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Вариант 10, страница 72 - гдз по физике 8 класс дидактические материалы Марон, Марон
Авторы: Марон А. Е., Марон Е. А.
Тип: Дидактические материалы
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2022 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Цвет обложки: белый
ISBN: 978-5-09-111138-5
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Самостоятельные работы. СР-4. Плавление и отвердевание - страница 72.
App\Models\Task {#1024 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470289 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp04-10" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 10" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#331 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1029 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#342 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1023 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1033 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1032 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6493 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Физика" "field_abbreviated_name" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "физику" "field_creative_case" => "физикой" "field_dative_case" => "физике" "field_genitive_case" => "физики" "field_nominative_case" => "физика" "field_prepositional_case" => "физике" ] "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_subject_type" => "technical_subject" "field_translit" => "fizika" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1035 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5457 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "8" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "восьмой" "field_creative_case" => "восьмым" "field_dative_case" => "восьмому" "field_genitive_case" => "восьмого" "field_nominative_case" => "восьмой" "field_prepositional_case" => "восьмом" ] "field_translit" => "vosmoj" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1037 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 5153 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Просвещение" "field_cases" => null "field_translit" => "prosveschenie" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1039 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5107 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Абрам" "field_patronymic" => "Евсеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5107 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Абрам" "field_patronymic" => "Евсеевич" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1040 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #original: array:12 [ "id" => 5108 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Марон" "field_bio" => null "field_degree_rp" => null "field_foreign_lang_name" => null "field_foreign_lang_patronymic" => null "field_foreign_lang_surname" => null "field_name" => "Евгений" "field_patronymic" => "Абрамович" "field_surname_rp" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1043 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 6510 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Дидактические материалы" "field_book_type_foreign" => null "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_creative_case" => "дидактическими материалами" "field_dative_case" => "дидактическим материалам" "field_genitive_case" => "дидактических материалов" "field_nominative_case" => "дидактические материалы" "field_prepositional_case" => "дидактических материалах" ] "field_plural_form" => null "field_short_name" => null "field_short_name_foreign" => null "field_translit" => "didakticheskie materialy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1045 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 9 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Россия" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "rossiya" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1047 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 15 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "Москва" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "moskva" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1051 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 38 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "базовый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "базовый" "field_creative_case" => "базовым" "field_dative_case" => "базовому" "field_genitive_case" => "базового" "field_nominative_case" => "базовый" "field_prepositional_case" => "базовом" ] "field_translit" => "bazovyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1053 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #original: array:10 [ "id" => 25 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "ФГОС (новый)" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_color" => "красный" "field_end_year" => "2027" "field_start_year" => "2023" "field_translit" => "fgos" "field_type" => "новый" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1055 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 33 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "стереотипное" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => null "field_creative_case" => null "field_dative_case" => null "field_genitive_case" => null "field_nominative_case" => null "field_prepositional_case" => null ] "field_translit" => "stereotipnoe" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1061 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "белый" "field_creative_case" => "белым" "field_dative_case" => "белому" "field_genitive_case" => "белого" "field_nominative_case" => "белый" "field_prepositional_case" => "белом" ] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ "field_accusative_case" => "белый" "field_creative_case" => "белым" "field_dative_case" => "белому" "field_genitive_case" => "белого" "field_nominative_case" => "белый" "field_prepositional_case" => "белом" ] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1030} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1041} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1048} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1059} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1023} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#333} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1064 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1033} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1068 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469782 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "СР-4. Плавление и отвердевание" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "70" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1033} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#342} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469782 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "СР-4. Плавление и отвердевание" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1069} "field_page_start" => "70" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1071} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1073 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1760863 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1075 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1077 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1079} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470289" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 10</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Из чайника налили чай в стакан с сахаром и в стакан без сахара. В каком стакане чай будет холоднее?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> При трении одного куска льда о другой лёд тает. Какие превращения энергии при этом происходят?