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Вариант 9, страница 75 - гдз по физике 8 класс дидактические материалы Марон, Марон
Авторы: Марон А. Е., Марон Е. А.
Тип: Дидактические материалы
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2022 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Цвет обложки: белый
ISBN: 978-5-09-111138-5
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Самостоятельные работы. СР-5. Испарение и конденсация. Влажность воздуха. Кипение - страница 75.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470298 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "75" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-9" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1035 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1039 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1071 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1075 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1107 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469783 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "СР-5. Испарение и конденсация. Влажность воздуха. Кипение" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "73" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1110 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null 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#classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1142 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" 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Испарение и конденсация. Влажность воздуха. Кипение" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108} "field_page_start" => "73" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1196 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1760872 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1197 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1201 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1199} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1200} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1201} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1202} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470298" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 9</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Почему ожоги от стоградусного водяного пара сильнее, чем от кипятка?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Чему равна относительная влажность воздуха, если при температуре $5°C$ абсолютная влажность воздуха равна $6,12 \cdot 10^{-3} \frac{\text{кг}}{\text{м}^3}$?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты необходимо затратить, чтобы 400 г воды при температуре $20°C$ довести до кипения и 40 г её превратить в пар?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1446" "height" => 649 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp05/9-1.webp?ts=1760803270" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1760872 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1205} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470298" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 9</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Почему ожоги от стоградусного водяного пара сильнее, чем от кипятка?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Чему равна относительная влажность воздуха, если при температуре $5°C$ абсолютная влажность воздуха равна $6,12 \cdot 10^{-3} \frac{\text{кг}}{\text{м}^3}$?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты необходимо затратить, чтобы 400 г воды при температуре $20°C$ довести до кипения и 40 г её превратить в пар?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "9-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1446" "height" => 649 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp05/9-1.webp?ts=1760803270" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1203 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1820287 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1213 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1204 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1207} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1208} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1209} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1210} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470298" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Почему ожоги от стоградусного водяного пара сильнее, чем от кипятка?</p><p>Ожоги от водяного пара при температуре 100 °C оказываются значительно сильнее, чем ожоги от кипятка (воды при той же температуре 100 °C), из-за дополнительной энергии, которая выделяется при конденсации пара.</p><p>Процесс передачи тепла коже можно разделить на этапы:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Когда на кожу попадает кипяток, он отдает теплоту, остывая. Количество этой теплоты определяется формулой $Q_1 = c \cdot m \cdot \Delta t$, где $\text{c}$ – удельная теплоемкость воды, $\text{m}$ – масса воды, а $\Delta t$ – разность температур.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Когда на кожу попадает водяной пар, сначала происходит его конденсация – переход из газообразного состояния в жидкое. Этот фазовый переход сопровождается выделением большого количества энергии, называемой удельной теплотой парообразования ($\text{L}$). Количество этой теплоты равно $Q_2 = L \cdot m$.