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Вариант 6, страница 74 - гдз по физике 8 класс дидактические материалы Марон, Марон
Авторы: Марон А. Е., Марон Е. А.
Тип: Дидактические материалы
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2022 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Цвет обложки: белый
ISBN: 978-5-09-111138-5
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Самостоятельные работы. СР-5. Испарение и конденсация. Влажность воздуха. Кипение - страница 74.
App\Models\Task {#1024 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470295 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-6" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#331 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1029 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#342 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1023 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1033 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1032 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1035 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1037 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1039 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5107 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Абрам" "field_patronymic" => "Евсеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5107 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Абрам" "field_patronymic" => "Евсеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1040 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1043 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1051 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1053 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1055 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "белый" "field_creative_case" => "белым" "field_dative_case" => "белому" "field_genitive_case" => "белого" "field_nominative_case" => "белый" "field_prepositional_case" => "белом" ] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "белый" "field_creative_case" => "белым" "field_dative_case" => "белому" "field_genitive_case" => "белого" "field_nominative_case" => "белый" "field_prepositional_case" => "белом" ] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1023} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#342} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469783 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "СР-5. Испарение и конденсация. Влажность воздуха. Кипение" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "73" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1033} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1071 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ …50] #original: array:50 [ …50] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469783 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "СР-5. Испарение и конденсация. Влажность воздуха. Кипение" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_page_start" => "73" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1104 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1760869 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1106 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1108 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1107} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1110} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470295" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 6</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Почему летом разбрызгивание воды в комнате заметно понижает в ней температуру воздуха?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Почему кипящая в чайнике вода сразу же перестаёт кипеть, как только чайник снимают с огня?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты необходимо затратить, чтобы 30 г спирта, взятого при температуре $28^\circ C$, нагреть до кипения и обратить в пар? Начертите примерный график процессов, происходящих со спиртом.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "6-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1449" "height" => 643 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp05/6-1.webp?ts=1760803270" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1760869 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1105} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470295" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 6</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Почему летом разбрызгивание воды в комнате заметно понижает в ней температуру воздуха?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Почему кипящая в чайнике вода сразу же перестаёт кипеть, как только чайник снимают с огня?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты необходимо затратить, чтобы 30 г спирта, взятого при температуре $28^\circ C$, нагреть до кипения и обратить в пар? Начертите примерный график процессов, происходящих со спиртом.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "6-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1449" "height" => 643 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp05/6-1.webp?ts=1760803270" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1112 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1820284 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1114 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1116 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1119} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470295" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> При разбрызгивании воды образуется множество мелких капель, что значительно увеличивает общую площадь поверхности жидкости, соприкасающейся с воздухом. Это приводит к интенсивному испарению воды. Испарение — это процесс фазового перехода вещества из жидкого состояния в газообразное (пар). Этот процесс является эндотермическим, то есть для его осуществления требуется энергия. Эту энергию, называемую теплотой парообразования, вода забирает из окружающей среды, в данном случае — из воздуха в комнате. В результате отбора тепла внутренняя энергия воздуха уменьшается, что и приводит к понижению его температуры.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Разбрызгивание воды увеличивает площадь её поверхности, что ускоряет испарение. Процесс испарения требует энергии (теплоты), которая забирается из окружающего воздуха, тем самым охлаждая его.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Кипение — это интенсивный процесс парообразования, который происходит не только с поверхности, но и по всему объёму жидкости. Для поддержания кипения необходим непрерывный и достаточный подвод тепловой энергии извне. Эта энергия расходуется на преодоление межмолекулярных сил и превращение воды в пар при постоянной температуре (температуре кипения). Когда чайник снимают с огня, внешний источник тепла перестает действовать. Без постоянного притока энергии процесс образования пузырьков пара во всем объеме жидкости прекращается, так как нет энергии для этого фазового перехода. Поэтому кипение сразу же останавливается, хотя вода еще некоторое время остается очень горячей и продолжает испаряться с поверхности.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Кипение — это процесс, требующий постоянного подвода большого количества теплоты. Когда чайник снимают с огня, подвод теплоты прекращается, и процесс кипения мгновенно останавливается.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> <strong>Дано</strong></p><p>m = 30 г = 0.03 кг<br>t<sub>1</sub> = 28 °C<br>c (удельная теплоёмкость спирта) ≈ 2400 Дж/(кг·°C)<br>t<sub>кип</sub> (температура кипения спирта) ≈ 78 °C<br>L (удельная теплота парообразования спирта) ≈ $9 \cdot 10^5$ Дж/кг</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Q - ?</p><p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>Общее количество теплоты $\text{Q}$ складывается из двух частей: количества теплоты $Q_1$, необходимого для нагревания спирта до температуры кипения, и количества теплоты $Q_2$, необходимого для его полного испарения при температуре кипения.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Найдём количество теплоты $Q_1$, необходимое для нагревания спирта от начальной температуры $t_1$ до температуры кипения $t_{кип}$.</p><p>$Q_1 = c \cdot m \cdot (t_{кип} - t_1)$</p><p>$Q_1 = 2400 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °C} \cdot 0.03 \, кг \cdot (78 \, °C - 28 \, °C) = 2400 \cdot 0.03 \cdot 50 = 3600 \, Дж$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Найдём количество теплоты $Q_2$, необходимое для превращения всего спирта в пар при температуре кипения.</p><p>$Q_2 = L \cdot m$</p><p>$Q_2 = 9 \cdot 10^5 \frac{Дж}{кг} \cdot 0.03 \, кг = 27000 \, Дж$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Общее количество теплоты $\text{Q}$ равно сумме $Q_1$ и $Q_2$.