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты пошло на приготовление в полярных условиях питьевой воды из льда массой 10 кг, взятого при температуре $-20 ^{\circ}\text{C}$, если температура воды должна быть $15 ^{\circ}\text{C}$? Начертите примерный график процессов, происходящих со льдом и водой.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "10-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1460" "height" => 747 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp04/10-1.webp?ts=1760803270" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1760863 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470289" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 10</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Из чайника налили чай в стакан с сахаром и в стакан без сахара. В каком стакане чай будет холоднее?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> При трении одного куска льда о другой лёд тает. Какие превращения энергии при этом происходят?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты пошло на приготовление в полярных условиях питьевой воды из льда массой 10 кг, взятого при температуре $-20 ^{\circ}\text{C}$, если температура воды должна быть $15 ^{\circ}\text{C}$? Начертите примерный график процессов, происходящих со льдом и водой.</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "10-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1460" "height" => 747 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp04/10-1.webp?ts=1760803270" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1081 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1820278 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1083 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1085 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1084} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1087} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470289" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Из чайника налили чай в стакан с сахаром и в стакан без сахара. В каком стакане чай будет холоднее?</p><p>Чай будет холоднее в стакане с сахаром. Растворение сахара — это эндотермический процесс, то есть процесс, который требует затрат энергии. Когда сахар растворяется, он забирает часть тепловой энергии у чая для разрушения своей кристаллической решетки. В результате температура чая с сахаром понижается.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Чай будет холоднее в стакане с сахаром.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> При трении одного куска льда о другой лёд тает. Какие превращения энергии при этом происходят?</p><p>При трении одного куска льда о другой совершается механическая работа против сил трения. Согласно закону сохранения энергии, эта работа не исчезает, а преобразуется во внутреннюю энергию льда. Увеличение внутренней энергии приводит к повышению температуры льда в месте трения до температуры плавления (0 °C) и последующему его таянию. Таким образом, происходит превращение механической энергии во внутреннюю энергию.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Происходит превращение механической энергии во внутреннюю.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты пошло на приготовление в полярных условиях питьевой воды из льда массой 10 кг, взятого при температуре -20 °C, если температура воды должна быть 15 °C? Начертите примерный график процессов, происходящих со льдом и водой.</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>масса льда, $m = 10 \text{ кг}$<br>начальная температура льда, $t_1 = -20 \text{ °C}$<br>конечная температура воды, $t_2 = 15 \text{ °C}$<br>температура плавления льда, $t_{пл} = 0 \text{ °C}$<br>удельная теплоемкость льда, $c_л = 2100 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С}$<br>удельная теплота плавления льда, $\lambda = 3.3 \cdot 10^5 \frac{Дж}{кг}$<br>удельная теплоемкость воды, $c_в = 4200 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С}$</p><p>Все данные представлены в системе СИ или совместимых с ней единицах, перевод не требуется.</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Общее количество теплоты, $Q_{общ}$ - ?</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Процесс приготовления воды из льда можно разделить на три этапа:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Нагревание льда от начальной температуры $t_1$ до температуры плавления $t_{пл}$. Количество теплоты $Q_1$, необходимое для этого, рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_1 = c_л \cdot m \cdot (t_{пл} - t_1)$</p><p>$Q_1 = 2100 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С} \cdot 10 \text{ кг} \cdot (0 \text{ °C} - (-20 \text{ °C})) = 2100 \cdot 10 \cdot 20 = 420000 \text{ Дж} = 0.42 \text{ МДж}$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Плавление льда при постоянной температуре $t_{пл}$. Количество теплоты $Q_2$, необходимое для этого, рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_2 = \lambda \cdot m$</p><p>$Q_2 = 3.3 \cdot 10^5 \frac{Дж}{кг} \cdot 10 \text{ кг} = 3300000 \text{ Дж} = 3.3 \text{ МДж}$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Нагревание полученной воды от температуры плавления $t_{пл}$ до конечной температуры $t_2$. Количество теплоты $Q_3$, необходимое для этого, рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_3 = c_в \cdot m \cdot (t_2 - t_{пл})$</p><p>$Q_3 = 4200 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С} \cdot 10 \text{ кг} \cdot (15 \text{ °C} - 0 \text{ °C}) = 4200 \cdot 10 \cdot 15 = 630000 \text{ Дж} = 0.63 \text{ МДж}$</p><p>Общее количество теплоты $Q_{общ}$ равно сумме количеств теплоты на каждом этапе:</p><p>$Q_{общ} = Q_1 + Q_2 + Q_3$</p><p>$Q_{общ} = 420000 \text{ Дж} + 3300000 \text{ Дж} + 630000 \text{ Дж} = 4350000 \text{ Дж} = 4.35 \text{ МДж}$</p><p>Примерный график процессов, происходящих со льдом и водой (зависимость температуры от подведенного количества теплоты):</p><svg width="500" height="350" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><!-- Axes --><line x1="50" y1="300" x2="480" y2="300" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"></line><line x1="50" y1="300" x2="50" y2="20" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"></line><!-- Axis labels --><text x="485" y="305" font-family="Arial" font-size="14">Q, МДж</text><text x="5" y="30" font-family="Arial" font-size="14">T, °C</text><!-- Ticks and labels on Y axis --><line x1="45" y1="300" x2="55" y2="300" stroke="black"></line><text x="20" y="305" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">-20</text><line x1="45" y1="170" x2="55" y2="170" stroke="black"></line><text x="30" y="175" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">0</text><line x1="45" y1="50" x2="55" y2="50" stroke="black"></line><text x="25" y="55" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">15</text><!-- Ticks and labels on X axis --><text x="40" y="315" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">0</text><line x1="94" y1="295" x2="94" y2="305" stroke="black"></line><text x="80" y="320" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">0.42</text><line x1="416" y1="295" x2="416" y2="305" stroke="black"></line><text x="402" y="320" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">3.72</text><line x1="465" y1="295" x2="465" y2="305" stroke="black"></line><text x="451" y="320" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">4.35</text><!-- Graph polyline --><polyline points="50,300 94,170 416,170 465,50" fill="none" stroke="blue" stroke-width="3"></polyline><!-- Section labels --><text x="55" y="250" font-family="Arial" font-size="12" fill="darkred">Нагрев льда</text><text x="190" y="160" font-family="Arial" font-size="12" fill="darkred">Плавление льда</text><text x="400" y="130" font-family="Arial" font-size="12" fill="darkred">Нагрев воды</text></svg><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> $4.35 \text{ МДж}$</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1820278 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470289" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Из чайника налили чай в стакан с сахаром и в стакан без сахара. В каком стакане чай будет холоднее?