</p><p>Только после конденсации образовавшаяся вода, имеющая температуру 100 °C, начинает остывать, отдавая дополнительное количество теплоты $Q_1$.</p><p>Таким образом, общее количество теплоты, которое получает кожа от пара, равно сумме теплоты конденсации и теплоты остывания: $Q_{общ} = Q_2 + Q_1$. Удельная теплота парообразования воды очень велика (около $2,3 \cdot 10^6$ Дж/кг), поэтому именно энергия, выделившаяся при конденсации, вносит основной вклад в ожог и приводит к более тяжелым повреждениям тканей.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Ожоги от стоградусного пара сильнее, потому что при его конденсации на коже выделяется большое количество дополнительной теплоты (удельная теплота парообразования), сверх той теплоты, которую отдает остывающая вода.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Чему равна относительная влажность воздуха, если при температуре 5 °С абсолютная влажность воздуха равна 6,12·10<sup>-3</sup> кг/м<sup>3</sup>?</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Температура воздуха, $t = 5$ °С</p><p>Абсолютная влажность, $\rho_a = 6,12 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3$</p><p>Плотность насыщенного водяного пара при 5 °С (табличное значение), $\rho_s \approx 6,8 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Относительная влажность, $\phi$ - ?</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Относительная влажность воздуха ($\phi$) определяется как отношение абсолютной влажности ($\rho_a$) к плотности ($\rho_s$) насыщенного водяного пара при той же температуре, выраженное в процентах.</p><p>Формула для расчета относительной влажности:</p><p>$\phi = \frac{\rho_a}{\rho_s} \cdot 100\%$</p><p>Подставим известные значения в формулу:</p><p>$\phi = \frac{6,12 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3}{6,8 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3} \cdot 100\%$</p><p>$\phi = \frac{6,12}{6,8} \cdot 100\% = 0,9 \cdot 100\% = 90\%$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Относительная влажность воздуха равна $90\%$.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты необходимо затратить, чтобы 400 г воды при температуре 20 °С довести до кипения и 40 г её превратить в пар?</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Общая масса воды, $m_1 = 400$ г</p><p>Масса испаряемой воды, $m_2 = 40$ г</p><p>Начальная температура воды, $t_{нач} = 20$ °С</p><p>Температура кипения воды, $t_{кип} = 100$ °С</p><p>Удельная теплоемкость воды, $c = 4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$</p><p>Удельная теплота парообразования воды, $L = 2,3 \cdot 10^6 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг}}$</p><p><em>Перевод в систему СИ:</em></p><p>$m_1 = 400 \text{ г} = 0,4 \text{ кг}$</p><p>$m_2 = 40 \text{ г} = 0,04 \text{ кг}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Общее количество теплоты, $Q_{общ}$ - ?</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Процесс состоит из двух этапов, и общее количество теплоты будет суммой теплоты, затраченной на каждом этапе.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Нагревание всей массы воды ($m_1$) от начальной температуры до температуры кипения. Количество теплоты для этого процесса ($Q_{нагр}$) рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_{нагр} = c \cdot m_1 \cdot (t_{кип} - t_{нач})$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Превращение части воды ($m_2$) в пар при температуре кипения. Количество теплоты для этого процесса ($Q_{пар}$) рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_{пар} = L \cdot m_2$</p><p>Общее количество теплоты ($Q_{общ}$) равно сумме:</p><p>$Q_{общ} = Q_{нагр} + Q_{пар} = c \cdot m_1 \cdot (t_{кип} - t_{нач}) + L \cdot m_2$</p><p>Вычислим $Q_{нагр}$:</p><p>$Q_{нагр} = 4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}} \cdot 0,4 \text{ кг} \cdot (100 \text{ °С} - 20 \text{ °С}) = 4200 \cdot 0,4 \cdot 80 = 134400 \text{ Дж}$</p><p>Вычислим $Q_{пар}$:</p><p>$Q_{пар} = 2,3 \cdot 10^6 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг}} \cdot 0,04 \text{ кг} = 92000 \text{ Дж}$</p><p>Найдем общее количество теплоты:</p><p>$Q_{общ} = 134400 \text{ Дж} + 92000 \text{ Дж} = 226400 \text{ Дж}$</p><p>Результат можно выразить в килоджоулях: $226400 \text{ Дж} = 226,4 \text{ кДж}$.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Необходимо затратить 226400 Дж (или 226,4 кДж) теплоты.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1820287 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1213} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470298" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Почему ожоги от стоградусного водяного пара сильнее, чем от кипятка?</p><p>Ожоги от водяного пара при температуре 100 °C оказываются значительно сильнее, чем ожоги от кипятка (воды при той же температуре 100 °C), из-за дополнительной энергии, которая выделяется при конденсации пара.</p><p>Процесс передачи тепла коже можно разделить на этапы:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Когда на кожу попадает кипяток, он отдает теплоту, остывая. Количество этой теплоты определяется формулой $Q_1 = c \cdot m \cdot \Delta t$, где $\text{c}$ – удельная теплоемкость воды, $\text{m}$ – масса воды, а $\Delta t$ – разность температур.