</p><p>$Q = Q_1 + Q_2$</p><p>$Q = 3600 \, Дж + 27000 \, Дж = 30600 \, Дж = 30.6 \, кДж$</p><p>Примерный график зависимости температуры спирта от подведенного количества теплоты:</p><svg width="400" height="250" viewBox="0 0 400 250" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="background-color:white; border:1px solid black; margin-top:1em;"><line x1="40" y1="220" x2="380" y2="220" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><line x1="40" y1="20" x2="40" y2="220" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="360" y="240" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">Q, кДж</text><text x="10" y="120" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle" transform="rotate(-90 10,120)">T, °C</text><text x="30" y="225" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="end">0</text><line x1="35" y1="150" x2="45" y2="150" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="30" y="155" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="end">28</text><line x1="35" y1="25" x2="45" y2="25" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="30" y="30" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="end">78</text><line x1="86" y1="215" x2="86" y2="225" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="86" y="240" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="middle">3.6</text><line x1="356" y1="215" x2="356" y2="225" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="356" y="240" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="middle">30.6</text><polyline points="40,150 86,25" fill="none" stroke="blue" stroke-width="2"></polyline><polyline points="86,25 356,25" fill="none" stroke="red" stroke-width="2"></polyline></svg><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> чтобы нагреть 30 г спирта от 28 °C до кипения и полностью превратить его в пар, необходимо затратить 30600 Дж (или 30.6 кДж) теплоты.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1820284 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470295" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> При разбрызгивании воды образуется множество мелких капель, что значительно увеличивает общую площадь поверхности жидкости, соприкасающейся с воздухом. Это приводит к интенсивному испарению воды. Испарение — это процесс фазового перехода вещества из жидкого состояния в газообразное (пар). Этот процесс является эндотермическим, то есть для его осуществления требуется энергия. Эту энергию, называемую теплотой парообразования, вода забирает из окружающей среды, в данном случае — из воздуха в комнате. В результате отбора тепла внутренняя энергия воздуха уменьшается, что и приводит к понижению его температуры.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Разбрызгивание воды увеличивает площадь её поверхности, что ускоряет испарение. Процесс испарения требует энергии (теплоты), которая забирается из окружающего воздуха, тем самым охлаждая его.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Кипение — это интенсивный процесс парообразования, который происходит не только с поверхности, но и по всему объёму жидкости. Для поддержания кипения необходим непрерывный и достаточный подвод тепловой энергии извне. Эта энергия расходуется на преодоление межмолекулярных сил и превращение воды в пар при постоянной температуре (температуре кипения). Когда чайник снимают с огня, внешний источник тепла перестает действовать. Без постоянного притока энергии процесс образования пузырьков пара во всем объеме жидкости прекращается, так как нет энергии для этого фазового перехода. Поэтому кипение сразу же останавливается, хотя вода еще некоторое время остается очень горячей и продолжает испаряться с поверхности.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Кипение — это процесс, требующий постоянного подвода большого количества теплоты. Когда чайник снимают с огня, подвод теплоты прекращается, и процесс кипения мгновенно останавливается.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> <strong>Дано</strong></p><p>m = 30 г = 0.03 кг<br>t<sub>1</sub> = 28 °C<br>c (удельная теплоёмкость спирта) ≈ 2400 Дж/(кг·°C)<br>t<sub>кип</sub> (температура кипения спирта) ≈ 78 °C<br>L (удельная теплота парообразования спирта) ≈ $9 \cdot 10^5$ Дж/кг</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Q - ?</p><p><strong>Решение</strong></p><p>Общее количество теплоты $\text{Q}$ складывается из двух частей: количества теплоты $Q_1$, необходимого для нагревания спирта до температуры кипения, и количества теплоты $Q_2$, необходимого для его полного испарения при температуре кипения.</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Найдём количество теплоты $Q_1$, необходимое для нагревания спирта от начальной температуры $t_1$ до температуры кипения $t_{кип}$.</p><p>$Q_1 = c \cdot m \cdot (t_{кип} - t_1)$</p><p>$Q_1 = 2400 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °C} \cdot 0.03 \, кг \cdot (78 \, °C - 28 \, °C) = 2400 \cdot 0.03 \cdot 50 = 3600 \, Дж$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Найдём количество теплоты $Q_2$, необходимое для превращения всего спирта в пар при температуре кипения.</p><p>$Q_2 = L \cdot m$</p><p>$Q_2 = 9 \cdot 10^5 \frac{Дж}{кг} \cdot 0.03 \, кг = 27000 \, Дж$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Общее количество теплоты $\text{Q}$ равно сумме $Q_1$ и $Q_2$.</p><p>$Q = Q_1 + Q_2$</p><p>$Q = 3600 \, Дж + 27000 \, Дж = 30600 \, Дж = 30.6 \, кДж$</p><p>Примерный график зависимости температуры спирта от подведенного количества теплоты:</p><svg width="400" height="250" viewBox="0 0 400 250" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="background-color:white; border:1px solid black; margin-top:1em;"><line x1="40" y1="220" x2="380" y2="220" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><line x1="40" y1="20" x2="40" y2="220" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="360" y="240" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">Q, кДж</text><text x="10" y="120" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle" transform="rotate(-90 10,120)">T, °C</text><text x="30" y="225" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="end">0</text><line x1="35" y1="150" x2="45" y2="150" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="30" y="155" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="end">28</text><line x1="35" y1="25" x2="45" y2="25" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="30" y="30" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="end">78</text><line x1="86" y1="215" x2="86" y2="225" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="86" y="240" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="middle">3.6</text><line x1="356" y1="215" x2="356" y2="225" stroke="black" stroke-width="1"></line><text x="356" y="240" font-family="sans-serif" font-size="10" text-anchor="middle">30.6</text><polyline points="40,150 86,25" fill="none" stroke="blue" stroke-width="2"></polyline><polyline points="86,25 356,25" fill="none" stroke="red" stroke-width="2"></polyline></svg><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> чтобы нагреть 30 г спирта от 28 °C до кипения и полностью превратить его в пар, необходимо затратить 30600 Дж (или 30.6 кДж) теплоты.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470296" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470294" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1033} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1143 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] 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App\Models\Term {#1166 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1168 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1170 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1176 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1149} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1153} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1159} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1164} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1165} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1167} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1172} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1173} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1177 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1187 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1761558 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1189 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "74-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1620" "height" => 2545 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-1/74-1.webp?ts=1760805564" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1761558 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1197} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "74-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1620" "height" => 2545 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-1/74-1.webp?ts=1760805564" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469679" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469677" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1481 #items: array:5 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1493 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470293 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "73" "field_page_end" => "74" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-4" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 4" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1494 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1495 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1533 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1496 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1637 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1531 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1567 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1648 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1656 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1658 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470294" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470292" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1653 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1146} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469677" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470293 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "73" "field_page_end" => "74" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-4" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 4" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1494} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1495} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1533} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1637} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1648} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470294" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470292" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1653} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469677" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1639 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470294 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-5" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1640 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1638 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1645 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1531 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1644 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1531 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1567 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1641 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1665 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1668 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470295" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470293" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1649 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1146} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470294 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-5" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 5" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1640} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1638} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1645} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1644} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1641} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470295" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470293" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1649} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1642 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470295 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-6" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1643 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1650 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1655 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1531 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1647 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1531 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1567 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1678 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1686 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1688 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470296" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470294" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1683 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1146} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470295 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-6" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1643} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1650} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1655} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1647} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1678} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470296" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470294" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1683} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1651 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470296 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-7" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1670 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1646 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1675 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1531 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1674 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1531 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1567 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1690 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1698 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1700 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470297" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470295" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1695 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1146} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470296 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-7" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1670} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1646} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1675} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1674} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1690} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470297" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470295" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1695} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1673 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470297 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => "75" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-8" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 8" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1672 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1671 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1679 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1531 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1681 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1531 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1567 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1702 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1710 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1712 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470298" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470296" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1707 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1146} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470297 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "74" "field_page_end" => "75" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp05-8" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 8" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1672} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1671} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1679} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1681} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1702} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470298" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470296" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1707} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469678" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] 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Вариант 6 (с. 74)
Условие. Вариант 6 (с. 74)
скриншот условия
Вариант 6
1. Почему летом разбрызгивание воды в комнате заметно понижает в ней температуру воздуха?