</p><p>Чай будет холоднее в стакане с сахаром. Растворение сахара — это эндотермический процесс, то есть процесс, который требует затрат энергии. Когда сахар растворяется, он забирает часть тепловой энергии у чая для разрушения своей кристаллической решетки. В результате температура чая с сахаром понижается.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Чай будет холоднее в стакане с сахаром.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> При трении одного куска льда о другой лёд тает. Какие превращения энергии при этом происходят?</p><p>При трении одного куска льда о другой совершается механическая работа против сил трения. Согласно закону сохранения энергии, эта работа не исчезает, а преобразуется во внутреннюю энергию льда. Увеличение внутренней энергии приводит к повышению температуры льда в месте трения до температуры плавления (0 °C) и последующему его таянию. Таким образом, происходит превращение механической энергии во внутреннюю энергию.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Происходит превращение механической энергии во внутреннюю.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какое количество теплоты пошло на приготовление в полярных условиях питьевой воды из льда массой 10 кг, взятого при температуре -20 °C, если температура воды должна быть 15 °C? Начертите примерный график процессов, происходящих со льдом и водой.</p><p><strong>Дано:</strong></p><p>масса льда, $m = 10 \text{ кг}$<br>начальная температура льда, $t_1 = -20 \text{ °C}$<br>конечная температура воды, $t_2 = 15 \text{ °C}$<br>температура плавления льда, $t_{пл} = 0 \text{ °C}$<br>удельная теплоемкость льда, $c_л = 2100 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С}$<br>удельная теплота плавления льда, $\lambda = 3.3 \cdot 10^5 \frac{Дж}{кг}$<br>удельная теплоемкость воды, $c_в = 4200 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С}$</p><p>Все данные представлены в системе СИ или совместимых с ней единицах, перевод не требуется.</p><p><strong>Найти:</strong></p><p>Общее количество теплоты, $Q_{общ}$ - ?</p><p><strong>Решение:</strong></p><p>Процесс приготовления воды из льда можно разделить на три этапа:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Нагревание льда от начальной температуры $t_1$ до температуры плавления $t_{пл}$. Количество теплоты $Q_1$, необходимое для этого, рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_1 = c_л \cdot m \cdot (t_{пл} - t_1)$</p><p>$Q_1 = 2100 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С} \cdot 10 \text{ кг} \cdot (0 \text{ °C} - (-20 \text{ °C})) = 2100 \cdot 10 \cdot 20 = 420000 \text{ Дж} = 0.42 \text{ МДж}$</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Плавление льда при постоянной температуре $t_{пл}$. Количество теплоты $Q_2$, необходимое для этого, рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_2 = \lambda \cdot m$</p><p>$Q_2 = 3.3 \cdot 10^5 \frac{Дж}{кг} \cdot 10 \text{ кг} = 3300000 \text{ Дж} = 3.3 \text{ МДж}$</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Нагревание полученной воды от температуры плавления $t_{пл}$ до конечной температуры $t_2$. Количество теплоты $Q_3$, необходимое для этого, рассчитывается по формуле:</p><p>$Q_3 = c_в \cdot m \cdot (t_2 - t_{пл})$</p><p>$Q_3 = 4200 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С} \cdot 10 \text{ кг} \cdot (15 \text{ °C} - 0 \text{ °C}) = 4200 \cdot 10 \cdot 15 = 630000 \text{ Дж} = 0.63 \text{ МДж}$</p><p>Общее количество теплоты $Q_{общ}$ равно сумме количеств теплоты на каждом этапе:</p><p>$Q_{общ} = Q_1 + Q_2 + Q_3$</p><p>$Q_{общ} = 420000 \text{ Дж} + 3300000 \text{ Дж} + 630000 \text{ Дж} = 4350000 \text{ Дж} = 4.35 \text{ МДж}$</p><p>Примерный график процессов, происходящих со льдом и водой (зависимость температуры от подведенного количества теплоты):</p><svg width="500" height="350" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><!-- Axes --><line x1="50" y1="300" x2="480" y2="300" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"></line><line x1="50" y1="300" x2="50" y2="20" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"></line><!-- Axis labels --><text x="485" y="305" font-family="Arial" font-size="14">Q, МДж</text><text x="5" y="30" font-family="Arial" font-size="14">T, °C</text><!-- Ticks and labels on Y axis --><line x1="45" y1="300" x2="55" y2="300" stroke="black"></line><text x="20" y="305" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">-20</text><line x1="45" y1="170" x2="55" y2="170" stroke="black"></line><text x="30" y="175" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">0</text><line x1="45" y1="50" x2="55" y2="50" stroke="black"></line><text x="25" y="55" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">15</text><!-- Ticks and labels on X axis --><text x="40" y="315" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">0</text><line x1="94" y1="295" x2="94" y2="305" stroke="black"></line><text x="80" y="320" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">0.42</text><line x1="416" y1="295" x2="416" y2="305" stroke="black"></line><text x="402" y="320" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">3.72</text><line x1="465" y1="295" x2="465" y2="305" stroke="black"></line><text x="451" y="320" font-family="Arial" font-size="12">4.35</text><!-- Graph polyline --><polyline points="50,300 94,170 416,170 465,50" fill="none" stroke="blue" stroke-width="3"></polyline><!-- Section labels --><text x="55" y="250" font-family="Arial" font-size="12" fill="darkred">Нагрев льда</text><text x="190" y="160" font-family="Arial" font-size="12" fill="darkred">Плавление льда</text><text x="400" y="130" font-family="Arial" font-size="12" fill="darkred">Нагрев воды</text></svg><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> $4.35 \text{ МДж}$</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470290" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470288" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1033} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1112 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1469676 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/page-72" "field_display_title" => "72" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "72" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1115 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1116 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] 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#perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1123 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } 1 => App\Models\Term {#1124 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:12 [ …12] #original: array:12 [ …12] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1127 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:10 [ …10] #original: array:10 [ …10] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1129 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1131 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ …1] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1135 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ …6] #original: array:6 [ …6] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] …2 } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1137 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1139 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1145 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1118} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1122} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1126} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1130} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1132} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1134} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1140} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1142} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1156 