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Когда на кожу попадает водяной пар, сначала происходит его конденсация – переход из газообразного состояния в жидкое. Этот фазовый переход сопровождается выделением большого количества энергии, называемой удельной теплотой парообразования ($\text{L}$). Количество этой теплоты равно $Q_2 = L \cdot m$.</p><p>Только после конденсации образовавшаяся вода, имеющая температуру 100 °C, начинает остывать, отдавая дополнительное количество теплоты $Q_1$.</p><p>Таким образом, общее количество теплоты, которое получает кожа от пара, равно сумме теплоты конденсации и теплоты остывания: $Q_{общ} = Q_2 + Q_1$. Удельная теплота парообразования воды очень велика (около $2,3 \cdot 10^6$ Дж/кг), поэтому именно энергия, выделившаяся при конденсации, вносит основной вклад в ожог и приводит к более тяжелым повреждениям тканей.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Ожоги от стоградусного пара сильнее, потому что при его конденсации на коже выделяется большое количество дополнительной теплоты (удельная теплота парообразования), сверх той теплоты, которую отдает остывающая вода.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Чему равна относительная влажность воздуха, если при температуре 5 °С абсолютная влажность воздуха равна 6,12·10<sup>-3</sup> кг/м<sup>3</sup>?</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Температура воздуха, $t = 5$ °С</p><p>Абсолютная влажность, $\rho_a = 6,12 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3$</p><p>Плотность насыщенного водяного пара при 5 °С (табличное значение), $\rho_s \approx 6,8 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Относительная влажность, $\phi$ - ?</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Относительная влажность воздуха ($\phi$) определяется как отношение абсолютной влажности ($\rho_a$) к плотности ($\rho_s$) насыщенного водяного пара при той же температуре, выраженное в процентах.</p><p>Формула для расчета относительной влажности:</p><p>$\phi = \frac{\rho_a}{\rho_s} \cdot 100\%$</p><p>Подставим известные значения в формулу:</p><p>$\phi = \frac{6,12 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3}{6,8 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3} \cdot 100\%$</p><p>$\phi = \frac{6,12}{6,8} \cdot 100\% = 0,9 \cdot 100\% = 90\%$</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Относительная влажность воздуха равна $90\%$.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты необходимо затратить, чтобы 400 г воды при температуре 20 °С довести до кипения и 40 г её превратить в пар?</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>Общая масса воды, $m_1 = 400$ г</p><p>Масса испаряемой воды, $m_2 = 40$ г</p><p>Начальная температура воды, $t_{нач} = 20$ °С</p><p>Температура кипения воды, $t_{кип} = 100$ °С</p><p>Удельная теплоемкость воды, $c = 4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$</p><p>Удельная теплота парообразования воды, $L = 2,3 \cdot 10^6 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг}}$</p><p><em>Перевод в систему СИ:</em></p><p>$m_1 = 400 \text{ г} = 0,4 \text{ кг}$</p><p>$m_2 = 40 \text{ г} = 0,04 \text{ кг}$</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Общее количество теплоты, $Q_{общ}$ - ?</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Процесс состоит из двух этапов, и общее количество теплоты будет суммой теплоты, затраченной на каждом этапе.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Нагревание всей массы воды ($m_1$) от начальной температуры до температуры кипения. Количество теплоты для этого процесса ($Q_{нагр}$) рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_{нагр} = c \cdot m_1 \cdot (t_{кип} - t_{нач})$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Превращение части воды ($m_2$) в пар при температуре кипения. Количество теплоты для этого процесса ($Q_{пар}$) рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_{пар} = L \cdot m_2$</p><p>Общее количество теплоты ($Q_{общ}$) равно сумме:</p><p>$Q_{общ} = Q_{нагр} + Q_{пар} = c \cdot m_1 \cdot (t_{кип} - t_{нач}) + L \cdot m_2$</p><p>Вычислим $Q_{нагр}$:</p><p>$Q_{нагр} = 4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}} \cdot 0,4 \text{ кг} \cdot (100 \text{ °С} - 20 \text{ °С}) = 4200 \cdot 0,4 \cdot 80 = 134400 \text{ Дж}$</p><p>Вычислим $Q_{пар}$:</p><p>$Q_{пар} = 2,3 \cdot 10^6 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг}} \cdot 0,04 \text{ кг} = 92000 \text{ Дж}$</p><p>Найдем общее количество теплоты:</p><p>$Q_{общ} = 134400 \text{ Дж} + 92000 \text{ Дж} = 226400 \text{ Дж}$</p><p>Результат можно выразить в килоджоулях: $226400 \text{ Дж} = 226,4 \text{ кДж}$.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Необходимо затратить 226400 Дж (или 226,4 кДж) теплоты.