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Вариант 6, страница 66 - гдз по физике 8 класс дидактические материалы Марон, Марон
Авторы: Марон А. Е., Марон Е. А.
Тип: Дидактические материалы
Издательство: Просвещение
Год издания: 2022 - 2026
Уровень обучения: базовый
Цвет обложки: белый
ISBN: 978-5-09-111138-5
Популярные ГДЗ в 8 классе
Самостоятельные работы. СР-2. Виды теплопередачи - страница 66.
App\Models\Task {#1030 // resources/views/models/task/default.blade.php #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470265 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-6" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1036 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1034 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1073 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1035 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1039 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046 #items: array:2 [ …2] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1040} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1042} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1044} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1046} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1049} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1050} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1052} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1054} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1056} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1057} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1058} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1060} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1062} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1064} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ …4] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1065} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1066} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1067} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1068} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1038} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1037} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1070} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1146 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1071 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1075 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076 #items: array:1 [ …1] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 …2} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1076} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1078 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1080 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1082 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1085 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1086 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1088 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1090 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1092 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1093 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1094 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1096 …2} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1098 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1100 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1101 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1102 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1103 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1104 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1074} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1072} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1106} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Branch {#1107 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469780 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "СР-2. Виды теплопередачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_page_start" => "64" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1110 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 …2} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1111 …2} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1113 …2} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1115 …2} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1117 …2} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1120 …2} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1121 …2} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1123 …2} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1125 …2} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1127 …2} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1128 …2} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1129 …2} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1131 …2} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1133 …2} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1135 …2} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ …1] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ …1] "field_covers" => array:1 [ …1] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1136 …2} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1137 …2} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1138 …2} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1139 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ …3] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Branch {#1142 #connection: "mysql" #table: "branches" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 …2} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145 …2} ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469778 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "Самостоятельные работы" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1143 …2} "field_page_start" => "62" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1144 …2} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1145 …2} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1469780 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_display_title" => "СР-2. Виды теплопередачи" "field_branch_order" => null "field_url" => null "field_branch_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1108} "field_page_start" => "64" "field_branch_display" => "0" "field_branch_expanded" => "0" "field_display_branch_in_title" => "1" "field_display_task_interval" => "0" "field_display_branch_page" => "1" "field_branch_title_in_content" => "0" "field_navigation_title" => null "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_branch_cover" => [] "field_branch_covers" => [] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1109} "branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1141} ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1147 #items: array:2 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1157 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:7 [ "id" => 1760839 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1158 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6406 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Условие" "field_order" => "1" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1160 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text, image" "field_page_content_mode" => "image" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Автор" "field_moderator" => "stas" "field_edition_type" => "statement" "field_root_dir" => "0-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1161 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1162 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1163 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470265" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 6</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Почему выражение «шуба греет» неверно?