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1761556 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1158 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469676" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "72-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1620" "height" => 2545 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-1/72-1.webp?ts=1760805564" ] ] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1761556 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166} "book_page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469676" "type" => "book_page" ] "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "72-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1620" "height" => 2545 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-1/72-1.webp?ts=1760805564" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469677" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469675" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1291 #items: array:3 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1301 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470287 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp04-8" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1302 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1303 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1341 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1304 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1377 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1385 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1389 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1339 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1368 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1367 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470288" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470286" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1371 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1115} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469676" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470287 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp04-8" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1302} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1303} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1341} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1377} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1339} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470288" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470286" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1371} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469676" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1374 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470288 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp04-9" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1382 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1369 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1372 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1385 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1340 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1385 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1389 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1343 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1351 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1349 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470289" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470287" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1353 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1115} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469676" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470288 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp04-9" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1382} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1369} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1372} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1340} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1343} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470289" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470287" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1353} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469676" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1358 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470289 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp04-10" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 10" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1373 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1352 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1354 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1385 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1359 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1385 …30} 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1389 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1357 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1378 …30} 1 => App\Models\Element {#1379 …30} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470290" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470288" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1375 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1115} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469676" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470289 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp04-10" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 10" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1373} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1352} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1354} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1359} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1357} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470290" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470288" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1375} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469676" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 1469676 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/page-72" "field_display_title" => "72" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "72" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1114} "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1157} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469677" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469675" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1291} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470289 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "72" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp04-10" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 10" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#331} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1029} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1026} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1063} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470290" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470288" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1089} "page" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469676" "type" => "book_page" ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] }
Вариант 10 (с. 72)
Условие. Вариант 10 (с. 72)
скриншот условия
Вариант 10
1. Из чайника налили чай в стакан с сахаром и в стакан без сахара. В каком стакане чай будет холоднее?