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] 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"field_patronymic" => "Евсеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1187 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1191 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1192 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null …4 ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1211 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1215 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1216 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1218 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1220 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1226 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1181} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1195} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1189} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1215} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1217} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1219} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1221} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1222} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1223} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1224} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1243 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1242 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1469679 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "75" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/page-75" "field_display_title" => "75" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "75" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1244 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1245 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1193} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1246 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1256 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1255 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1761559 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1761559 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1257 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469680" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1447 #items: array:4 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1457 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470297 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => "75" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-8" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 8" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1458 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1459 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1461 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1478 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1480 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470297 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => "75" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-8" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 8" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1458 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1459 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1461 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1478 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1480 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1479 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470298 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "75" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-9" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1481 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1482 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1483 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1484 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1485 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1486 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470298 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "75" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-9" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1481 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] 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Вариант 9 (с. 75)
Условие. Вариант 9 (с. 75)
скриншот условия
Вариант 9
1. Почему ожоги от стоградусного водяного пара сильнее, чем от кипятка?
2. Чему равна относительная влажность воздуха, если при температуре $5°C$ абсолютная влажность воздуха равна $6,12 \cdot 10^{-3} \frac{\text{кг}}{\text{м}^3}$?
3. Какое количество теплоты необходимо затратить, чтобы 400 г воды при температуре $20°C$ довести до кипения и 40 г её превратить в пар?
Решение. Вариант 9 (с. 75)
1. Почему ожоги от стоградусного водяного пара сильнее, чем от кипятка?
Ожоги от водяного пара при температуре 100 °C оказываются значительно сильнее, чем ожоги от кипятка (воды при той же температуре 100 °C), из-за дополнительной энергии, которая выделяется при конденсации пара.
Процесс передачи тепла коже можно разделить на этапы:
1. Когда на кожу попадает кипяток, он отдает теплоту, остывая. Количество этой теплоты определяется формулой $Q_1 = c \cdot m \cdot \Delta t$, где $\text{c}$ – удельная теплоемкость воды, $\text{m}$ – масса воды, а $\Delta t$ – разность температур.
2. Когда на кожу попадает водяной пар, сначала происходит его конденсация – переход из газообразного состояния в жидкое. Этот фазовый переход сопровождается выделением большого количества энергии, называемой удельной теплотой парообразования ($\text{L}$). Количество этой теплоты равно $Q_2 = L \cdot m$.
Только после конденсации образовавшаяся вода, имеющая температуру 100 °C, начинает остывать, отдавая дополнительное количество теплоты $Q_1$.
Таким образом, общее количество теплоты, которое получает кожа от пара, равно сумме теплоты конденсации и теплоты остывания: $Q_{общ} = Q_2 + Q_1$. Удельная теплота парообразования воды очень велика (около $2,3 \cdot 10^6$ Дж/кг), поэтому именно энергия, выделившаяся при конденсации, вносит основной вклад в ожог и приводит к более тяжелым повреждениям тканей.