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> С какой целью в верхних и нижних частях корпусов больших электрических фонарей и киноаппаратов делают отверстия?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какие участки земной поверхности нагреваются в солнечную погоду сильнее: вспаханное поле или зелёный луг; сухая или увлажнённая почва? Почему?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "6-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1430" "height" => 595 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp02/6-1.webp?ts=1760803259" ] ] ] #original: array:7 [ "id" => 1760839 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1166} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470265" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>Вариант 6</strong></p><p><strong>1.</strong> Почему выражение «шуба греет» неверно?</p><p><strong>2.</strong> С какой целью в верхних и нижних частях корпусов больших электрических фонарей и киноаппаратов делают отверстия?</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какие участки земной поверхности нагреваются в солнечную погоду сильнее: вспаханное поле или зелёный луг; сухая или увлажнённая почва? Почему?</p>" "img" => array:1 [ 0 => array:5 [ "name" => "6-1.jpg" "alt" => null "width" => "1430" "height" => 595 "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/0-cp02/6-1.webp?ts=1760803259" ] ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Element {#1164 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1820254 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Edition {#1165 #connection: "mysql" #table: "editions" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #original: array:21 [ "id" => 6684 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "title" => "Решение" "field_order" => "2" "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1168 …2} "field_content_type" => "free" "field_content_mode" => "text" "field_page_content_mode" => "" "field_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_page_content_text_checked" => "0" "field_solution_author" => "Gemini 2.5 Pro" "field_moderator" => "tolik" "field_edition_type" => "solution" "field_root_dir" => "1-" "field_responsible" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1169 …2} "field_comment" => null "field_similar_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1170 …2} "field_process_formula" => "katex" "field_edition_group" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1171 …2} "field_content_source" => null ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470265" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Почему выражение «шуба греет» неверно?</p><p>Выражение «шуба греет» является неверным с точки зрения физики, потому что шуба сама по себе не является источником тепла. Ощущение тепла, которое мы испытываем под шубой, создается за счет сохранения тепла, выделяемого нашим собственным телом.</p><p>Мех шубы и, что более важно, воздух, который задерживается между его ворсинками, обладают очень низкой теплопроводностью. Это означает, что они плохо проводят тепло. Таким образом, шуба создает теплоизолирующий слой вокруг тела, который значительно замедляет процесс теплоотдачи в более холодную окружающую среду. Тепло, вырабатываемое организмом человека, не уходит наружу, а накапливается в пространстве под одеждой, поддерживая комфортную температуру.</p><p>Если поместить под шубу не живой объект, а, например, термометр с температурой окружающей среды, он не покажет повышения температуры, так как сам не выделяет тепло, которое шуба могла бы сохранить.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Шуба не производит тепло, а лишь сохраняет тепло, выделяемое телом человека, благодаря своим теплоизоляционным свойствам (низкой теплопроводности меха и воздуха между ворсинками).</p><p><strong>2.</strong> С какой целью в верхних и нижних частях корпусов больших электрических фонарей и киноаппаратов делают отверстия?</p><p>В больших электрических фонарях и киноаппаратах используются мощные лампы, которые при работе выделяют большое количество тепла. Перегрев может повредить как саму лампу, так и другие внутренние компоненты устройства. Отверстия в корпусе делают для организации естественного охлаждения за счет явления конвекции.</p><p>Воздух внутри корпуса нагревается от работающей лампы. При нагревании он расширяется, его плотность уменьшается, и он поднимается вверх. Нагретый воздух выходит наружу через отверстия, расположенные в верхней части корпуса. На его место через нижние отверстия поступает более холодный и плотный воздух из окружающей среды. Таким образом, создается постоянный поток воздуха (конвекционный поток), который эффективно уносит избыточное тепло от внутренних частей прибора, предотвращая его перегрев.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Отверстия служат для создания естественной циркуляции воздуха (конвекции) с целью охлаждения мощных ламп и других внутренних элементов приборов для предотвращения их перегрева.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какие участки земной поверхности нагреваются в солнечную погоду сильнее: вспаханное поле или зелёный луг; сухая или увлажнённая почва? Почему?</p><p><em>Вспаханное поле или зелёный луг:</em></p><p>В солнечную погоду сильнее нагревается <strong>вспаханное поле</strong>. Во-первых, вспаханная почва, особенно чернозём, имеет тёмный цвет. Тёмные поверхности лучше поглощают солнечное излучение и, соответственно, сильнее нагреваются. Зелёный луг покрыт растительностью, которая отражает значительную часть солнечного света. Во-вторых, растения на лугу активно испаряют влагу (процесс транспирации), а на испарение воды затрачивается большое количество тепловой энергии, что приводит к охлаждению поверхности луга. На вспаханном поле этот эффект значительно слабее.</p><p><em>Сухая или увлажнённая почва:</em></p><p>Сильнее нагревается <strong>сухая почва</strong>. Во-первых, вода обладает очень высокой удельной теплоёмкостью. Увлажнённая почва содержит воду, поэтому для её нагрева на один градус требуется значительно больше энергии, чем для нагрева сухой почвы. Во-вторых, с поверхности влажной почвы происходит интенсивное испарение воды. Этот процесс требует затрат энергии (теплоты парообразования), которая забирается у самой почвы, тем самым охлаждая её. У сухой почвы этот охлаждающий эффект отсутствует или минимален.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Сильнее нагреваются вспаханное поле (по сравнению с зелёным лугом) и сухая почва (по сравнению с увлажнённой). Это связано с тем, что они лучше поглощают солнечное излучение, имеют меньшую теплоёмкость и с их поверхности меньше испаряется влага, которая бы их охлаждала.</p>" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1820254 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1174} "task" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470265" "type" => "task" ] "text" => "<p><strong>1.</strong> Почему выражение «шуба греет» неверно?</p><p>Выражение «шуба греет» является неверным с точки зрения физики, потому что шуба сама по себе не является источником тепла. Ощущение тепла, которое мы испытываем под шубой, создается за счет сохранения тепла, выделяемого нашим собственным телом.</p><p>Мех шубы и, что более важно, воздух, который задерживается между его ворсинками, обладают очень низкой теплопроводностью. Это означает, что они плохо проводят тепло. Таким образом, шуба создает теплоизолирующий слой вокруг тела, который значительно замедляет процесс теплоотдачи в более холодную окружающую среду. Тепло, вырабатываемое организмом человека, не уходит наружу, а накапливается в пространстве под одеждой, поддерживая комфортную температуру.