2. При трении одного куска льда о другой лёд тает. Какие превращения энергии при этом происходят?
3. Какое количество теплоты пошло на приготовление в полярных условиях питьевой воды из льда массой 10 кг, взятого при температуре $-20 ^{\circ}\text{C}$, если температура воды должна быть $15 ^{\circ}\text{C}$? Начертите примерный график процессов, происходящих со льдом и водой.
Решение. Вариант 10 (с. 72)
1. Из чайника налили чай в стакан с сахаром и в стакан без сахара. В каком стакане чай будет холоднее?
Чай будет холоднее в стакане с сахаром. Растворение сахара — это эндотермический процесс, то есть процесс, который требует затрат энергии. Когда сахар растворяется, он забирает часть тепловой энергии у чая для разрушения своей кристаллической решетки. В результате температура чая с сахаром понижается.
Ответ: Чай будет холоднее в стакане с сахаром.
2. При трении одного куска льда о другой лёд тает. Какие превращения энергии при этом происходят?
При трении одного куска льда о другой совершается механическая работа против сил трения. Согласно закону сохранения энергии, эта работа не исчезает, а преобразуется во внутреннюю энергию льда. Увеличение внутренней энергии приводит к повышению температуры льда в месте трения до температуры плавления (0 °C) и последующему его таянию. Таким образом, происходит превращение механической энергии во внутреннюю энергию.
Ответ: Происходит превращение механической энергии во внутреннюю.
3. Какое количество теплоты пошло на приготовление в полярных условиях питьевой воды из льда массой 10 кг, взятого при температуре -20 °C, если температура воды должна быть 15 °C? Начертите примерный график процессов, происходящих со льдом и водой.
Дано:
масса льда, $m = 10 \text{ кг}$
начальная температура льда, $t_1 = -20 \text{ °C}$
конечная температура воды, $t_2 = 15 \text{ °C}$
температура плавления льда, $t_{пл} = 0 \text{ °C}$
удельная теплоемкость льда, $c_л = 2100 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С}$
удельная теплота плавления льда, $\lambda = 3.3 \cdot 10^5 \frac{Дж}{кг}$
удельная теплоемкость воды, $c_в = 4200 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С}$
Все данные представлены в системе СИ или совместимых с ней единицах, перевод не требуется.
Найти:
Общее количество теплоты, $Q_{общ}$ - ?
Решение:
Процесс приготовления воды из льда можно разделить на три этапа:
1. Нагревание льда от начальной температуры $t_1$ до температуры плавления $t_{пл}$. Количество теплоты $Q_1$, необходимое для этого, рассчитывается по формуле:
$Q_1 = c_л \cdot m \cdot (t_{пл} - t_1)$
$Q_1 = 2100 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С} \cdot 10 \text{ кг} \cdot (0 \text{ °C} - (-20 \text{ °C})) = 2100 \cdot 10 \cdot 20 = 420000 \text{ Дж} = 0.42 \text{ МДж}$
2. Плавление льда при постоянной температуре $t_{пл}$. Количество теплоты $Q_2$, необходимое для этого, рассчитывается по формуле:
$Q_2 = \lambda \cdot m$
$Q_2 = 3.3 \cdot 10^5 \frac{Дж}{кг} \cdot 10 \text{ кг} = 3300000 \text{ Дж} = 3.3 \text{ МДж}$
3. Нагревание полученной воды от температуры плавления $t_{пл}$ до конечной температуры $t_2$. Количество теплоты $Q_3$, необходимое для этого, рассчитывается по формуле:
$Q_3 = c_в \cdot m \cdot (t_2 - t_{пл})$
$Q_3 = 4200 \frac{Дж}{кг \cdot °С} \cdot 10 \text{ кг} \cdot (15 \text{ °C} - 0 \text{ °C}) = 4200 \cdot 10 \cdot 15 = 630000 \text{ Дж} = 0.63 \text{ МДж}$
Общее количество теплоты $Q_{общ}$ равно сумме количеств теплоты на каждом этапе:
$Q_{общ} = Q_1 + Q_2 + Q_3$
$Q_{общ} = 420000 \text{ Дж} + 3300000 \text{ Дж} + 630000 \text{ Дж} = 4350000 \text{ Дж} = 4.35 \text{ МДж}$
Примерный график процессов, происходящих со льдом и водой (зависимость температуры от подведенного количества теплоты):
Ответ: $4.35 \text{ МДж}$
Другие задания:
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