Ответ: Ожоги от стоградусного пара сильнее, потому что при его конденсации на коже выделяется большое количество дополнительной теплоты (удельная теплота парообразования), сверх той теплоты, которую отдает остывающая вода.
2. Чему равна относительная влажность воздуха, если при температуре 5 °С абсолютная влажность воздуха равна 6,12·10-3 кг/м3?
Дано:
Температура воздуха, $t = 5$ °С
Абсолютная влажность, $\rho_a = 6,12 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3$
Плотность насыщенного водяного пара при 5 °С (табличное значение), $\rho_s \approx 6,8 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3$
Найти:
Относительная влажность, $\phi$ - ?
Решение:
Относительная влажность воздуха ($\phi$) определяется как отношение абсолютной влажности ($\rho_a$) к плотности ($\rho_s$) насыщенного водяного пара при той же температуре, выраженное в процентах.
Формула для расчета относительной влажности:
$\phi = \frac{\rho_a}{\rho_s} \cdot 100\%$
Подставим известные значения в формулу:
$\phi = \frac{6,12 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3}{6,8 \cdot 10^{-3} \text{ кг/м}^3} \cdot 100\%$
$\phi = \frac{6,12}{6,8} \cdot 100\% = 0,9 \cdot 100\% = 90\%$
Ответ: Относительная влажность воздуха равна $90\%$.
3. Какое количество теплоты необходимо затратить, чтобы 400 г воды при температуре 20 °С довести до кипения и 40 г её превратить в пар?
Дано:
Общая масса воды, $m_1 = 400$ г
Масса испаряемой воды, $m_2 = 40$ г
Начальная температура воды, $t_{нач} = 20$ °С
Температура кипения воды, $t_{кип} = 100$ °С
Удельная теплоемкость воды, $c = 4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}}$
Удельная теплота парообразования воды, $L = 2,3 \cdot 10^6 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг}}$
Перевод в систему СИ:
$m_1 = 400 \text{ г} = 0,4 \text{ кг}$
$m_2 = 40 \text{ г} = 0,04 \text{ кг}$
Найти:
Общее количество теплоты, $Q_{общ}$ - ?
Решение:
Процесс состоит из двух этапов, и общее количество теплоты будет суммой теплоты, затраченной на каждом этапе.
1. Нагревание всей массы воды ($m_1$) от начальной температуры до температуры кипения. Количество теплоты для этого процесса ($Q_{нагр}$) рассчитывается по формуле:
$Q_{нагр} = c \cdot m_1 \cdot (t_{кип} - t_{нач})$
2. Превращение части воды ($m_2$) в пар при температуре кипения. Количество теплоты для этого процесса ($Q_{пар}$) рассчитывается по формуле:
$Q_{пар} = L \cdot m_2$
Общее количество теплоты ($Q_{общ}$) равно сумме:
$Q_{общ} = Q_{нагр} + Q_{пар} = c \cdot m_1 \cdot (t_{кип} - t_{нач}) + L \cdot m_2$
Вычислим $Q_{нагр}$:
$Q_{нагр} = 4200 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг} \cdot \text{°C}} \cdot 0,4 \text{ кг} \cdot (100 \text{ °С} - 20 \text{ °С}) = 4200 \cdot 0,4 \cdot 80 = 134400 \text{ Дж}$
Вычислим $Q_{пар}$:
$Q_{пар} = 2,3 \cdot 10^6 \frac{\text{Дж}}{\text{кг}} \cdot 0,04 \text{ кг} = 92000 \text{ Дж}$
Найдем общее количество теплоты:
$Q_{общ} = 134400 \text{ Дж} + 92000 \text{ Дж} = 226400 \text{ Дж}$
Результат можно выразить в килоджоулях: $226400 \text{ Дж} = 226,4 \text{ кДж}$.
Ответ: Необходимо затратить 226400 Дж (или 226,4 кДж) теплоты.
Другие задания:
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