</p><p>Если поместить под шубу не живой объект, а, например, термометр с температурой окружающей среды, он не покажет повышения температуры, так как сам не выделяет тепло, которое шуба могла бы сохранить.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Шуба не производит тепло, а лишь сохраняет тепло, выделяемое телом человека, благодаря своим теплоизоляционным свойствам (низкой теплопроводности меха и воздуха между ворсинками).</p><p><strong>2.</strong> С какой целью в верхних и нижних частях корпусов больших электрических фонарей и киноаппаратов делают отверстия?</p><p>В больших электрических фонарях и киноаппаратах используются мощные лампы, которые при работе выделяют большое количество тепла. Перегрев может повредить как саму лампу, так и другие внутренние компоненты устройства. Отверстия в корпусе делают для организации естественного охлаждения за счет явления конвекции.</p><p>Воздух внутри корпуса нагревается от работающей лампы. При нагревании он расширяется, его плотность уменьшается, и он поднимается вверх. Нагретый воздух выходит наружу через отверстия, расположенные в верхней части корпуса. На его место через нижние отверстия поступает более холодный и плотный воздух из окружающей среды. Таким образом, создается постоянный поток воздуха (конвекционный поток), который эффективно уносит избыточное тепло от внутренних частей прибора, предотвращая его перегрев.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Отверстия служат для создания естественной циркуляции воздуха (конвекции) с целью охлаждения мощных ламп и других внутренних элементов приборов для предотвращения их перегрева.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Какие участки земной поверхности нагреваются в солнечную погоду сильнее: вспаханное поле или зелёный луг; сухая или увлажнённая почва? Почему?</p><p><em>Вспаханное поле или зелёный луг:</em></p><p>В солнечную погоду сильнее нагревается <strong>вспаханное поле</strong>. Во-первых, вспаханная почва, особенно чернозём, имеет тёмный цвет. Тёмные поверхности лучше поглощают солнечное излучение и, соответственно, сильнее нагреваются. Зелёный луг покрыт растительностью, которая отражает значительную часть солнечного света. Во-вторых, растения на лугу активно испаряют влагу (процесс транспирации), а на испарение воды затрачивается большое количество тепловой энергии, что приводит к охлаждению поверхности луга. На вспаханном поле этот эффект значительно слабее.</p><p><em>Сухая или увлажнённая почва:</em></p><p>Сильнее нагревается <strong>сухая почва</strong>. Во-первых, вода обладает очень высокой удельной теплоёмкостью. Увлажнённая почва содержит воду, поэтому для её нагрева на один градус требуется значительно больше энергии, чем для нагрева сухой почвы. Во-вторых, с поверхности влажной почвы происходит интенсивное испарение воды. Этот процесс требует затрат энергии (теплоты парообразования), которая забирается у самой почвы, тем самым охлаждая её. У сухой почвы этот охлаждающий эффект отсутствует или минимален.</p><p><strong>Ответ:</strong> Сильнее нагреваются вспаханное поле (по сравнению с зелёным лугом) и сухая почва (по сравнению с увлажнённой). Это связано с тем, что они лучше поглощают солнечное излучение, имеют меньшую теплоёмкость и с их поверхности меньше испаряется влага, которая бы их охлаждала.</p>" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470266" "type" => "task" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1470264" "type" => "task" ] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1198 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1154 #connection: "mysql" #table: "books" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => 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+usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Term {#1195 #connection: "mysql" #table: "terms" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: false #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 45 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "name" => "белый" "field_cases" => array:6 [ …6] "field_translit" => "belyy" ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #original: array:50 [ "id" => 1038 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_tree_default_status" => "tasks" "field_pages_status" => null "field_subject" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1148} "field_class" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1156} "field_publisher" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1150} "field_author" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1151} "field_author_foreign" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1175} "field_book_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1176} "field_country" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1178} "field_city" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1180} "field_series" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1182} "field_umk" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1183} "field_level_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1184} "field_standart_of_education" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1186} "field_publication_number" => "4" "field_publication_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1188} "field_under_the_edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1190} "field_under_the_edition_degree" => null "field_cover_description" => null "field_publication_year" => "2022" "field_publication_year_until" => null "field_part" => "" "field_part_writing" => "" "field_second_foreign_language" => null "field_for_whom" => "Учебное пособие" "field_allowed" => null "field_reserve_field" => null "field_link_to_source" => null "field_tasks_count" => "661" "field_priority" => null "field_default_folder" => "/fizika_08/maron-dm/" "field_isbn" => "978-5-09-111138-5" "field_cover" => array:1 [ 0 => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" ] "field_cover_alts" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "field_covers" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "path" => "/media/fizika_08/maron-dm/covers/cover1.webp?ts=1760461989" "alt" => "" "width" => "2294" "height" => "3039" ] ] "field_popular_book" => "0" "field_recommended_books" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1191} "field_new_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1192} "field_old_book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1193} "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy" "field_cover_color" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1194} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "breadcrumbs" => array:3 [ "class" => 379 "subject" => 556 "class_subject" => 492 ] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "page" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1212 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\BookPage {#1211 #connection: "mysql" #table: "book_pages" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:21 [ "id" => 1469670 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/page-66" "field_display_title" => "66" "field_folder" => "1" "field_image_name" => "66" "field_branch_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1213 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_weight" => "0" "field_book_parent" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1214 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Book {#1154} ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1215 #items: [] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1225 #items: array:1 [ 0 => App\Models\Element {#1224 #connection: "mysql" #table: "elements" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:6 [ "id" => 1761550 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #original: array:6 [ "id" => 1761550 