое количество теплоты, его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Если тело отдает тепло, его внутренняя энергия уменьшается.
Ответ: Внутреннюю энергию тела можно изменить путем совершения работы и путем теплопередачи.
2. Нагревание тела означает повышение его температуры. Повышение температуры тела (при отсутствии фазовых переходов) всегда свидетельствует об увеличении его внутренней энергии, так как увеличивается кинетическая энергия хаотического движения составляющих его частиц. Рассмотрим все три случая:
1. Удары молотком по куску свинца — это совершение механической работы над свинцом. Кинетическая энергия молотка при ударе переходит во внутреннюю энергию свинца, что приводит к его нагреву.
2. Помещение в пламя горелки — это изменение внутренней энергии путем теплопередачи. Кусок свинца получает энергию от пламени за счет теплопроводности и излучения.
3. Помещение в горячую воду — это также изменение внутренней энергии путем теплопередачи (в основном, за счет теплопроводности) от более нагретой воды к более холодному свинцу.
Во всех трех описанных случаях кусок свинца нагревается, следовательно, его внутренняя энергия увеличивается.
Ответ: Да, можно утверждать, что во всех этих случаях внутренняя энергия куска свинца увеличилась.
3. В обоих случаях молоток нагревается, то есть его внутренняя энергия увеличивается. Однако способы изменения этой энергии различны.
1. Когда молотком отбивают косу, происходит его соударение с металлом косы. При ударе совершается механическая работа (происходит деформация металла), в результате которой часть механической энергии переходит во внутреннюю энергию как молотка, так и косы. Таким образом, в этом случае внутренняя энергия молотка изменяется за счет совершения работы.
2. Когда молоток лежит на солнце, он поглощает энергию солнечного излучения. Это процесс теплопередачи, а именно — лучистый теплообмен (излучение). Электромагнитные волны, идущие от Солнца, передают свою энергию молотку, увеличивая его внутреннюю энергию и температуру.
Ответ: В первом случае (когда отбивают косу) внутренняя энергия молотка увеличивается за счет совершения механической работы. Во втором случае (когда он лежит на солнце) — за счет теплопередачи путем излучения.
Другие задания:
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