2. Почему кипящая в чайнике вода сразу же перестаёт кипеть, как только чайник снимают с огня?
3. Какое количество теплоты необходимо затратить, чтобы 30 г спирта, взятого при температуре $28^\circ C$, нагреть до кипения и обратить в пар? Начертите примерный график процессов, происходящих со спиртом.
Решение. Вариант 6 (с. 74)
1. При разбрызгивании воды образуется множество мелких капель, что значительно увеличивает общую площадь поверхности жидкости, соприкасающейся с воздухом. Это приводит к интенсивному испарению воды. Испарение — это процесс фазового перехода вещества из жидкого состояния в газообразное (пар). Этот процесс является эндотермическим, то есть для его осуществления требуется энергия. Эту энергию, называемую теплотой парообразования, вода забирает из окружающей среды, в данном случае — из воздуха в комнате. В результате отбора тепла внутренняя энергия воздуха уменьшается, что и приводит к понижению его температуры.
Ответ: Разбрызгивание воды увеличивает площадь её поверхности, что ускоряет испарение. Процесс испарения требует энергии (теплоты), которая забирается из окружающего воздуха, тем самым охлаждая его.
2. Кипение — это интенсивный процесс парообразования, который происходит не только с поверхности, но и по всему объёму жидкости. Для поддержания кипения необходим непрерывный и достаточный подвод тепловой энергии извне. Эта энергия расходуется на преодоление межмолекулярных сил и превращение воды в пар при постоянной температуре (температуре кипения). Когда чайник снимают с огня, внешний источник тепла перестает действовать. Без постоянного притока энергии процесс образования пузырьков пара во всем объеме жидкости прекращается, так как нет энергии для этого фазового перехода. Поэтому кипение сразу же останавливается, хотя вода еще некоторое время остается очень горячей и продолжает испаряться с поверхности.
Ответ: Кипение — это процесс, требующий постоянного подвода большого количества теплоты. Когда чайник снимают с огня, подвод теплоты прекращается, и процесс кипения мгновенно останавливается.
3. Дано
m = 30 г = 0.03 кг
t1 = 28 °C
c (удельная теплоёмкость спирта) ≈ 2400 Дж/(кг·°C)
tкип (температура кипения спирта) ≈ 78 °C
L (удельная теплота парообразования спирта) ≈ $9 \cdot 10^5$ Дж/кг
Найти:
Q - ?
Решение
Общее количество теплоты $\text{Q}$ складывается из двух частей: количества теплоты $Q_1$, необходимого для нагревания спирта до температуры кипения, и количества теплоты $Q_2$, необходимого для его полного испарения при температуре кипения.
1. Найдём количество теплоты $Q_1$, необходимое для нагревания спирта от начальной температуры $t_1$ до температуры кипения $t_{кип}$.
$Q_1 = c \cdot m \cdot (t_{кип} - t_1)$
$Q_1 = 2400 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °C} \cdot 0.03 \, кг \cdot (78 \, °C - 28 \, °C) = 2400 \cdot 0.03 \cdot 50 = 3600 \, Дж$
2. Найдём количество теплоты $Q_2$, необходимое для превращения всего спирта в пар при температуре кипения.
$Q_2 = L \cdot m$
$Q_2 = 9 \cdot 10^5 \frac{Дж}{кг} \cdot 0.03 \, кг = 27000 \, Дж$
3. Общее количество теплоты $\text{Q}$ равно сумме $Q_1$ и $Q_2$.
$Q = Q_1 + Q_2$
$Q = 3600 \, Дж + 27000 \, Дж = 30600 \, Дж = 30.6 \, кДж$
Примерный график зависимости температуры спирта от подведенного количества теплоты:
Ответ: чтобы нагреть 30 г спирта от 28 °C до кипения и полностью превратить его в пар, необходимо затратить 30600 Дж (или 30.6 кДж) теплоты.
Другие задания:
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