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "edition" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1226 …2} "book_page" => array:2 [ …2] "img" => array:1 [ …1] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } ] #escapeWhenCastingToString: false } "next" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469671" "type" => "book_page" ] "previous" => array:2 [ "refs" => "1469669" "type" => "book_page" ] "tasks" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1385 #items: array:6 [ 0 => App\Models\Task {#1397 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470264 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "65" "field_page_end" => "66" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-5" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 5" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1398 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1399 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1400 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1401 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1403 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1409 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470264 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "65" "field_page_end" => "66" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-5" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 5" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1398 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1399 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1400 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1401 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1403 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1409 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 1 => App\Models\Task {#1404 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470265 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-6" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1402 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1411 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1407 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1405 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1408 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1406 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470265 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-6" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 6" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1402 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1411 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1407 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1405 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1408 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1406 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 2 => App\Models\Task {#1416 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470266 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-7" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1417 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1418 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1419 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1420 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1422 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1428 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470266 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-7" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 7" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1417 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1418 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1419 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1420 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1422 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1428 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 3 => App\Models\Task {#1423 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470267 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-8" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1421 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1430 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1426 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1424 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1425 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1440 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470267 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-8" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 8" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1421 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1430 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1426 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1424 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1425 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1440 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 4 => App\Models\Task {#1435 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470268 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-9" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1427 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1442 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1438 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1436 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1455 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #original: array:24 [ "id" => 1470268 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => null "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-9" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 9" "field_outside_task" => null "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1427 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1442 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1438 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1436 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1455 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1460 …2} "page" => array:2 [ …2] ] #changes: [] #casts: [] #classCastCache: [] #attributeCastCache: [] #dateFormat: null #appends: [] #dispatchesEvents: [] #observables: [] #relations: [] #touches: [] +timestamps: true +usesUniqueIds: false #hidden: [] #visible: [] #fillable: [] #guarded: array:1 [ 0 => "*" ] } 5 => App\Models\Task {#1439 #connection: "mysql" #table: "tasks" #primaryKey: "id" #keyType: "int" +incrementing: true #with: [] #withCount: [] +preventsLazyLoading: false #perPage: 15 +exists: true +wasRecentlyCreated: false #escapeWhenCastingToString: false #attributes: array:24 [ "id" => 1470269 "created_at" => "2026-04-10 13:58:26" "updated_at" => null "field_page_start" => "66" "field_page_end" => "67" "field_url" => "/8-klass/fizika/maron-didakticheskie-materialy/cp02-10" "field_display_title" => "Вариант 10" "field_outside_task" => "0" "field_task_type" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1447 …2} "field_metatags_title" => null "field_metatags_description" => null "field_h1" => null "field_description_top" => null "field_description_bottom" => null "field_match" => null "breadcrumbs" => [] "edition_groups" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1437 …2} "top_parent_branch" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1452 …2} "parent_branches" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1451 …2} "content" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1448 …2} "next" => array:2 [ …2] "previous" => array:2 [ …2] "book" => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection {#1456 …2} "page" => 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Вариант 6 (с. 66)
Условие. Вариант 6 (с. 66)
скриншот условия
Вариант 6
1. Почему выражение «шуба греет» неверно?
2. С какой целью в верхних и нижних частях корпусов больших электрических фонарей и киноаппаратов делают отверстия?
3. Какие участки земной поверхности нагреваются в солнечную погоду сильнее: вспаханное поле или зелёный луг; сухая или увлажнённая почва? Почему?
Решение. Вариант 6 (с. 66)
1. Почему выражение «шуба греет» неверно?
Выражение «шуба греет» является неверным с точки зрения физики, потому что шуба сама по себе не является источником тепла. Ощущение тепла, которое мы испытываем под шубой, создается за счет сохранения тепла, выделяемого нашим собственным телом.
Мех шубы и, что более важно, воздух, который задерживается между его ворсинками, обладают очень низкой теплопроводностью. Это означает, что они плохо проводят тепло. Таким образом, шуба создает теплоизолирующий слой вокруг тела, который значительно замедляет процесс теплоотдачи в более холодную окружающую среду. Тепло, вырабатываемое организмом человека, не уходит наружу, а накапливается в пространстве под одеждой, поддерживая комфортную температуру.
Если поместить под шубу не живой объект, а, например, термометр с температурой окружающей среды, он не покажет повышения температуры, так как сам не выделяет тепло, которое шуба могла бы сохранить.
Ответ: Шуба не производит тепло, а лишь сохраняет тепло, выделяемое телом человека, благодаря своим теплоизоляционным свойствам (низкой теплопроводности меха и воздуха между ворсинками).
2. С какой целью в верхних и нижних частях корпусов больших электрических фонарей и киноаппаратов делают отверстия?
В больших электрических фонарях и киноаппаратах используются мощные лампы, которые при работе выделяют большое количество тепла. Перегрев может повредить как саму лампу, так и другие внутренние компоненты устройства. Отверстия в корпусе делают для организации естественного охлаждения за счет явления конвекции.
Воздух внутри корпуса нагревается от работающей лампы. При нагревании он расширяется, его плотность уменьшается, и он поднимается вверх. Нагретый воздух выходит наружу через отверстия, расположенные в верхней части корпуса. На его место через нижние отверстия поступает более холодный и плотный воздух из окружающей среды. Таким образом, создается постоянный поток воздуха (конвекционный поток), который эффективно уносит избыточное тепло от внутренних частей прибора, предотвращая его перегрев.
Ответ: Отверстия служат для создания естественной циркуляции воздуха (конвекции) с целью охлаждения мощных ламп и других внутренних элементов приборов для предотвращения их перегрева.
3. Какие участки земной поверхности нагреваются в солнечную погоду сильнее: вспаханное поле или зелёный луг; сухая или увлажнённая почва? Почему?
Вспаханное поле или зелёный луг:
В солнечную погоду сильнее нагревается вспаханное поле. Во-первых, вспаханная почва, особенно чернозём, имеет тёмный цвет. Тёмные поверхности лучше поглощают солнечное излучение и, соответственно, сильнее нагреваются. Зелёный луг покрыт растительностью, которая отражает значительную часть солнечного света. Во-вторых, растения на лугу активно испаряют влагу (процесс транспирации), а на испарение воды затрачивается большое количество тепловой энергии, что приводит к охлаждению поверхности луга. На вспаханном поле этот эффект значительно слабее.
Сухая или увлажнённая почва:
Сильнее нагревается сухая почва. Во-первых, вода обладает очень высокой удельной теплоёмкостью. Увлажнённая почва содержит воду, поэтому для её нагрева на один градус требуется значительно больше энергии, чем для нагрева сухой почвы. Во-вторых, с поверхности влажной почвы происходит интенсивное испарение воды. Этот процесс требует затрат энергии (теплоты парообразования), которая забирается у самой почвы, тем самым охлаждая её. У сухой почвы этот охлаждающий эффект отсутствует или минимален.
Ответ: Сильнее нагреваются вспаханное поле (по сравнению с зелёным лугом) и сухая почва (по сравнению с увлажнённой). Это связано с тем, что они лучше поглощают солнечное излучение, имеют меньшую теплоёмкость и с их поверхности меньше испаряется влага, которая бы их охлаждала.
Другие задания:
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